2.4.1.16: chitin synthase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about chitin synthase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.4.1.16
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2.4.1.16
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synthases
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candida
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albicans
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nikkomycins
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conidia
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hyphal
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septum
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colletotrichum
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chitinase
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calcofluor
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cuticle
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polyoxins
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mycelial
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dextrose
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molt
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anthracnose
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hyaline
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peritrophic
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weir
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integument
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exoskeleton
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echinocandins
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trichophyton
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gloeosporioides
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dermatophytes
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fructicola
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diflubenzuron
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siamense
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re-isolated
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rouxii
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appressoria
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rinsed
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caspofungin
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acervuli
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conidiophore
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dermatitidis
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malassezia
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mentagrophytes
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arthroderma
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single-spore
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cottony
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exophiala
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sunken
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mother-bud
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obtuse
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phycomyces
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naclo
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tetranychus
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dermatophytosis
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smooth-walled
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analysis
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agriculture
- 2.4.1.16
- synthases
- candida
- albicans
- nikkomycins
- conidia
- hyphal
- septum
- colletotrichum
- chitinase
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calcofluor
- cuticle
- polyoxins
- mycelial
- dextrose
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molt
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anthracnose
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hyaline
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peritrophic
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weir
- integument
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exoskeleton
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echinocandins
- trichophyton
- gloeosporioides
- dermatophytes
- fructicola
- diflubenzuron
- siamense
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re-isolated
- rouxii
- appressoria
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rinsed
- caspofungin
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acervuli
- conidiophore
- dermatitidis
- malassezia
- mentagrophytes
- arthroderma
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single-spore
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cottony
- exophiala
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sunken
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mother-bud
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obtuse
- phycomyces
- naclo
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tetranychus
- dermatophytosis
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smooth-walled
- analysis
- agriculture
Reaction
Synonyms
