2.6.1.44: alanine-glyoxylate transaminase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about alanine-glyoxylate transaminase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.6.1.44
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2.6.1.44
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hyperoxaluria
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peroxisomal
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end-stage
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oxalosis
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nephrocalcinosis
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transamination
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dimethylarginine
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stone
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urolithiasis
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mistargeting
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pyridoxine
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nephrolithiasis
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medicine
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liver-kidney
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hydroxypyruvate
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grhpr
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analysis
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diagnostics
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nutrition
- 2.6.1.44
- hyperoxaluria
- peroxisomal
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end-stage
- oxalosis
- nephrocalcinosis
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transamination
- dimethylarginine
- stone
- urolithiasis
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mistargeting
- pyridoxine
- nephrolithiasis
- medicine
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liver-kidney
- hydroxypyruvate
- grhpr
- analysis
- diagnostics
- nutrition
Reaction
Synonyms
3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase, 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase/alanine glyoxylate transaminase, AGT, AGT-Ma, AGT-Mi, AGT1, AGT2, AGX, AGXT, AGXT2, alanine aminotransferase, alanine glyoxalate transaminase 2, alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine-glyoxalate aminotransferase, alanine-glyoxalate transaminase 1, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzyme 2, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase-2, alanine-glyoxylic aminotransferase, alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase type 1, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase/beta-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase, aminotransferase 3, AT3, At3g08860, cytosolic alanine aminotransferase, D-AIB AT, EC 2.6.1.51, GGT, glyoxylate aminotransferase AGT1, L-alanine-glycine transaminase, L-alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, L-alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, More, serine pyruvate aminotransferase, serine:pyruvate/alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, SPT/AGT
ECTree
2.6.1.44 alanine-glyoxylate transaminaseAdvanced search results
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results (Engineering
Engineering on EC 2.6.1.44 - alanine-glyoxylate transaminase
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PROTEIN VARIANTS 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
P251L
the sat mutation likely affects the dimer interface near the catalytic site, phenotype overview. The point mutation renders the sat mutant plants lethally stunted when grown in normal atmospheric conditions
A280V
natural mutant from patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1, 92% of normal enzyme activity
DELTA 1-21
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purified protein does not show bound PLP (affinity is about 80fold lower than wild type protein), catalytic activity about 1000fold lower than wild type protein, expressed in Escherichia coli in an insoluble form, peroxisomal localization, expressed in CHO cells the mutant protein forms large stable but catalytically inactive aggregates in the peroxisomes
F152A
the mutant shows decreased activity compared to the wild type enzyme
F152I
F52I
G161R
G170R
G216R
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant displays structural alterations mainly related to the apoform and consisting of an altered tertiary and quaternary structure, it also shows a strongly reduced catalytic efficiency
G41R
G41V
G42E
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant displays structural alterations mainly related to the apoform and consisting of an altered tertiary and quaternary structure
G63R
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant displays structural alterations mainly related to the apoform and consisting of an altered tertiary and quaternary structure
G82E
I244T
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natural mutation in enzyme minor allele, 8-26% of the activity of major allele, in vitro
I279T
natural mutant from patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1, 98% of normal enzyme activity
I340M
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polymorphism associated with enzyme from minor allele, significantly higher Km-value than that for major allele, 90% of activity of enzyme from major allele
I56N
P10L/P11L
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Kcat value 56% of wild type protein, aggregation occuring at a slower rate than that of DELTA 1-21 protein
P11L
P11L/F152I/I340M
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naturally occuring mutations, mistargeted to the mitochondria, forms dimers, catlytically active
P11L/G170R/I340M
