1.17.4.4: vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive)
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive), go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.17.4.4
-
1.17.4.4
-
cyp2c9
-
anticoagulant
-
dosing
-
pharmacogenetic
-
bleeding
-
cyp4f2
-
thromboembolic
-
k-dependent
-
coagulation
-
acenocoumarol
-
interindividual
-
pharmacogenomics
-
fibrillation
-
gg
-
caucasian
-
prothrombin
-
atrial
-
demographic
-
pharmacodynamics
-
clot
-
valve
-
ethnic
-
thrombosis
-
genotype-guided
-
s-warfarin
-
rodenticides
-
gamma-glutamyl
-
non-genetic
-
phenprocoumon
-
warfarin-treated
-
4-hydroxycoumarins
-
gamma-carboxylase
-
coumadin
-
pharmacogenes
-
medicine
-
pivka-ii
-
slco1b1
-
calumenin
-
amiodarone
-
genotype-based
-
interpatient
-
cyp3a5
-
hypoprothrombinemia
-
undercarboxylated
-
clopidogrel
-
antivitamin
-
gamma-carboxylation
- 1.17.4.4
- cyp2c9
-
anticoagulant
-
dosing
-
pharmacogenetic
-
bleeding
- cyp4f2
-
thromboembolic
-
k-dependent
-
coagulation
-
acenocoumarol
-
interindividual
-
pharmacogenomics
- fibrillation
- gg
-
caucasian
- prothrombin
- atrial
-
demographic
-
pharmacodynamics
- clot
- valve
-
ethnic
- thrombosis
-
genotype-guided
-
s-warfarin
-
rodenticides
-
gamma-glutamyl
-
non-genetic
- phenprocoumon
-
warfarin-treated
- 4-hydroxycoumarins
- gamma-carboxylase
-
coumadin
-
pharmacogenes
- medicine
-
pivka-ii
-
slco1b1
- calumenin
- amiodarone
-
genotype-based
-
interpatient
- cyp3a5
- hypoprothrombinemia
-
undercarboxylated
- clopidogrel
-
antivitamin
-
gamma-carboxylation
Reaction
Synonyms
EC 1.1.4.1, phylloquinone epoxide reductase, reductase, phylloquinone epoxide, vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase, vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit-1, vitamin K epoxid reductase, vitamin K epoxide reductase, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, vitamin K oxidoreductase, Vitamin K reductase, vitamin K-2,3-epoxide reductase, vitamin K-2,3-epoxide reductase subunit 1, vitamin K-epoxide reductase, vitamin K1 epoxide reductase, vitaminK epoxide reductase, VKOR, VKOR complex, VKORC1, VKORC1 variant 2, VKORC1-like 1, VKORC1L1, VKORC1v2, warfarin sensitive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase, warfarin-sensitive vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase
ECTree
1.17.4.4 vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive)Advanced search results
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results (Substrates Products
Substrates Products on EC 1.17.4.4 - vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive)
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SUBSTRATE 
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone + tris(3-hydroxypropyl)phosphine
?
by replacing dithiothreitol with tris(3-hydroxypropyl)phosphine and replacing imidazole with phosphate as pH buffer, all nonenzymatic side reactions are effectively eliminated and accurate measurement of enzymatic activity in vitro is possible
-
-
?
2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + reduced thioredoxin
phylloquinone + oxidized thioredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
2-hydroxymethyl-vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
2-hydroxymethyl-vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + dithiothreitol
vitamin K hydroquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
allylbenzene 2',3'-oxide + 1,4-dithiothreitol
allylbenzene + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
styrene 1',2'-oxide + 1,4-dithiothreitol
styrene + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K + 1,4-dithiothreitol
vitamin K hydroquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + oxidized dithiothreitol
vitamin K + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
ir
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + reduced dithiothreitol
vitamin K quinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K, an important cofactor for the posttranslational gamma-carboxylation of several blood coagulation factors
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide, the enzyme initiates the vitamin K catalytic cycle, overview
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide, two dithiol-dependent steps
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-vitamin K
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-vitamin K
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-vitamin K
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. vitamin K
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide, the enzyme is supposed to catalyze the reduction of the epoxide to quinone and of the quinone to vitamin K hydroquinone
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-vitamin K
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-vitamin K
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
i.e. vitamin K 2,3-epoxide
i.e. 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-vitamin K
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?, r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol + H2O
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
phylloquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
phylloquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + AH2
phylloquinone + A + ?
-
VKOR reduces vitamin K using membrane-embedded thiols, Cys132 and Cys135, which become oxidized with concomitant VKOR inactivation. VKOR is subsequently reactivated by an unknown redox protein that might act directly on the Cys132-Cys135 residues
-
-
?
2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + AH2
phylloquinone + A + ?
the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K1, overview
-
-
?
2-hydroxymethyl-vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
2-hydroxymethyl-vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2-hydroxymethyl-vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
2-hydroxymethyl-vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
crucial role of the Tyr-139 amino acid in this reaction mechanism, Tyr-139 residue appears to determine the second half-step of the catalytic mechanism
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K
-
-
?
