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(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
combined dihydroflavonol 4-reductase/leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductae activity
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
combined dihydroflavonol 4-reductase/leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductae activity, 2-step reaction
-
-
?
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2S)-eriodictyol + NADPH
luteoliflavan + NADP+ + H2O
-
flavan formation by combined flavanone 4-reductase/leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductae activity
-
-
?
(2S)-naringenin + NADPH
?
-
flavan formation by combined flavanone 4-reductase/leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductae activity
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NAD+ + H2O
30% activity compared to NADPH
-
-
r
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin + NADPH
2,3-trans-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin + NADPH
2,3-trans-gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
2,3-trans-afzelechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + (-)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O
delphinidin + NADPH
(-)-epigallocatechin + (-)-gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
(+)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
luteoforol + NADPH
luteoliflavan + NADP+ + H2O
pelargonidin + NADPH
(-)-epiafzelechin + (-)-afzelechin + NADP+ + H2O
additional information
?
-
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
enzyme acts mainly on the 3,4-cis rather than the 3,4-trans isomer
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin + NADPH
2,3-trans-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
no formation of 2,3-cis-epicatechin
-
?
3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin + NADPH
2,3-trans-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
substrate only for isoform LAR2
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
enzyme LAR generates epicatechin from epicatechin-cysteine conjugate in an NADPH-dependent manner in hairy roots. 4beta-(S-Cysteinyl)-epicatechin provides the extension unit during procyanidin polymerization
-
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
enzyme LAR generates epicatechin from epicatechin-cysteine conjugate in an NADPH-dependent manner
-
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
enzyme LAR generates epicatechin from epicatechin-cysteine conjugate in an NADPH-dependent manner in hairy roots. 4beta-(S-Cysteinyl)-epicatechin provides the extension unit during procyanidin polymerization
-
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
enzyme LAR generates epicatechin from epicatechin-cysteine conjugate in an NADPH-dependent manner
-
-
?
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + (-)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
(-)-epicatechin, i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol, is the major product, formation of (-)-catechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible
-
?
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + (-)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
(-)-epicatechin, i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol, is the major product, formation of (-)-catechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible
-
?
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol
-
?
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol
-
?
delphinidin + NADPH
(-)-epigallocatechin + (-)-gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
(-)-epigallocatechin is the major product, formation of (-)-gallocatechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible
-
?
delphinidin + NADPH
(-)-epigallocatechin + (-)-gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
(-)-epigallocatechin is the major product, formation of (-)-gallocatechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
double step reduction
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
leucodelphinidin + NADPH
? + NADP+ + H2O
both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
luteoforol + NADPH
luteoliflavan + NADP+ + H2O
i.e. 3-deoxyleucocyanidin, both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
luteoforol + NADPH
luteoliflavan + NADP+ + H2O
i.e. 3-deoxyleucocyanidin, both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2
-
-
?
pelargonidin + NADPH
(-)-epiafzelechin + (-)-afzelechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
(-)-epiafzelechin is the major product, formation of (-)-afzelechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible
-
?
pelargonidin + NADPH
(-)-epiafzelechin + (-)-afzelechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
(-)-epiafzelechin is the major product, formation of (-)-afzelechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate preference in descending order: delphinidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is important in biosynthesis of catchin, epigallocatechin, and anthocyanidins, flavonoid metabolism in tea leaves, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins 3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin, first committed step, anthocyanidin pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins 3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin, first committed step, anthocyanidin pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate preference in descending order: cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme contributes to proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the gene determines proanthocyanidin accumulation and composition during grape berry development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme contributes to proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the gene determines proanthocyanidin accumulation and composition during grape berry development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme contributes to proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the gene determines proanthocyanidin accumulation and composition during grape berry development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
leucoanthocyanidin reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2R,3S,4S-flavan-3,4-diols into 2R,3S-flavan-3-ols
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
leucoanthocyanidin reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2R,3S,4S-flavan-3,4-diols into 2R,3S-flavan-3-ols
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the coenzyme and substrate binding pocket is preformed in the apoprotein and not markedly altered upon NADPH binding, ternary complex structure, substrate binding site structure, overview. Ordering of a short 3_10 helix associated with substrate binding, His122 and Lys140 act as acid-base catalysts
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the coenzyme and substrate binding pocket is preformed in the apoprotein and not markedly altered upon NADPH binding, ternary complex structure, substrate binding site structure, overview. Ordering of a short 3_10 helix associated with substrate binding, His122 and Lys140 act as acid-base catalysts
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin + NADPH
2,3-trans-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
no formation of 2,3-cis-epicatechin
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O
additional information
?
