Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ATP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
CTP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
GTP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
additional information
?
-
ATP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
ATP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
CTP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
CTP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
GTP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
GTP + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus transcribes genes using two DNA-directed RNA polymerases. Early genes are transcribed by the host RNA polymerase II, and late and very late genes are transcribed by a viral-encoded multisubunit RNA polymerase
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
RNAP is an exceptionally complex enzyme that can be thought of as the engine of gene expression, synthesis of RNA transcripts of many thousands of nucleotides without dissociation. Energy, in the form of nucleoside triphosphates, fuels the synthesis of an RNA polymer complementary to specific regions of the DNA template. Like all macromolecular synthesis, RNA synthesis can be divided into three general phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. Importantly, each of these phases can be a target of regulation. Promoter recognition, binding at the extended promoter recognition region, and transcript initiation, RNAP prefers to initiate transcription within a narrow window located between 6 and 9 bp downstream of the -10 element, promoter clearance and elongation, termination and recycling, mechanisms and regulation , overview. The process of start site selection can be governed by the availability of either the +1 or the +2 NTP, depending on the promoter
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
transcription elongation as a critical regulatory step in addition to initiation
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
template is DNA
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
a kind of transcription complex is formed during RNA polymerase catalysed synthesis of the M13 bacteriophage replication primer. The complex contains an overextended RNADNA hybrid bound in the RNA-polymerase through that is normally occupied by downstream double-stranded DNA, thus leaving the 30 end of the RNA available for interaction with DNA polymerase
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
enzyme is responsible for transcription in bacteria
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
regulation by anions, overview
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
RNAP is an exceptionally complex enzyme that can be thought of as the engine of gene expression, synthesis of RNA transcripts of many thousands of nucleotides without dissociation. Energy, in the form of nucleoside triphosphates, fuels the synthesis of an RNA polymer complementary to specific regions of the DNA template. Like all macromolecular synthesis, RNA synthesis can be divided into three general phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. Importantly, each of these phases can be a target of regulation. Promoter recognition, binding at the extended promoter recognition region, and transcript initiation, RNAP prefers to initiate transcription within a narrow window located between 6 and 9 bp downstream of the -10 element, promoter clearance and elongation, termination and recycling, mechanisms and regulation , overview. The process of start site selection can be governed by the availability of either the +1 or the +2 NTP, depending on the promoter
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
template is DNA
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
mediates fast promoter-independent extension of unstable nucleic acid complexes
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
the single subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from bacteriophage T7 catalyzes both promoterdependent transcription initiation and promoter-independent elongation
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
template is DNA
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
the hepatitis delta virus is an RNA virus that depends on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase for its transcription and replication. The association between human RNAP II and hepatitis delta virus RNA suggest two transcription start sites on both polarities of hepatitis delta virus RNA
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
RNAPIIis recruited to gene promoters in a hypo-phosphorylated state
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
template is DNA, epigenetic control of rDNA transcription, regulation system of RNA polymerase, detailed overview
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
Inovirus M13
-
minimal M13 origin hairpin is bound in the RNAP core channel normally occupied by dsDNA downstream of the transcription initiation start site, the sigma subunit is not required for initiation of RNA synthesis but it is essential for escape into productive elongation, RNAP recognition of the M13 ori and mechanism of RNA synthesis during transcription, detailed overview. During transcription elongation, RNAP can processively synthesize RNAs for thousands of nt. Mechanism of priming on dsDNA, overview
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
template is DNA, epigenetic control of rDNA transcription, regulation system of RNA polymerase, detailed overview
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
recruitment of the enzyme is a rate-limiting step for the activation of the sigma(54) promoter Pu of Pseudomonas putida, overview
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
template is DNA
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
the enzyme can bind to DNA containing the lambdaPR promoter, form an open complex and initiate transcription in a temperature-dependent manner. The organism relies on the high temperature of its environment to provide the thermal energy required to stimulate open promoter complex formation, initiate transcription, and facilitate the conformational changes in RNA polymerase that results in nucleotide incorporation
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
the enzyme can bind to DNA containing the lambdaPR promoter, form an open complex and initiate transcription in a temperature-dependent manner. The organism relies on the high temperature of its environment to provide the thermal energy required to stimulate open promoter complex formation, initiate transcription, and facilitate the conformational changes in RNA polymerase that results in nucleotide incorporation
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase I binds to the H4L subunit of virion RNA polymerase. These observation provides an explanation that UUUUUNU-dependent transcription termination is restricted to early genes, whose transcription is catalyzed by the H4L-containing virion RNA polymerase
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
-
nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase I binds to the H4L subunit of virion RNA polymerase. These observation provides an explanation that UUUUUNU-dependent transcription termination is restricted to early genes, whose transcription is catalyzed by the H4L-containing virion RNA polymerase
-
-
?
nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn
diphosphate + RNAn+1
Zindervirus SP6
-
template is DNA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA molecules thousands of nucleotides long. The reiterative reaction of nucleotide condensation occurs at rates of tens of nucleotides per second, invariably linked to the translocation of the enzyme along the DNA template, or threading of the DNA and the nascent RNA molecule through the enzyme. Reiteration of the nucleotide addition/translocation cycle without dissociation from the DNA and RNA requires both isomorphic and metamorphic conformational flexibility of a magnitude substantial enough to accommodate the requisite molecular motions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNA polymerase binds multiple sites in the ehxCABD gene regulatory region. At the Escherichia coli ehxCABD operon, RNA polymerase is unable to distinguish between the promoter -10 element and similar overlapping sequences. RNA polymerase competes with itself for binding to AT-rich sequences overlapping PehxCABD, correct positioning of RNA polymerase at PehxCABD requires H-NS
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
molecular mechanisms of transcription regulation in mitochondria, molecular organization of the human mitochondrial transcription initiation complex, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNA pol III transcribes structural RNAs involved in RNA processing, U6 snRNA, and translation, tRNA. Mechanism of regulation of RNA pol III transcription by BRCA1, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNA polymerase II phosphorylation during paused, active and poised transcription cycles with in itiation and elongation stages and at different phosphorylation stages, RNA polymerase II and histone modification profiles across genes in paused, active and poised states, and RNAPII regulation mechanisms at active genes, detailed overview. In embryonic stem cells, silent developmental regulator genes that are repressed by Polycomb are associated with a form of RNAPII that can elongate through coding regions but that lacks the post-translational modifications that are important for coupling RNA synthesis to co-transcriptional maturation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
TLS regulates both RNAPs II and III and supports the possibility that cross-regulation between RNA polymerases is important in maintaining normal cell growth
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
two distinct forms, Pol Ialpha and Pol Ibeta. Both forms are catalytically active, but only Pol Ibeta can assemble into productive transcription initiation complexes. Regulation of Pol I transcription during cell cycle progression involving cytokines, and structural organization of mammalian rDNA repeats and the basal factors required for transcription initiation, overview. The activity of basal Pol I factors is regulated by posttranslational modifications
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNA polymerase III transcribes small untranslated RNAs that include tRNAs, 5S RNA, U6 RNA, and some microRNAs
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the B2 family of short interspersed elements is transcribed into non-coding RNA by RNA polymerase III
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Inovirus M13
-
multisubunit RNA polymerase transcribes DNA, but is also known to synthesize DNA replication primers in the replication system, a function that is commonly performed by primases, mechanism of primer synthesis by RNA polymerase and comparison to the mechanism of both types of primases, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNAP II participates in the generation of mRNAs and most of the small nuclear RNAs, while RNAP III synthesizes small essential RNAs, such as tRNAs, 5S rRNA and some snRNAs
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNAP II participates in the generation of mRNAs and most of the small nuclear RNAs, while RNAP III synthesizes small essential RNAs, such as tRNAs, 5S rRNA and some snRNAs
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
intermittent hypoxia, a major pathological factor in the development of neural deficits associated with sleep-disordered breathing, regulates RNA polymerase II in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Chronic intermittent hypoxia, but not sustained hypoxia, stimulates hydroxylation of Pro1465 in large subunit of RNA polymerase II and phosphorylation of Ser5 of Rpb1, specifically in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex but not in other regions of the brain, requiring the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor. Mice exposed to chronic IH demonstrated cognitive deficits related to dysfunction in those brain regions, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
two distinct forms, Pol Ialpha and Pol Ibeta. Both forms are catalytically active, but only Pol Ibeta can assemble into productive transcription initiation complexes. Regulation of Pol I transcription during cell cycle progression involving cytokines, and structural organization of mammalian rDNA repeats and the basal factors required for transcription initiation, overview. The activity of basal Pol I factors is regulated by posttranslational modifications
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds to the iNOS promoter
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the two rpoB paralogues, rpoB(S) and rpoB(R), are two functionally distinct and developmentally regulated RNA polymerases, overview. A five amino acid substitutions located within or close to the so-called rifampin resistance clusters of rpoB(R) plays a key role in fundamental activities of the RNA polymerase. The rpoB(R)-specific missense mutation H426N is essential for the activation of secondary metabolism, molecular mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bacterial anti-sigma factors typically regulate sigma factor function by restricting the access of their cognate sigma-factors to the RNA polymerase RNAP core enzyme, regulation of RNAP holoenzyme, Esigma70, involving Rsd and the Rsd orthologue AlgQ, a global regulator of gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which simultaneously interact with conserved region 2 and region 4 of sigma70 mediated by separate surfaces of Rsd, interaction with mutants of Rsd and AlgQ, mechanism, detailed overview. Rsd can strongly regulate the production of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin in a manner that depends on their abilities to interact with sigma70 region 2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