AaCHS-1, acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate, AgCHS-1, AgCHS-2, Ar-CS1, BcChsVI, BmCHSA-2a, BmCHSA-2b, CaChs1, CaChs2p, chitin synthase 1, chitin synthase 2, chitin synthase 3, chitin synthase 3a, chitin synthase 4, chitin synthase 5, chitin synthase 6, chitin synthase 7, chitin synthase A, chitin synthase B, chitin synthase II, chitin synthase III, chitin synthase protein 2, chitin synthetase, chitin synthetase I, chitin synthetase II, chitin synthetase III, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 1, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 2, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 3, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 4, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 5, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 6, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 7, chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase, CHS, CHS B, chs-1, chs-2, CHS-3, CHS-6, Chs1, CHS1a, CHS1b, CHS1p, Chs2, CHS2p, CHS3, CHS3a, Chs3p, CHS4, Chs4p, CHS5, CHS6, CHS7, Chs8, chsA, chsB, chsC, chsE, CHSI, CHSIIIa, CHSIIIb, class A chitin synthase, class I CHS, class IV CaChs3p, class IV chitin synthase, class IV CHS, class V chitin synthase, class Vb chitin synthase, class VII chitin synthase, class-A CHS, class-B CHS, class-II chitin synthase 1, CSI, CSII, CSIII, CsmA, CsmB, DmCHS-1, DmCHS-2, DmeChSB, EhCHS-1, EhCHS-2, LcCHS-1, LeChs1, LsCHS-1, Mcs1, More, MsCHS-1, MsCHS1, MsCHS2, myosin motor-like chitin synthase, Ov-chs-2, PdChsVII, TcCHS1, TcCHS2, trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase, UDP-GlcNAc:chitin 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, UmCHS3, UmCHS6, WdCHS1, WdChs3p, WdChs5p
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General Information on EC 2.4.1.16 - chitin synthase
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
metabolism
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chitin production in arthropods is a complicated process and a series of biochemical pathways are involved in individual chitin polymer biosynthesis in which the terminal step is catalyzed by chitin synthase
physiological function
additional information
evolution
chitin synthase genes (chs) constitute a complex family in filamentous fungi and are involved in fungal development, morphogenesis, pathogenesis and virulence, phylogenetic analysis of chsI-VII
evolution
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chitin synthase genes (chs) constitute a complex family in filamentous fungi and are involved in fungal development, morphogenesis, pathogenesis and virulence, phylogenetic analysis of chsI-VII
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malfunction
exposure to nikkomycin Z, a CHS inhibitor, reduces the amount of chitin in the peritrophic membrane of molted larvae
malfunction
isozyme mutant DELTAchs-6 strain displays less chitin content, slow colony growth, and apical hyperbranching. Mycelium biomass (dry weight) is reduced in the mutant strain with reduced chitin content
malfunction
knockdown of BmChsA gene in third instar larvae increases the number of non-molting and abnormal molting larvae
malfunction
mycelium biomass (dry weight) is reduced in the mutant strain with no apparent reduction in chitin content or growth rate, but less production of aerial hyphae and conidia
malfunction
PdchsVII mutants have reduced virulence on citrus fruit. Disruption of gene chsVII has an effect on the expression of other isozymes during growth in liquid PDB medium. The largest increase of expression is shown in both disruption mutant strains PDMG672 and PDMG439 by gene PdchsII, which is induced up to 50fold during growth, while in strain CECT20796 it remains almost constant or even declines. Expression of PdchsIV, PdchsV and PdchsVI genes is also induced in disruption mutants compared to the parental strain. Expression of PdchsI and PdchsIII remaines at similar levels in the mutant and wild-type strains
malfunction
the Bcchs6 disruption mutant exhibits a 45.5% increasing in its chitin content when compared with the wild-type strain. In Bcchs6 mutant the expression of BcChs6 is significantly decreased, while the expression of genes BcChs2 and BcChs3a is increased when compared with wild-type. It is probable that the disruption of gene Bcchs6 provokes a compensatory mechanism regulatingthe cellular response to cell wall damage. The radial growth of Bcchs6 mutant is drastically reduced when 50% solute is removed from the regular PDA medium, and they are more sensitive to Calcofluor white and other cell wall disturbing chemicals. Pathogenicity assays on tomato leaves indicate that the mutant is significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease. The radial lesion produced by Bcchs6 mutant is almost not detected even at 6 days after inoculation, indicating the pathogenicity is drastically reduced in Bcchs6 mutant
malfunction
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the chs2DELTA mutant forms chained cells in which daughter cells are connected with mother cells and have abnormally thick septa at the bud neck. The chs4DELTA mutant shows remarkably reduced chitin content in its cell wall. The chs2DELTA, csm1DELTA, and csm2DELTA mutants are highly sensitive to chitin binding dyes, calcofluor white and Congo red, whereas the chs4DELTA mutant is resistant to calcofluor white. The lengths of the cellular long and short axes of populations of filamentous cells are decreased in the chs3DELTA mutant
malfunction
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an enzyme deletion mutant exhibits reduced mycelial growth and virulence. In addition, the mutant produces thickened and wavy septa
malfunction
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enzyme deletions lead to cytokinetic defects upon spore germination
malfunction
enzyme gene disruption retards vegetative growth and asexual reproduction and reduces virulence of Phytophthora capsici
malfunction
enzyme gene disruption retards vegetative growth and asexual reproduction and reduces virulence of Phytophthora sojae
malfunction
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enzyme inhibition leads to hyphal tip rupture in P. infestans
malfunction
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PdchsVII mutants have reduced virulence on citrus fruit. Disruption of gene chsVII has an effect on the expression of other isozymes during growth in liquid PDB medium. The largest increase of expression is shown in both disruption mutant strains PDMG672 and PDMG439 by gene PdchsII, which is induced up to 50fold during growth, while in strain CECT20796 it remains almost constant or even declines. Expression of PdchsIV, PdchsV and PdchsVI genes is also induced in disruption mutants compared to the parental strain. Expression of PdchsI and PdchsIII remaines at similar levels in the mutant and wild-type strains
