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peracetic acid + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
chlorite dismutase catalyzes O2 release from chlorite with exquisite efficiency and specificity
-
-
r
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
chlorite dismutase catalyzes O2 release from chlorite with exquisite efficiency and specificity, the protonation state of the heme environment influences dioxygen formation. The reaction proceeds via an acid-base transition with pKa of 8.7, spectroscopic properties, ligand binding affinities, and steady-state kinetics, unique structure-activity model, overview
-
-
r
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
-
-
-
-
?
chloride + O2
chlorite
chlorite dismutase is a unique heme enzyme which transforms chlorite to chloride and molecular oxygen
-
-
r
chloride + O2
chlorite
Arg173 plays a key role in (i) controlling of ligand and substrate access and binding and (ii) in chlorite dismutation reaction, mechanism, overview. The flexible residue modulates the electrostatic potential and size of the active site entrance and might be involved in keeping transiently formed hypochlorite in place for final molecular oxygen and chloride formation
-
-
r
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
reaction provides oxygen for aerobic benzene biodegradation
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
reaction provides oxygen for aerobic benzene biodegradation
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
ir
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
ir
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
catalytic mechanism via ferryl species and ClO--anion
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
the enzyme is highly specific for chlorite
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
ir
chlorite
chloride + O2
catalytic mechanism via ferryl species and ClO--anion
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
ir
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
highly specific (no 18O from 18O-labeled water), no other side products with 18O-labeled ClO2- detectable
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
the heme enzyme rapidly converts chlorite to chloride and O2, suggesting a simple approach to overcoming both the technical difficulties in the systematic variation of the O2 concentration and its modest solubility
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Dechlorosoma sp.
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Dechlorosoma sp. KJ / ATCC BAA-592
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
ir
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans
-
-
degradation of n-alkane or intermediates + chlorate
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans
-
-
water is not involved in the O2-building reaction (no inclusion of 18O-isotope from labeled water)
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans AW-1 / DSM 13592
-
-
degradation of n-alkane or intermediates + chlorate
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans AW-1 / DSM 13592
-
-
water is not involved in the O2-building reaction (no inclusion of 18O-isotope from labeled water)
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans AW-1(T)
-
-
degradation of n-alkane or intermediates + chlorate
-
?
chlorite
chloride + O2
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme can reversibly bind acetate to form a green colored high spin ferric complex
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
PitA possesses both chlorite dismutase-related (N-terminus) and antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase-related (C-terminus) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PitA possesses both chlorite dismutase-related (N-terminus) and antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase-related (C-terminus) activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
upon reduction of chlorite, hypochlorite is formed and kept in the reaction sphere for recombination with the oxoiron(IV) group of Compound I. Approximately one molecule of HOCl per 100 full cycles escapes and reacts with both the prosthetic group and the protein moiety, leading to irreversible inactivation of Cld is observed which is more pronounced with an increase in pH. HOCl traps like methionine can rescue the enzyme from inactivation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorite binding to ferric Cld occurs spontaneously and residue Arg173 is important for recognition and to impair hypochlorite leakage from the reaction sphere
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorite binding to ferric Cld occurs spontaneously and residue Arg173 is important for recognition and to impair hypochlorite leakage from the reaction sphere
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
although its sequence is highly similar to functional chlorite dismutases, the HemQ protein has no steady state reactivity with chlorite, very modest reactivity with H2O2 or peracetic acid, and no observable transient intermediates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
HemQ uses heme or porphyrin-like organic molecules as substrates. At pH 6.8, the enzyme exhibits relatively weak peroxidase activity with the reductant 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid], kinetics, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
although its sequence is highly similar to functional chlorite dismutases, the HemQ protein has no steady state reactivity with chlorite, very modest reactivity with H2O2 or peracetic acid, and no observable transient intermediates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
HemQ uses heme or porphyrin-like organic molecules as substrates. At pH 6.8, the enzyme exhibits relatively weak peroxidase activity with the reductant 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid], kinetics, overview