-
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
enzyme LAR generates epicatechin from epicatechin-cysteine conjugate in an NADPH-dependent manner in hairy roots. 4beta-(S-Cysteinyl)-epicatechin provides the extension unit during procyanidin polymerization
-
-
?
4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin + NADPH + H+
epicatechin + cysteine + NADP+
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
enzyme LAR generates epicatechin from epicatechin-cysteine conjugate in an NADPH-dependent manner in hairy roots. 4beta-(S-Cysteinyl)-epicatechin provides the extension unit during procyanidin polymerization
-
-
?
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol
-
?
cyanidin + NADPH + H+
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is important in biosynthesis of catchin, epigallocatechin, and anthocyanidins, flavonoid metabolism in tea leaves, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins 3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin, first committed step, anthocyanidin pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins 3,4-cis-leucoanthocyanidin, first committed step, anthocyanidin pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme contributes to proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the gene determines proanthocyanidin accumulation and composition during grape berry development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme contributes to proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the gene determines proanthocyanidin accumulation and composition during grape berry development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme contributes to proanthocyanidin synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the gene determines proanthocyanidin accumulation and composition during grape berry development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
leucoanthocyanidin reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2R,3S,4S-flavan-3,4-diols into 2R,3S-flavan-3-ols
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
leucoanthocyanidin reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2R,3S,4S-flavan-3,4-diols into 2R,3S-flavan-3-ols
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
-
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brenda
-
brenda
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-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
low expression
brenda
-
pod exocarp
brenda
grown under light or dark condition
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
lower level of LAR2 expression than in seed
brenda
relationship of development of tannin cells and transcript level of the DkLAR gene, analysis of different cultivars, overview
brenda
-
relationship of development of tannin cells and transcript level of the DkLAR gene, analysis of different cultivars, overview
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
skin
brenda
from 5-year-old plants
brenda
-
LAR1 transcript level is almost undetectable in immature and mature fruit skins of the apple Malus asiatica, enzyme expression profile, overview
brenda
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LAR1 transcript level is almost undetectable in immature and mature fruit skins of the apple Malus asiatica, enzyme expression profile, overview
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LAR1 is highly expressed in immature and mature fruit skins of cv. FuJi, enzyme expression profile, overview
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LAR2 is highly expressed in mature fruit skin of cv. FuJi, enzyme expression profile, overview
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LAR1 is highly expressed in immature and mature fruit skins of the crabapple Malus prunifolia, enzyme expression profile, overview
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LAR1 transcript level is almost undetectable in immature and mature fruit skins of the crabapple Malus sikkihensis, enzyme expression profile, overview
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2 young leaves and bud
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small unexpanded leaflets
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steady-state levels of anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase correlate with the levels of proanthocyanidins in wild-type and trasgenic plants
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both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2 decreasing expression from early to late stages of leaf development
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both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2 show decreasing expression from early to late stages of leaf development
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young leaves, enzyme activity declines in mature phases of leaf development
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low expression
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both isoforms LAR1 and LAR2 decreasing expression from early to late stages of leaf development
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low level of LAR1 expression
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lower level of LAR2 expression than in seed
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high expression
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preferrently expressed
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highest expression of LAR2 in seed, with maximum expression at veraison
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isoform LAR1 seed specific, with the highest expression occurring 2 weeks after flowering
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Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
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berry skin, low level of LAR1 expression