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malfunction
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the chs2DELTA mutant forms chained cells in which daughter cells are connected with mother cells and have abnormally thick septa at the bud neck. The chs4DELTA mutant shows remarkably reduced chitin content in its cell wall. The chs2DELTA, csm1DELTA, and csm2DELTA mutants are highly sensitive to chitin binding dyes, calcofluor white and Congo red, whereas the chs4DELTA mutant is resistant to calcofluor white. The lengths of the cellular long and short axes of populations of filamentous cells are decreased in the chs3DELTA mutant
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malfunction
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mycelium biomass (dry weight) is reduced in the mutant strain with no apparent reduction in chitin content or growth rate, but less production of aerial hyphae and conidia
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malfunction
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isozyme mutant DELTAchs-6 strain displays less chitin content, slow colony growth, and apical hyperbranching. Mycelium biomass (dry weight) is reduced in the mutant strain with reduced chitin content
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malfunction
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enzyme gene disruption retards vegetative growth and asexual reproduction and reduces virulence of Phytophthora sojae
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malfunction
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an enzyme deletion mutant exhibits reduced mycelial growth and virulence. In addition, the mutant produces thickened and wavy septa
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malfunction
Kluyveromyces lactis KHO70
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enzyme deletions lead to cytokinetic defects upon spore germination
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malfunction
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the Bcchs6 disruption mutant exhibits a 45.5% increasing in its chitin content when compared with the wild-type strain. In Bcchs6 mutant the expression of BcChs6 is significantly decreased, while the expression of genes BcChs2 and BcChs3a is increased when compared with wild-type. It is probable that the disruption of gene Bcchs6 provokes a compensatory mechanism regulatingthe cellular response to cell wall damage. The radial growth of Bcchs6 mutant is drastically reduced when 50% solute is removed from the regular PDA medium, and they are more sensitive to Calcofluor white and other cell wall disturbing chemicals. Pathogenicity assays on tomato leaves indicate that the mutant is significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease. The radial lesion produced by Bcchs6 mutant is almost not detected even at 6 days after inoculation, indicating the pathogenicity is drastically reduced in Bcchs6 mutant
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malfunction
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enzyme gene disruption retards vegetative growth and asexual reproduction and reduces virulence of Phytophthora capsici
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physiological function
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deletion mutants of isoform ChsB show multilayered cell walls and intrahyphal hyphae in their hyphae. ChsB functions in the formation of normal cell walls of hyphae, as well as in conidiophore and conidia development
physiological function
enzyme deletion mutants are unable to form appressoria on artificial surfaces, except following the application of the exogenous inducers 1,16-hexadecanediol and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The appressoria formed have a reduced chitin content and are often smaller and misshapen compared with the wild-type. Mutants are significantly reduced in their ability to enter rice plants, but growth in planta is not affected
physiological function
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gene disruption mutant is not significantly affected in either growth characteristics or pathogenicity on tomato leaves. Mutant exhibits a 31% increase in its chitin content and displays increased sensitivity to Caclofluor White and slightly enhanced tolerance to cell-wall disturbing substances and osmosis regulators
physiological function
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mutants lacking isoform CHS7 or isoform CHS5 do not produce perithecia or cause disease on barley heads. Mutant cells form balloon-shaped hyphae and intrahyphal hyphae, their cell wall rigidity is weaker than that of wild-type
physiological function
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specific disruption of the CHS1 gene results in a 58% reduction of chitin synthase activity, accompanied by decreases of 35% in chitin content, 22% in conidiation, and 16% in macroconidium length. The mutant strain has a growth rate comparable to that of the wild-type on PDA medium but has a 35% increase in the number of nuclear cellulae and exhibits a remarkably increased sensitivity to osmosis stresses. Mutant shows substantial changes in cell wall structures of the macroconidium, ascospore, and mycelium, with the most profound changes in the mycelium. The mutant displays significantly reduced pathogenicity on wheat spikes and seedlings
physiological function