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
r
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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2-mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione, cysteine and 1,6-hexanedithiol are inactive as acceptors
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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substrate vitamin K 2,3-epoxide, in the presence of 0.0017 mM R,S-warfarin
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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thioredoxin is the possible physiological electron acceptor
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
reaction in metabolic pathway of vitamin K
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
2-mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione, cysteine and 1,6-hexanedithiol are inactive as acceptors
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
reaction in metabolic pathway of vitamin K
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
thioredoxin is the possible physiological electron acceptor
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?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + reduced dithiothreitol
vitamin K quinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
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-
-
-
r
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide + reduced dithiothreitol
vitamin K quinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O
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-
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r
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide analogs + dithiothreitol
?
-
such as hydroxymethyl-, chloromethyl-, fluoromethyl-, difluoromethyl-, and formyl-analogs
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-
?
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide analogs + dithiothreitol
?
-
such as hydroxymethyl-, chloromethyl-, fluoromethyl-, difluoromethyl-, and formyl-analogs
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-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
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?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
two patients suffering from combined deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors type 2 possess a R98W substitution at the presumed cytoplasmic end of TM alpha-helix 2. Because the residue is far-removed from the proposed active site its mutation is, therefore assumed to disrupt VKORC1 structure or VKOR complex assembly rather than catalysis
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?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
VKORC1 contains missense mutations in the two heritable human diseases: combined deficiency of vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors type 2 (VKCFD2, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 607473) and resistance to coumarin-type anticoagulant drugs (warfarin resistance, WR, Online Mendelian Inheritance in man 122700)
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?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
vitamin K is an essential cofactor for post-translational gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. The modification is carried out by a system of integral proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane where the warfarin sensitive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) produces the reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K needed by the gamma-carboxylase as the active cofactor. VKOR is the rate-limiting step in the system
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?
vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide + dithiothreitol
vitamin K1 + oxidized dithiothreitol
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-
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?
additional information
?
-
-
VKOR is a part of the post-translational protein-modification system that produces gamma-carboxylated proteins. The vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation system consists of the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase, which requires the reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K1 as a cofactor and the warfarin-sensitive enzyme vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase, VKOR. VKOR and gamma-carboxylase are close enough together in the membrane to operate as a supramolecular assembly of proteins, in which substrates and products are shuttled efficiently from one component to the next. Calumenin is likely to have a regulatory role in controlling the activity of the system
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in coagulation factor activity
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?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is involved in coagulation factor activity
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme is involved in reduction of vitamin K, which is required by the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, GGCX, transforming glutamate to gamma carboxyl glutamic acid in a vitamin K-dependent manner, gamma carboxyl glutamic acid is required for activity of proteins involved in coagulation, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in regulation of response to oral anticoagulants of European-American warfarin patients
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
the VKCFD2 disease, a vitamin K-dependent clotting factor deficiency, is caused by enzyme mutations, VKORC1 is the key component of the vitamin K reductase activity targeted by coumarin-derived drugs in prophylaxis and therapy of thrombosis
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-
?
additional information
?
-
vitamin K epoxide reductase is the enzyme responsible for the recycling of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K hydroquinone, a cofactor that is essential for the synthesis of several blood coagulation factors
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?
additional information
?
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-
VKORC1 is the key gene of the vitamin K cycle encoding the molecular target of coumarin-type anticoagulants vitaminK epoxide reductase, VKORC1 recycles vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K hydroquinone, which functions as the essential cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of gamma-carboxyl-glutamic acid-domain proteins such as coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, proteins C, S, and Z, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein MGP, and Gas6, gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, GGCX, is the enzyme that accomplishes the carboxylation reaction, VKORC1 represents the rate-limiting step in the reaction
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?
additional information
?
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-
Purified vitamin K epoxide reductase alone is sufficient for conversion of vitamin K epoxide to vitamin K and vitamin K to vitamin KH2
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme, driven by the reducing agent DTT, reduces both vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to the activated hydroquinone form
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?
additional information
?
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-
advantages and caveats of using the DTT-driven VKOR assay, overview
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?
additional information
?
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-
no synthesis of 3-hydroxyvitamin K1 by the wild-type enzyme, but by mutants Y139C, Y139F, and Y139S
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
VKOR is a part of the post-translational protein-modification system that produces gamma-carboxylated proteins. The vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation system consists of the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase, which requires the reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K1 as a cofactor and the warfarin-sensitive enzyme vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase, VKOR. VKOR and gamma-carboxylase are close enough together in the membrane to operate as a supramolecular assembly of proteins, in which substrates and products are shuttled efficiently from one component to the next. Calumenin is likely to have a regulatory role in controlling the activity of the system
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the reduction is linked to dithiol-dependent oxidative folding of proteins in the ER by protein disulfide isomerase, PDI, oxidative folding of reduced RNase triggers the reduction of vitamin K epoxid and the gamma-carboxylation of the synthetic gamma-carboxylase peptide substrate FLEEL, overview
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?
