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very low expression
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type I isozyme, type II isozyme
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obtained from hamster lesion
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153-306 times higher overexpression in rat AS-30D hepatoma cells than in normal freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The enhanced glycolytic flux in fast-growth tumor cells is controlled by an overproduced, but glucose 6-phosphate-inhibited hexokinase
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contains only hexokinase I
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TbHK1 is essential to the bloodstream form. Silencing the gene for 4 days reduces cellular hexokinase about 60% and leads to parasite death
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the contribution of glucokinase to total glucose-phosphorylating activity is of 12.4% in the brainstem
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vascular starch sheath
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the enzyme is expressed at high level in cancer cells compared with normal cells
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low expression
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high hexokinase activity
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ventricular myocyte
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glucokinase is continuously expressed during the all growth stages, and the peak value for glucokinase activity occurrs in the stationary growth phase before spores form
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high expression in surface epithelium. Very low expression in crypt base epithelium
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the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities are higher during embryo cellularization, at the end of embryogenesis and during embryo segmentation, respectively. All of the enzymes are stimulated by polyphosphate P3, which is inhibitory to hexokinase
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very low expression
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intermediate expression in suprabasal squamous epithelium. Low expression in basal layer
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no glucokinase transcript detected. Activity declines with both fasting and refeeding
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during anoxia, an increase in Km for ATP and a decrease in Vmax for anoxic snail hexokinase are consistent with a less active enzyme
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moderate activity
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human glioblastoma multiforme shows increased HK2 expression, correlating with poor overall survival
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70-80% hexokinase III, 20-30% hexokinase I
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low expression
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overproduction of hexokinase
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most abundant expression in hepatic cecum, testis and ovary
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AS-30D, highly glycolytic tumor cells
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pancreatic islets of Langerhans cells: hexokinase I and IV mRNA in beta cells, not type II and III, but HK I activity probably originates mainly from contaminating pancreatic exocrine cells
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high expression in alveolar macrophages. Intermediate expression in bronchial epithelium. very low expression in alveolar lining cells
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Plasmodium falciparum hexokinase is associated with the membrane via its C-terminal hydrophobic sequence, and this membrane association improves the efficiency of glucose phosphorylation immediately upon entering the host cell. Plasmodium hexokinase ensures a dramatic increase in reduced glutathione production in infected erythrocytes
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activity significantly decreases with fasting. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish
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mouse mammary tumour cell
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glucose-grown
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low expression
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key role for hexokinase activity and/or localization to the mitochondria in the regulation of neurite outgrowth in cultured adult sensory neurons
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Novikoff ascites-hepatoma cells, hexokinases A, B and C, but not D
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most abundant expression in hepatic cecum, testis and ovary
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xylem
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specific activity increases with the aging of promastigote culture (related to glucose consumption). The level of the hexokinase protein remains constant
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intermediate expression in basal cells. Low to intermediate expression in stromal cells. Low expression in gland epithelium
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expression and activity levels are significantly increased in nondiapause-destined pupae compared with those of diapause-destined pupae
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type III isozyme
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enzyme is located in either head and tail, in the latter in peri- and post-acrosomal zones
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high expression in parietal cells and chief cells. Intermediate expression in superficial foveolar epithelium
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low expression in sweat gland, intermediate expression in sweat gland duct
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activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish
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intermediate to high expression
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uninfective procyclic forms and haematozoic, animal-infective blood-stream forms of Trypanosoma congolense
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parenchym
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mouse lymphoma cell
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in addition to gonadotropes the enzyme is observed in a subpopulation of corticotropes and tyrotropes
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in addition to gonadotropes the enzyme is observed in a subpopulation of corticotropes and tyrotropes
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cerebrocortical astrocytes in primary culture, prepared from the neopallium
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hexokinase I: predominant in normal brain, hexokinase II: increased in brain tumors, ethylnitrosourea-induced 36B-10 astrocytic F-344 rat brain tumor cell line
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highest expression in berries during development and at the start of ripening
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protein is detected throughout berry development. At Phase I of grape berry development, lower hexose (glucose or fructose) levels are concomitant with higher hexokinase activities and protein levels. After the onset of ripening, a drastic reduction in hexokinase activity and protein levels is accompanied by a rising hexose level
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hexokinase I
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hexokinase I
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high levels of type I isozyme, isozymes type II and III
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hexokinase I