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naturally occuring mutations, creates a hidden N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, the unmasking of which occurs in the hereditary calcium oxalate kidney stone disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1; this unmasking is due to the additional presence of a common disease-specific G170R mutation, forms dimers, catalytically active
P11L/G41R/I340M
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naturally occuring mutations, mistargeted to the mitochondria, catalytically inactive, aggregates
P11L/I244T/I340M
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naturally occuring mutations, mistargeted to the mitochondria, forms dimers, catlytically active
P11L/I340M
P11L/I340M/F152I
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naturally occuring mutation, possibly mistargeting into mitochondrial matrix
P11L/I340M/G41R
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naturally occuring mutation, predicted to be responsible for the depletion of immunoreactive enzyme protein and formation of intraperoxisomal aggregates
P11L/I56N
site-directed mutagenesis, the Ile56Asn mutation induces a structural defect mostly related to the apo-form of enzyme AGT. The effects are more pronounced when the substitution of Ile56 is combined with the Pro11Leu and, at higher degree, the Pro11Arg mutation
P11R/I56N
site-directed mutagenesis, the Ile56Asn mutation induces a structural defect mostly related to the apo-form of enzyme AGT. The effects are more pronounced when the substitution of Ile56 is combined with the Pro11Leu and, at higher degree, the Pro11Arg mutation
R118A/F238S/F240S
site-directed mutagenesis, the apo and the holo forms of the triple mutant R118A-Mi/F238S-Mi/F240S-Mi display a dimer-monomer equilibrium dissociation constant value at least about 260 and 31fold larger, respectively, than the corresponding ones of wild-type AGT-Mi. In the presence of cofactor pyridoxala 5'-phosphate (PLP), the apo-monomer of the triple mutant undergoes a biphasic process: the fast phase represents the formation of an inactive PLP-bound monomer, while the slow phase depicts the monomer-monomer association that parallels the regain of transaminase activity. The latter events occur with a rate constant of about 20 nM/min. In the absence of PLP, the apomonomer is also able to dimerize but with a rate constant value about 2700fold lower. Kinetics of dimerization of triple variant, overview
R233C
R36H
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant displays structural alterations mainly related to the apoform and consisting of an altered tertiary and quaternary structure
S187F
S205P
S218L
V336D
W251K
naturally occuring mutation, mutant protein localized in peroxisome and cytosol
additional information
F152I
the mutation is associated with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in combination with the minor AGT allele and shows decreased activity compared to the wild type enzyme
F52I
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natural mutation in enzyme major allele, 13% of the activity of major allele
F52I
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natural mutation in enzyme minor allele, 14% of the activity of minor allele
G161R
natural mutant from patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1, 6.2% of normal enzyme activity
G170R
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mutation associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I, no effect on affinity for pyridoxal 5-phosphate
G170R
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mainly localized in mitochondria compared to the peroxisomal wild type enzyme
G170R
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natural mutation in enzyme minor allele, 40-57% of the activity of major allele, in vitro
G41R
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mutation associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I, enhanced activity after re-folding
G41R
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natural mutation in enzyme major allele, 46.5% of the activity of major allele
G41R
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natural mutation in enzyme minor allele, 23.7% of the activity of minor allele
G41R
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the mutation on the minor and major alleles causes hyperoxaluria type 1, the variant under physiological conditions forms insoluble inactive high-order aggregates through intermolecular electrostatic interactions, the mutation decreases resistance to thermal denaturation and inactivation
G41R
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naturally occuring mutation, predicted to be responsible for the depletion of immunoreactive enzyme protein and formation of intraperoxisomal aggregates
G41R
the naturally occuring missense mutation causes AGT misfolding, which induces aggregation and proteolytic degradation. Enzyme inhibitor D-cycloserin significantly improves the glyoxylate detoxification ability of CHO-GO cells expressing the enzyme mutant G41R variant, because it increases cell viability upon glycolate treatment. These data confirm that the treatment increases the amount of intraperoxisomal functional AGT able to metabolize glyoxylate
G41V
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mutation associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I, enhanced activity after re-folding
G41V
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the mutation on the major alle causes hyperoxaluria type 1, the variant under physiological conditions forms insoluble inactive high-order aggregates through intermolecular electrostatic interactions, the mutation decreases resistance to thermal denaturation and inactivation
G82E
natural enzyme variant. Significant reduction in affinty for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate. Mutant displays an altered conformational state of the bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and a decrease in overall catlytic activity to 0.1% of wild-type
G82E
