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malfunction
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an enzyme.deficient mutant has dwarf and albino phenotypes and the development of its thylakoid membranes is almost completely perturbed
malfunction
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enzyme knockout causes albino seedlings. Strong enzyme suppression causes substantial decreases in galactolipid content in cotyledons, leading to severe defects in the formation of thylakoid membranes and impaired photosynthetic electron transport
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the final step of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in plants, regulation of MGDG synthesis during chloroplast development, overview
metabolism
Cucumis sp.
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the enzyme catalyzes the final step of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in plants, regulation of MGDG synthesis during chloroplast development, overview
metabolism
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the galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is the major lipid in plastids, and is mainly synthesized in inner plastid envelopes, where monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, MGD1, catalyses the last step of its production
physiological function
MGD1 is an inner envelope membrane-associated protein of chloroplasts and is responsible for the bulk of galactolipid biosynthesis in green tissues, overview. MGD1 function is indispensable for thylakoid membrane biogenesis and embryogenesis
physiological function
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MGD1 is the main MGDG synthase expressed in leaves and is essential for chloroplast development, and enrichment of chloroplast membranes with monogalactosyldiacylglycerols
physiological function
tye B isozyme MGD3 is localized in the outer envelopes and has no important role in chloroplast biogenesis or plant development under nutrient-sufficient conditions, but type B MGD genes are essential for alternative galactolipid biosynthesis during phosphate starvation, overview
physiological function
type B isozyme MGD2 is localized in the outer envelopes and has no important role in chloroplast biogenesis or plant development under nutrient-sufficient conditions, but type B MGD genes are essential for alternative galactolipid biosynthesis during phosphate starvation, overview
physiological function
complete loss causes kernel lethality owing to failure in both endosperm and embryo development
physiological function
essential gene, growth impaired in knockdown mutant, role in chlorosome biogenesis
physiological function
enzyme overexpression improves salt tolerance in tobacco
physiological function
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isoform MGD1 function may link galactolipid synthesis with the coordinated transcriptional regulation of chloroplasts and other organelles during cotyledon greening
physiological function
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isoform MGD3 plays a role in plant growth under sucrose-replete conditions. Isoform MGD3 plays an important role in supplying 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol as a component of extraplastidial membranes to support enhanced plant growth under conditions of carbon excess
physiological function
MGD1 induces a reorganization of lipids by attracting diacylglycerol molecules to create an optimal platform for binding
physiological function
compared to wild-type, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing rice monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase (MGD) gene and wild-type tobacco plants exposed to AlCl3 exhibit rapid regrowth of roots after removal of Al and less damage to membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation under Al stress, while the Al accumulation shows no difference between wild-type and transgenic plants. Al treatment dramatically decreases the content of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and the ratio of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol to digalactosyldiacylglycerol in wild-type plants, while it is unchanged in transgenic plants. The stable monogalactosyldiacylglycerol level and the ratio of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol/digalactosyldiacylglycerol contribute to maintain the membrane stability and permeability. Al causes a significant increase in phospholipids in wild-type plants, resulting in a high proportion of phospholipids and low proportion of galactolipids, but these proportions are unaffected in transgenic plants
physiological function
strong MGD1 suppression causes a 36% loss of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in etiolated seedlings, together with a 41% decrease in total protochlorophyllide content. The loss of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol perturbes etioplast membrane structures and impaires the formation of the photoactive protochlorophyllide-light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-NADPH complex and its oligomerization, without affecting light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase accumulation. The MGD1 suppression also impairs the formation of protochlorophyllide from protoporphyrin IX via multiple enzymatic reactions in etioplast membranes. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis at an early germination stage is particularly important for protochlorophyllide accumulation
physiological function
the leaves of Mgd2 mutants shows reduced monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (about 11.6%) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (about 9.5%) content with chlorophyll a content decreased by about 23%, consequently affecting the photosynthesis. The mutants also exhibit poor agronomic performance with plant height and panicle length decreased by about 12.2 and about 7.3%, respectively. The number of filled grains per panicle is reduced by 43.8%, while the 1000 grain weight is increased by about 6.3% in the mutants. The milled rice of mutants also has altered pasting properties and decreased linoleic acid content (26.6%)