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cytoplasmic hexokinase I
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hexokinase I
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hexokinase I
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the presence of glucokinase phosphorylating activity is detected in different brain areas of 21-day-old foetuses with a contribution to the total glucose-phosphorylating activity of between 17.2% and 12.4%
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type III isozyme
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the contribution of glucokinase to total glucose-phosphorylating activity is of 13.3% in the cerebellum
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the contribution of glucokinase to total glucose-phosphorylating activity is of 15.3% in the cerebral cortex
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a subpopulation of
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a subpopulation of
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HXK6
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HXK8
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only one enzyme form
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hexokinase type I
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3 major forms: hexokinase Ia corresponds to type I from human liver, hexokinase Ib is the predominant form in fetal erythrocytes, hexokinase Ic, cell age dependence of the isoenzymic pattern
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only low enzyme levels
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contains a multibanded type I hexokinase
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only one enzyme form
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only one enzyme form
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hexokinase type I
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hexokinase types II and III, hexokinase III is the predominant form in adult pig erythrocytes, hexokinase II in newborn pig erythrocytes
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fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis exhibit an increased abundance of hexokinase 2
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HXK10 is expressed only in flowers
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HXK6
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HXK7
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HXK8
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HXK9
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hexokinase I, predominant in normal brain
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hexokinase I, predominant in normal brain
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hexokinase II, increased in brain tumors, ethylnitrosourea-induced 36B-10 astrocytic F-344 rat brain tumor cell line
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predominant cell type expressing glucokinase
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low activity
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hexokinase I
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2 isoenzymes
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153-306 times higher overexpression in rat AS-30D hepatoma cells than in normal freshly isolated rat hepatocytes
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type II isozyme
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during anoxia, a reduction in the Km for glucose for hexokinase from the anoxic animal suggests a more active enzyme form
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high activity
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dorsal vagal complex
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expression is altered by feeding conditions, especially in liver and hypothalamus where food deprivation decreases and refeeding increases expression. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish
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enzyme activities increase in the ventromedial hypothalamus as the glucose concentration rises. Enzyme activities in lateral hypothalamus decreases at 2.8 mM and 20 mM glucose
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the hypothalamus is the region of maximum activity (17.2%)
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high expression in villous brush border. No expression in deep crypt epithelium
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low activity
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low expression
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hexokinase I
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activity significantly decreases with fasting
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Hex B predominates in larval extract, Hex A is completely absent
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Hex B predominates in larval extract, Hex A is completely absent
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changes in the cytosolic and non-cytosolic isozyme complexes induced by tobacco mosaic virus infection
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excised leaves
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HXK8
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HXK9
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transcript level of OsHXK2 is increased markedly by the treatment with glucose or fructose, for 12 and 24 h. Activity in excised leaves
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transcript level of OsHXK5 is increased markedly by the treatment with glucose or fructose, for 12 and 24 h. Activity in excised leaves
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transcript levels of OsHXK6 is increased markedly by the treatment with glucose or fructose, for 12 and 24 h. Activity in excised leaves
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liver enzyme is active
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4 isoenzymes, lower level of hexokinase IV than in rat liver
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carboxyl-domain of hexokinase type III
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no expression in hepatocytes. Very low expression in interlobular bile duct
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the Marmota monax model of hepatocellular carcinoma has significantly increased levels of hexokinase in the livers compared to age-matching healthy animals
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activity significantly decreases with fasting. Activity in refed fish is higher than that of fed fish
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hexokinase IV or D
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three days of dichlorvos administration (20 ng/kg body weight) results in increase of glucokinase mRNA levels and decrease in enzyme activity
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the rate of glucose phosphorylation in hepatocytes is determined by the subcellular location of glucokinase and by its association with its regulatory protein (GKRP) in the nucleus. Elevated glucose concentrations and precursors of fructose 1-phosphate (e.g., sorbitol) cause dissociation of glucokinase from GKRP and translocation to the cytoplasm. Mechanisms downstream of AMPK activation, involving phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and GKRP are involved in the ATP-independent inhibition of glucose-induced glucokinase translocation by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside in hepatocytes
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contains mainly hexokinase I and a minor amount of hexokinase III in the soluble fraction, less than 10%
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hexokinase type III
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stable overexpression of glucokinase as an enhanced cyan fluorescent protein fusion construct