naturally occuring variant. Like the wild-type, the G82E variant is able to bind 2 mol pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/dimer, it exhibits a significant reduced affinity for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and even more for pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate compared with wild-type, and an altered conformational state of the bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Dramatic decrease of the overall catalytic activity (about 0.1% of that of normal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase), appears to be related to the inability to undergo an efficient transaldimination of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate form of the enzyme with amino acids as well as an efficient conversion of AGT-pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate into AGT-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
I56N
site-directed mutagenesis, the Ile56Asn mutation induces a structural defect mostly related to the apo-form of enzyme AGT. The effects are more pronounced when the substitution of Ile56 is combined with the Pro11Leu and, at higher degree, the Pro11Arg mutation
I56N
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant displays structural alterations mainly related to the apoform and consisting of an altered tertiary and quaternary structure. The I56N mutation destabilizes the apo-WT-AGT quaternary structure, an effect possibly caused by the substitution of Ile56 to ASN interferes with interchain hydrophobic interactions between Ile56 and Leu18 and Ile20 of the other subunit
P11L/I340M
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minor allele, naturally occuring variant; mutant protein (minor allel) is about 95% peroxisomal and 5% mitochondrial; P11/I340 major allele is 100% peroxisomal, minor allele in both the holo and apo forms is more sensitive to thermal denaturation and to urea unfolding than major allele
P11L/I340M
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naturally occuring mutations, encoded by the minor allele, up to 100% activity
R233C
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natural mutation in enzyme major allele, 14% of the activity of wild-type tmajor allele, in vitro
R233C
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natural mutation in enzyme major allele, 21% of the activity of major allele
R233C
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natural mutation in enzyme minor allele, below 5% of the activity of minor allele
S187F
mutation gives rise to a variant associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I. Mutation shows a 300- to 500fold decrease in both the rate constant of L-alanine half-transamination and the kcat of the overall transamination, a different pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate binding mode and affinity, and a different microenvironment of the external aldimine
S218L
natural mutant from patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1, 10% of normal enzyme activity
V336D
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natural mutation in enzyme major allele, 22.4% of the activity of major allele
V336D
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natural mutation in enzyme minor allele, 5.2% of the activity of minor allele
additional information
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expression of green fluorescent protein-tagged enzyme in HeLa cells. Identification of two sites of peroxisomal targeting sequences around amino acids 59-66 and 389-392. A truncated mutant missing the COOH-terminal amino acids, 1216 is not targeted into peroxisome. Deletion mutant lacking amino acids 221390 or amino acids 221389 are not targeted into peroxisome. Deltion mutants lacking 221388 or 221386 are targeted
additional information
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human enzyme can substitute for function of yeast Agx1. Mutations associated with disease in humans show reduced growth in yeast, refecting reduced protein levels
additional information
after random mutagenesis the subcellular distribution of mutant proteins (GFP-fusion proteins) is analyzed
additional information
analysis of the effects of pathogenic interfacial mutations by combining bioinformatic predictions with molecular and cellular studies on selected variants (R36H, G42E, I56N, G63R, and G216R) in both their holo- (i.e. with bound PLP) and apo- (i.e. without bound PLP) form. All variants display structural alterations mainly related to the apoform and consisting of an altered tertiary and quaternary structure. Possible inverse correlation between the degree of destabilization/misfolding induced by a mutation and the extent of B6 responsiveness. More than 150 pathogenic mutations on the AGXT gene have been identified to date. Structure-function analysis of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview
additional information
biochemical properties of Pro11 and Ile56 variants: secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, overview
additional information
molecular dynamics simulations of F152I-Mi and I244T-Mi variants associated with PH1 and implications in their pathogenicity
additional information
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molecular dynamics simulations of F152I-Mi and I244T-Mi variants associated with PH1 and implications in their pathogenicity
additional information
enzyme knockout strain, 2% residual activity, no glycine auxotrophic phenotype. Glycine auxtrophy requires additional deletion of genes for threonine aldolase, and for mitochondrial and cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase
additional information
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enzyme knockout strain, 2% residual activity, no glycine auxotrophic phenotype. Glycine auxtrophy requires additional deletion of genes for threonine aldolase, and for mitochondrial and cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase