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treatment of Candida albicans with low levels of echinocandins such as caspofungin, echinocandin B, cilofungin and anidulafungin stimulates chitin synthase gene expression, increases Chs activity, elevates chitin content and reduced efficacy of these drugs. Elevation of chitin synthesis is mediated via the PKC, HOG, and Ca2+-calcineurin signalling pathways. Stimulation of isoforms Chs2p and Chs8p by activators of these pathways enables cells to survive otherwise lethal concentrations of echinocandins, even in the absence of Chs3p and the normally essential Chs1p, which synthesize the chitinous septal ring and primary septum of the fungus. Under such conditions, a novel proximally offset septum is synthesized that restores the capacity for cell division, sustaines the viability of the cell, and abrogates morphological and growth defects associated with echinocandin treatment and the chs mutations
physiological function
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in the conidia, chitin content in the cell wall of a mutant strain lacking activity of isoform csmA is less than half the amount found in the parental strain. The isoform csmB mutant strain and the isoform csmA/csmB double mutant strain do not show any modification of chitin content in their conidial cell walls. In contrast to the hydrophobic conidia of the parental strain, conidia of all of the chitin synthase mutants are hydrophilic due to the presence of an amorphous material covering the hydrophobic surface-rodlet layer. The deletion of chitin synthase genes also results in an increased susceptibility of resting and germinating conidia to echinocandins
physiological function
isoform Chs1 protein contains N-terminal microtubule interacting and trafficking domains involved in protein recycling by endocytosis. Chitin is vital for the micro-organisms despite its very low abundance in the cell walls. It is most likely synthesized transiently at the apex of the cells before cellulose, the major cell wall component in oomycetes
physiological function
isoform Chs2 protein contains N-terminal microtubule interacting and trafficking domains involved in protein recycling by endocytosis. Chitin is vital for the micro-organisms despite its very low abundance in the cell walls. It is most likely synthesized transiently at the apex of the cells before cellulose, the major cell wall component in oomycetes
physiological function
isoform CHS5 and CHS7 single deletion mutants and the CHS5/CHS7 double mutant grow poorly and exhibit small, hyperpigmented colonies with very little aerial mycelia as compared to the wild-type strain. The mutant strains also tend to grow into the potato dextrose agar media rather than growing evenly over the surface as compared to the wild type. The addition of 0.2 M KCl into the medium suppresses the mutant phenotype. Both isoforms are required for normal hyphal growth and maximal disease of maize seedlings and ear. Mutant strains are more sensitive to cell wall stressing compounds, e.g., Nikkomycin Z, than wild type. Mutant strains are significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease
physiological function
isoform CHS5 and CHS7single deletion mutants and the CHS5/CHS7 double mutant grow poorly and exhibit small, hyperpigmented colonies with very little aerial mycelia as compared to the wild-type strain. The mutant strains also tend to grow into the potato dextrose agar media rather than growing evenly over the surface as compared to the wild type. The addition of 0.2 M KCl into the medium suppresses the mutant phenotype. Both isoforms are required for normal hyphal growth and maximal disease of maize seedlings and ear. Mutant strains are more sensitive to cell wall stressing compounds, e.g., Nikkomycin Z, than wild type. Mutant strains are significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease
physiological function
isoform Mcs1 consists of a myosin motor domain fused to a membrane-spanning chitin synthase region. Both domains are required for fungal virulence. Fungi carrying mutations in the chitin synthase domain are rapidly recognized and killed by the plant, whereas fungi carrying a deletion of the motor domain show alterations in cell wall composition but can invade host tissue and cause a moderate plant response. Mcs1-bound vesicles exhibit long-range movement for up to 20 mm at a velocity of ;1.75 microm/s. Apical Mcs1 localization depends on F-actin and the motor domain, whereas Mcs1 motility requires microtubules and persists when the Mcs1 motor domain is deleted
physiological function
presence of alternative exons CHSA-2a and CHSA-2b. Transcripts of both exons are preferentially expressed in epidermis. Gene silencing of CHSA-2a causes incomplete molting, while silencing of CHSA-2b exclusively influences the head cuticle formation of the 3rd instar larval
physiological function
chitin synthase is the key regulatory enzyme for chitin synthesis and excretion in insects, as well as a specific target of insecticides. Chitin synthase A gene BmChsA is an epidermis-specific expressed gene during the molting stage. Expression of gene BmChsA is regulated by endocrine hormones, which directly affect the chitin synthesis-dependent epidermal regeneration and molting process. BmChsA gene expression is strongly regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone
physiological function
chitin synthase is the key regulatory enzyme in chitin synthesis and excretion in insects, and a specific target of insecticides. Expression of BmChsB is regulated by insect hormones, and directly affects the chitin-synthesis-dependent form of the peritrophic membrane and protects the food intake and molting process of silkworm larvae. Gene BmChsB is a midgut-specific gene induced by insect hormones and involved in protecting the food intake of Bombyx mori larvae
physiological function
chitin synthase PdChsVII is required for development, cell wall integrity and virulence in the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Differential expression of chitin synthase genes in PdchsVII mutants in response to infection
physiological function
chitin synthases transfer GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to preexisting chitin chains in reactions that are typically stimulated by free GlcNAc. The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of chitin, a homopolymer of beta-1,4-linked GlcNAc residues and a key component of fungal cell walls and the arthropod exoskeleton