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pink-to-red muscle cuticle, fresh, freezing causes substantial loss of hexokinase activity, only one enzyme form
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high activity
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glucokinase gene and protein detected
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high expression in acinar centrocytes, onterlobular pancreatic duct and larger pancreatic duct. Very low expression in pancreatic islet cells. No expression in acinar cells
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islets of Langerhans cells: hexokinase I and IV mRNA in beta cells, not type II and III, but HK I activity probably originates mainly from contaminating pancreatic exocrine cells
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three days of dichlorvos administration (20 ng/kg body weight) has no affect on pancreatic glucokinase activity as well as mRNA levels
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beta-cells
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highest expression in islet cells
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beta-cells
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constitutively expressed at a basal rate of 63 pmol/microgram protein/h
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glucokinase is inhibited by endogenous long-chain fatty acyl-CoA in islets from omega3-depleted rats. Such an inhibition probably participates to the alteration of D-glucose catabolism prevailing in these islets
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hexokinase Ia and Ib
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contains 3.6fold the enzyme found in mature erythrocytes, hexokinase type I
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HXK6
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HXK7
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HXK8
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HXK9
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no increase of activity during hypoxia
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immature, HXK7
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OsHXK7 is expressed preferentially in seed coats. After the treatment with glucose or fructose, the expression of OsHXK7 is reduced significantly in immature seeds
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OsHXK8 transcripts level remains high during the starch-filling phase. Immature seed
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transcript increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 56 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed
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transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5-6 days after flowering, following which it decreases, HXK6
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transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 5-6 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed
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transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 56 days after flowering, following which it decreases, HXK6. Immature seed
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transcript level increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 56 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed
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transcript level of OsHXK9 increases gradually from the ovaries prior to pollination up to 56 days after flowering, following which it decreases. Immature seed
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sperm membrane and sperm extract, uncapacitated causal epididymal sperm, contains a unique tyrosine-phosphorylated form of hexokinase
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low expression
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type I isozyme, type II isozyme
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hexokinase type II, best source of enzyme
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the presence of 0.5 mM glucose induces total hexokinase activity in supernatants from sperm extracts of 1.7 mIU/mg protein, while the same concentration of both fructose, mannose, and sorbitol induces total hexokinase activity from 0.3 mIU/mg protein to 0.60 IU/mg protein. Diluted boar sperm from fresh ejaculates phosphorylates glucose through the hexokinase step much more efficiently than fructose or mannose. This difference facilitates a much more rapid intake of glucose into glycolysis than the other sugars
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low expression
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hexokinase I
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high expression
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most abundant expression in hepatic cecum, testis and ovary
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low expression
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germ cell component, contains a unique tyrosine-phosphorylated form of hexokinase
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developing
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organ- and development-specific changes in the abundance of the 3 isoenzymes
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adult, Hex A, Hex B and Hex C
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adult, Hex A, Hex B and Hex C
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additional information
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hexokinase is distributed in the worm extensively as well as in liver tissue and serum from Clonorchis sinensis infected rats
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additional information
gene is expressed in all life cycle stages
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additional information
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gene is expressed in all life cycle stages
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additional information
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gene is expressed in all life cycle stages
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additional information
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not expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney
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additional information
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type I isozyme is virtually expressed in all tissues, expression of type II isozyme is more limited to insulin-sensitive tissues
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additional information
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activities in intestine and erythrocytes are very low and probably not physiologically relevant. No activity in the heart
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additional information
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no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves
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additional information
no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves
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additional information
no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves
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additional information
no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves
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additional information
no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves
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additional information
no detection of endogenous transcript for OsHXK1 in the various samples from leaves, roots, flowers, immature seeds, or sugar-treated or rice-blast-infected leaves
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