-
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) is a diagnostic for peroxidase reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no relevant peroxidase reactivity products, only in the presence of oxidant peroxyacetic acid peroxidase reactivity products are obtained (1.6 equivalents per mol oxidant)
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
guaiacol is a diagnostic for peroxidase reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no relevant peroxidase reactivity products, only in the presence of oxidant peroxyacetic acid peroxidase reactivity products are obtained (1.6 equivalents per mol oxidant)
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
monochlorodimedone is a diagnostic for halogenation reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no halogenation is observed, not even when Cl-, Br-, or I- are added in excess (10 mM) under the same conditions or when oxidants such as peroxyacetic acid or H2O2 are added
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
peroxyacetic acid with chlorite
in excess of peroxyacetic acid the formation of two high-valent ferryl intermediates can be observed with stopped-flow UV-vis spectrophotometry in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 10°C and with electron paramagnetic resonance in 20% ethylene glycol, 80% 0.010 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.14, addition of substrate and enzyme at 4°C, flash freezing in liquid N2 for analysis
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
thioanisole is a diagnostic for peroxygenase reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no relevant sulfoxide products that would point to peroxygenase reactivity, only in the presence of oxidant peroxyacetic acid sulfoxide formation is observed (0.247 sulfoxide per mol oxidant)
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) is a diagnostic for peroxidase reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no relevant peroxidase reactivity products, only in the presence of oxidant peroxyacetic acid peroxidase reactivity products are obtained (1.6 equivalents per mol oxidant)
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
guaiacol is a diagnostic for peroxidase reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no relevant peroxidase reactivity products, only in the presence of oxidant peroxyacetic acid peroxidase reactivity products are obtained (1.6 equivalents per mol oxidant)
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
monochlorodimedone is a diagnostic for halogenation reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no halogenation is observed, not even when Cl-, Br-, or I- are added in excess (10 mM) under the same conditions or when oxidants such as peroxyacetic acid or H2O2 are added
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
peroxyacetic acid with chlorite
in excess of peroxyacetic acid the formation of two high-valent ferryl intermediates can be observed with stopped-flow UV-vis spectrophotometry in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 10°C and with electron paramagnetic resonance in 20% ethylene glycol, 80% 0.010 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.14, addition of substrate and enzyme at 4°C, flash freezing in liquid N2 for analysis
-
?
additional information
additional information
-
-
thioanisole is a diagnostic for peroxygenase reactivity, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)
no relevant sulfoxide products that would point to peroxygenase reactivity, only in the presence of oxidant peroxyacetic acid sulfoxide formation is observed (0.247 sulfoxide per mol oxidant)
-
?
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Van Ginkel, C.G.; Rikken, G.B.; Kron, A.G.M.; Kengen, S.W.M.
Purification and characterization of chlorite dismutase: a novel oxygen-generating enzyme
Arch. Microbiol.
166
321-326
1996
Azospira oryzae, Azospira oryzae GR-1
brenda
Stenklo, K.; Thorell, H.D.; Bergius, H.; Aasa, R.; Nilsson, T.
Chlorite dismutase from Ideonella dechloratans
J. Biol. Inorg. Chem.
6
601-607
2001
Ideonella dechloratans
brenda
Thorell, H.D.; Karlsson, J.; Portelius, E.; Nilsson, T.
Cloning, characterisation, and expression of a novel gene encoding chlorite dismutase from Ideonella dechloratans
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1577
445-451
2002
Ideonella dechloratans
brenda
Hagedoorn, P.L.; De Geus, D.C.; Hagen, W.R.
Spectroscopic characterization and ligand-binding properties of chlorite dismutase from the chlorate respiring bacterial strain GR-1
Eur. J. Biochem.
269
4905-4911
2002
Azospira oryzae, Azospira oryzae GR-1
brenda
Thorell, H.D.; Beyer, N.H.; Heegaard, N.H.H.; Oehman, M.; Nilsson, T.
Comparison of native and recombinant chlorite dismutase from Ideonella dechloratans
Eur. J. Biochem.
271
3539-3546
2004
Ideonella dechloratans
brenda
Xu, J.; Logan, B.E.
Measurement of chlorite dismutase activities in perchlorate respiring bacteria
J. Microbiol. Methods
54
239-247
2003
Dechlorosoma sp., Dechlorosoma sp. KJ / ATCC BAA-592
brenda
Shrout, J.D.; Scheetz, T.E.; Casavant, T.L.; Parkin, G.F.
Isolation and characterization of autotrophic, hydrogen-utilizing, perchlorate-reducing bacteria
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
67
261-268
2005
Dechloromonas sp.
brenda
Bab-Dinitz, E.; Shmuely, H.; Maupin-Furlow, J.; Eichler, J.; Shaanan, B.
Haloferax volcanii PitA: an example of functional interaction between the Pfam chlorite dismutase and antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase families?
Bioinformatics
22
671-675
2006
Haloferax volcanii, Haloferax volcanii WR341
brenda
de Geus, D.C.; Thomassen, E.A.; van der Feltz, C.L.; Abrahams, J.P.
Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of chlorite dismutase: a detoxifying enzyme producing molecular oxygen
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
64
730-732
2008
Azospira oryzae, Azospira oryzae GR-1
brenda
Streit, B.R.; DuBois, J.L.
Chemical and steady-state kinetic analyses of a heterologously expressed heme dependent chlorite dismutase
Biochemistry
47
5271-5280
2008
Dechloromonas agitata
brenda
Maixner, F.; Wagner, M.; Luecker, S.; Pelletier, E.; Schmitz-Esser, S.; Hace, K.; Spieck, E.; Konrat, R.; Le Paslier, D.; Daims, H.
Environmental genomics reveals a functional chlorite dismutase in the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii
Environ. Microbiol.
10
3043-3056
2008
Nitrospira defluvii
brenda
Goblirsch, B.R.; Streit, B.R.; DuBois, J.L.; Wilmot, C.M.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction of chlorite dismutase from Dechloromonas aromatica RCB
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
65
818-821
2009
Dechloromonas aromatica, Dechloromonas aromatica RCB
brenda
Weelink, S.A.; Tan, N.C.; ten Broeke, H.; van den Kieboom, C.; van Doesburg, W.; Langenhoff, A.A.; Gerritse, J.; Junca, H.; Stams, A.J.
Isolation and characterization of Alicycliphilus denitrificans strain BC, which grows on benzene with chlorate as the electron acceptor
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
74
6672-6681
2008
Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Alicycliphilus sp., Alicycliphilus denitrificans BC
brenda
Mehboob, F.; Junca, H.; Schraa, G.; Stams, A.J.
Growth of Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1(T) on n-alkanes with chlorate as electron acceptor
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
83
739-747
2009
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans, Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans AW-1 / DSM 13592
brenda
Mehboob, F.; Wolterink, A.F.; Vermeulen, A.J.; Jiang, B.; Hagedoorn, P.L.; Stams, A.J.; Kengen, S.W.
Purification and characterization of a chlorite dismutase from Pseudomonas chloritidismutans
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
293
115-121
2009
Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans, Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans AW-1 / DSM 13592
brenda
de Geus, D.C.; Thomassen, E.A.; Hagedoorn, P.L.; Pannu, N.S.; van Duijn, E.; Abrahamass spectrometry, J.P.
Crystal structure of chlorite dismutase, a detoxifying enzyme producing molecular oxygen
J. Mol. Biol.
387
192-206
2009
Azospira oryzae (E2DI02), Azospira oryzae, Azospira oryzae GR-1 (E2DI02)
brenda
Lee, A.Q.; Streit, B.R.; Zdilla, M.J.; Abu-Omar, M.M.; DuBois, J.L.
Mechanism of and exquisite selectivity for O-O bond formation by the heme-dependent chlorite dismutase
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
105
15654-15659
2008
Dechloromonas aromatica, Dechloromonas aromatica RCB
brenda
Streit, B.R.; Blanc, B.; Lukat-Rodgers, G.S.; Rodgers, K.R.; DuBois, J.L.
How active-site protonation state influences the reactivity and ligation of the heme in chlorite dismutase
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
132
5711-5724
2010
Dechloromonas aromatica
brenda
Kostan, J.; Sjoeblom, B.; Maixner, F.; Mlynek, G.; Furtmueller, P.G.; Obinger, C.; Wagner, M.; Daims, H.; Djinovic-Carugo, K.
Structural and functional characterisation of the chlorite dismutase from the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii: identification of a catalytically important amino acid residue
J. Struct. Biol.
172
331-342
2010
Nitrospira defluvii (B3U4H7), Nitrospira defluvii
brenda
Dassama, L.M.; Yosca, T.H.; Conner, D.A.; Lee, M.H.; Blanc, B.; Streit, B.R.; Green, M.T.; DuBois, J.L.; Krebs, C.; Bollinger, J.M.
O2-evolving chlorite dismutase as a tool for studying O2-utilizing enzymes
Biochemistry
51
1607-1616
2012
Dechloromonas aromatica
brenda
Hofbauer, S.; Gysel, K.; Mlynek, G.; Kostan, J.; Hagmueller, A.; Daims, H.; Furtmueller, P.; Djinovic-Carugo, K.; Obinger, C.
Impact of subunit and oligomeric structure on the thermal and conformational stability of chlorite dismutases
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1824
1031-1038
2012
Nitrobacter winogradskyi (Q3SPU6), Nitrospira defluvii
brenda
Blanc, B.; Rodgers, K.; Lukat-Rodgers, G.; Dubois, J.