physiological function
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CHS catalyzes the transfer of sugar moieties from activated sugar donors to specific acceptors in all chitin-containing organisms
physiological function
enzyme BcChsVI is necessary for proper hyphal growth and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea on tomato leaves, the radial lesion induced by the wild-type strain B05.10 spread rapidly and totally invaded the leaf at 4 days post inoculation
physiological function
isozyme CHS-6 is important for apical growth and hyphal morphology, it is involved in vegetative growth
physiological function
isozymes CHS-3 and CHS-5 have an important role during asexual and sexual reproduction
physiological function
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isozymes Chs2 and Chs4 may play major roles in septum formation and cell wall chitin synthesis respectively, whereas isozymes Csm1 and Csm2 are involved in the maintenance of cell wall architecture and/or cell wall integrity. Isozyme Chs3 seems to be involved in cellular morphogenesis
physiological function
the extracellular domain ArCS1_E22 is involved in regulating the multiple enzyme activities of Ar-CS1 such as chitin synthesis and myosin movements by interaction with mineral surfaces and eventually by protein assembly. The protein complexes can locally probe the status of mineralization according to pH unless ions and pCO2 are balanced with suitable buffer substances. The intact enzyme can act as a force sensor. The shell formation is coordinated physiologically with precise adjustment of cellular activities to the structure, topography and stiffness at the mineralizing interface
physiological function
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isoform CHSA-2b is responsible for mid-pupal wing growth
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in mycelial growth, sporangial production, zoospore release and pathogenesis of Phytophthora capsici
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in mycelial growth, sporangial production, zoospore release and pathogenesis of Phytophthora sojae
physiological function
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the enzyme plays essential role an in cytokinesis
physiological function
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the enzyme regulates mycelial growth and co-regulates conidiation. The enzyme also plays an important role in the response to cell wall stress
physiological function
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chitin synthase PdChsVII is required for development, cell wall integrity and virulence in the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Differential expression of chitin synthase genes in PdchsVII mutants in response to infection
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physiological function
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isozymes Chs2 and Chs4 may play major roles in septum formation and cell wall chitin synthesis respectively, whereas isozymes Csm1 and Csm2 are involved in the maintenance of cell wall architecture and/or cell wall integrity. Isozyme Chs3 seems to be involved in cellular morphogenesis
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physiological function
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isozymes CHS-3 and CHS-5 have an important role during asexual and sexual reproduction
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physiological function
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isozyme CHS-6 is important for apical growth and hyphal morphology, it is involved in vegetative growth
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physiological function
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the enzyme is involved in mycelial growth, sporangial production, zoospore release and pathogenesis of Phytophthora sojae
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physiological function
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the enzyme regulates mycelial growth and co-regulates conidiation. The enzyme also plays an important role in the response to cell wall stress
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physiological function
Kluyveromyces lactis KHO70
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the enzyme plays essential role an in cytokinesis
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physiological function
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mutants lacking isoform CHS7 or isoform CHS5 do not produce perithecia or cause disease on barley heads. Mutant cells form balloon-shaped hyphae and intrahyphal hyphae, their cell wall rigidity is weaker than that of wild-type
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physiological function
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enzyme BcChsVI is necessary for proper hyphal growth and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea on tomato leaves, the radial lesion induced by the wild-type strain B05.10 spread rapidly and totally invaded the leaf at 4 days post inoculation
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physiological function
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the enzyme is involved in mycelial growth, sporangial production, zoospore release and pathogenesis of Phytophthora capsici
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additional information
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chitin content in and morphological features of wild-type and enzyme mutant cells, overview
additional information
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chitin content in and morphological features of wild-type and enzyme mutant cells, overview
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