molecular mechanisms enabling sigma factor PvdS, directing the transcription of pyoverdine and virulence genes under iron limitation, to compete with the major sigma RpoD for RNA polymerase binding, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA molecules thousands of nucleotides long. The reiterative reaction of nucleotide condensation occurs at rates of tens of nucleotides per second, invariably linked to the translocation of the enzyme along the DNA template, or threading of the DNA and the nascent RNA molecule through the enzyme. Reiteration of the nucleotide addition/translocation cycle without dissociation from the DNA and RNA requires both isomorphic and metamorphic conformational flexibility of a magnitude substantial enough to accommodate the requisite molecular motions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNAP function through the transcription cycle with initiation/re-initiation, elongation, and termination, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA molecules thousands of nucleotides long. The reiterative reaction of nucleotide condensation occurs at rates of tens of nucleotides per second, invariably linked to the translocation of the enzyme along the DNA template, or threading of the DNA and the nascent RNA molecule through the enzyme. Reiteration of the nucleotide addition/translocation cycle without dissociation from the DNA and RNA requires both isomorphic and metamorphic conformational flexibility of a magnitude substantial enough to accommodate the requisite molecular motions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
peptide regions that interact with regulatory factors are close to the Pol II surface and assume seemingly flexible loop structures, one is located in the TFIIF-interacting protrusion domain, the other is located in the TFIIE-interacting clamp domain, conformations, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNAP function through the transcription cycle with initiation/re-initiation, elongation, and termination, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNAPII recruits COMPASS, a histone methyltransferase, as well as the regulator Paf1C, to the transcription active site causing methylation of histone H3K4 in a transcription-dependent manner. The large RNAPII subunit Rpb1 attracts FACT, a transcription factor that FACT participates in regulation of DNA repair and replication, to the transcription site, and Rpb1 also interacts with RSC, an abundant Swi/Snf-like chromatin remodeling complex with multiple subunits, and other general transcription factors, as well as with histone chaperone proteins, mRNA processing and export factors, DNA repair factors, protein kinases, and other cellular proteins, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the phosphatase activity of Cdc14 is required for Pol I inhibition, transcription inhibition is necessary for complete chromosome disjunction, because rRNA transcripts block condensin binding to rDNA, and show that bypassing the role of Cdc14 in nucleolar segregation requires in vivo degradation of nascent transcripts, transcription interferes with chromosome condensation, not the reverse
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the Switch 1 loop of RNA polymerase II, located at the downstream end of the transcription bubble, may operate as a specific sensor of the nucleoside triphosphates available for transcription. Regulatory effects of RNA polymerase II on URA2 gene, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of UTP biosynthesis after activation by UTP shortage, RNA polymerase II occupancy is increased on the URA2 open reading frame, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mitochondrial RNA polymerase (Rpo41) and its transcription factor (Mtf1) are an efficient primase that initiates DNA synthesis on ssDNA coated with the yeast mitochondrial ssDNA-binding protein, Rim1. Both Rpo41 and Rpo41-Mtf1 can synthesize short and long RNAs on ssDNA template and prime DNA synthesis by the yeast mitochondrial DNA polymerase Mip1. Regarding the RNA-DNA products, Rpo41 and Rpo41-Mtf1 have slightly different priming specificity. Both prefer to initiate with ATP from short priming sequences such as 3'-TCC, TTC, and TTT, and the consensus sequence is 3'-Pu(Py)2-3
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA molecules thousands of nucleotides long. The reiterative reaction of nucleotide condensation occurs at rates of tens of nucleotides per second, invariably linked to the translocation of the enzyme along the DNA template, or threading of the DNA and the nascent RNA molecule through the enzyme. Reiteration of the nucleotide addition/translocation cycle without dissociation from the DNA and RNA requires both isomorphic and metamorphic conformational flexibility of a magnitude substantial enough to accommodate the requisite molecular motions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RNAP function through the transcription cycle with initiation/re-initiation, elongation, and termination, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA molecules thousands of nucleotides long. The reiterative reaction of nucleotide condensation occurs at rates of tens of nucleotides per second, invariably linked to the translocation of the enzyme along the DNA template, or threading of the DNA and the nascent RNA molecule through the enzyme. Reiteration of the nucleotide addition/translocation cycle without dissociation from the DNA and RNA requires both isomorphic and metamorphic conformational flexibility of a magnitude substantial enough to accommodate the requisite molecular motions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the PSi-C-terminal domain of large subunit RPB1 is essential for cell survivial and production of both SL RNA and mRNA, the Trypanosoma brucei enzyme lacks conserved heptapeptide sequence motifs found in most other eukaryotes
-
-
?