Understanding the roles of strictly conserved tryptophan residues in O2 producing chlorite dismutases
Dalton Trans.
42
3156-3169
2013
Dechloromonas aromatica
brenda
Vijaya Nadaraja, A.; Gangadharan Puthiya Veetil, P.; Vidyadharan, A.; Bhaskaran, K.
Kinetics of chlorite dismutase in a perchlorate degrading reactor sludge
Environ. Technol.
34
2353-2359
2013
uncultured bacterium
brenda
Mlynek, G.; Sjoeblom, B.; Kostan, J.; Fuereder, S.; Maixner, F.; Gysel, K.; Furtmueller, P.G.; Obinger, C.; Wagner, M.; Daims, H.; Djinovic-Carugo, K.
Unexpected diversity of chlorite dismutases: a catalytically efficient dimeric enzyme from Nitrobacter winogradskyi
J. Bacteriol.
193
2408-2417
2011
Nitrobacter winogradskyi (Q3SPU6), Nitrobacter winogradskyi
brenda
Mayfield, J.A.; Hammer, N.D.; Kurker, R.C.; Chen, T.K.; Ojha, S.; Skaar, E.P.; DuBois, J.L.
The chlorite dismutase (HemQ) from Staphylococcus aureus has a redox-sensitive heme and is associated with the small colony variant phenotype
J. Biol. Chem.
288
23488-23504
2013
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus COL
brenda
Hofbauer, S.; Gruber, C.; Pirker, K.F.; Suendermann, A.; Schaffner, I.; Jakopitsch, C.; Oostenbrink, C.; Furtmueller, P.G.; Obinger, C.
Transiently produced hypochlorite is responsible for the irreversible inhibition of chlorite dismutase
Biochemistry
53
3145-3157
2014
Nitrospira defluvii (B3U4H7)
brenda
Suendermann, A.; Reif, M.M.; Hofbauer, S.; Obinger, C.; Oostenbrink, C.
Investigation of ion binding in chlorite dismutases by means of molecular dynamics simulations
Biochemistry
53
4869-4879
2014
Nitrospira defluvii (B3U4H7), Nitrospira defluvii
brenda
Celis, A.I.; Geeraerts, Z.; Ngmenterebo, D.; Machovina, M.M.; Kurker, R.C.; Rajakumar, K.; Ivancich, A.; Rodgers, K.R.; Lukat-Rodgers, G.S.; DuBois, J.L.
A dimeric chlorite dismutase exhibits O2-generating activity and acts as a chlorite antioxidant in Klebsiella pneumoniae MGH 78578
Biochemistry
54
434-446
2015
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae MGH 78578
brenda
Geeraerts, Z.; Rodgers, K.R.; DuBois, J.L.; Lukat-Rodgers, G.S.
Active sites of O2-evolving chlorite dismutases probed by halides and hydroxides and new iron-ligand vibrational correlations
Biochemistry
56
4509-4524
2017
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Dechloromonas aromatica (Q47CX0), Klebsiella pneumoniae MGH 78578, Dechloromonas aromatica RCB (Q47CX0)
brenda
Freire, D.M.; Rivas, M.G.; Dias, A.M.; Lopes, A.T.; Costa, C.; Santos-Silva, T.; Van Doorslaer, S.; Gonzalez, P.J.
The homopentameric chlorite dismutase from Magnetospirillum sp
J. Inorg. Biochem.
151
1-9
2015
Magnetospirillum sp. (A0A0M3KL46), Magnetospirillum sp.
brenda
De Schutter, A.; Correia, H.D.; Freire, D.M.; Rivas, M.G.; Rizzi, A.; Santos-Silva, T.; Gonzalez, P.J.; Van Doorslaer, S.
Ligand binding to chlorite dismutase from Magnetospirillum sp
J. Phys. Chem. B
119
13859-13869
2015
Magnetospirillum sp. (A0A0M3KL46), Magnetospirillum sp.
brenda
Schaffner, I.; Hofbauer, S.; Krutzler, M.; Pirker, K.F.; Bellei, M.; Stadlmayr, G.; Mlynek, G.; Djinovic-Carugo, K.; Battistuzzi, G.; Furtmueller, P.G.; Daims, H.; Obinger, C.
Dimeric chlorite dismutase from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC7425
Mol. Microbiol.
96
1053-1068
2015
Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425 (B8HNS6)
brenda
Pueschmann, J.; Mahor, D.; de Geus, D.C.; Strampraad, M.J.F.; Srour, B.; Hagen, W.R.; Todorovic, S.; Hagedoorn, P.L.
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