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berry skin, lower level of LAR2 expression than in seed
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young fine shoots
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low expression
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additional information
accumulation of catechins is greater in the buds and younger leaves than in the mature leaves, stems and roots
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additional information
accumulation of catechins is greater in the buds and younger leaves than in the mature leaves, stems and roots
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additional information
accumulation of catechins is greater in the buds and younger leaves than in the mature leaves, stems and roots
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additional information
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accumulation of catechins is greater in the buds and younger leaves than in the mature leaves, stems and roots
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR1 is expressed mainly in stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and 2nd- and 3rd-stage seeds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR1 is expressed mainly in stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and 2nd- and 3rd-stage seeds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR1 is expressed mainly in stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and 2nd- and 3rd-stage seeds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR2 is expressed very strongly inbuds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR2 is expressed very strongly inbuds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR2 is expressed very strongly inbuds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR3 is expressed mainly in 1st- and 2nd-stage seeds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR3 is expressed mainly in 1st- and 2nd-stage seeds
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additional information
tissue-specific expression of isozymes LAR1-LAR3, FeLAR3 is expressed mainly in 1st- and 2nd-stage seeds
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additional information
gene expression of FtLAR during sprout development under dark and light conditions in cvs. T8 and T10, determination of catechin and epicatechin contents in sprouts, the expression pattern of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) do not match the accumulation pattern of proanthocyanidins in different organs of the two cultivars Hokkai T8 and Hokkai T10. FtLAR does not show large variations in its expression patterns among all the organs in cultivars Hokkai T8 and T10. Epicatechin content is higher than the catechin content in both T8 and T10. In T10, catechin is found mostly in the flowers and roots, whereas in T8, higher amounts are found in leaves and seeds at stage 1. Catechin content in T10 is highest in roots. Hokkai T10 wild roots in the soil and hairy roots are red in color. The catechin content is correlated with color pigment
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evolution
enzyme LAR is related to members of the reductase-epimerase-dehydrogenase protein superfamily
evolution
enzyme LAR3 belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase protein family
evolution
phylogenetic analysis of the LAR family, overview
evolution
phylogenetic analysis of the LAR family, overview. The dicotyledonous LARs can be clustered into two subgroups, which are defined as cluster I and cluster II
malfunction
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ectopic expression of PtrLAR1 in poplar positively regulates the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin, whereas the accumulation of anthocyanin and flavonol is significantly reduced in all transgenic plants compared to the control plants
malfunction
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overexpression of PtrLAR3 in Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) leads to a significant plant-wide increase in proanthocyanidin levels. In vitro assays show that crude leaf extracts from 35S:PtrLAR3 transformants are able to inhibit significantly the hyphal growth of Marssonina brunnea f.sp.multigerm tubi compared to the extracts from control plants. The transgenic 35S:PtrLAR3 poplar plants display a significant reduction in their disease symptoms compared with the control
malfunction
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transgenic tobacco overexpressing TcLAR have decreased amounts of anthocyanidins and increased proanthocyanidins. Overexpressing TcLAR in Arabidopsis ldox mutant also results in elevated synthesis of not only catechin but also epicatechin
malfunction
overexpression of CsLAR causes a decrease in the proanthocyanidins in transgenic plants
metabolism
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase are involved in biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins by producing (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, respectively, from leukoanthocyanidin
metabolism
flavan-3-ols are synthesized through the flavonoid pathway via leucoanthocyanidin and anthocyanidin. Leucoanthocyanidin can be converted to (+)-flavan-3-ol, e.g. (+)-catechin, by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) or to anthocyanidin by anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)
metabolism
leucoanthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
the enzyme is important in biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin, the proanthocyanidin pathway exists as ametabolic channel associated with cellular membranes
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) catalyze the formation of catechins and epicatechins from leucoanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins, respectively, overview
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by forming (+)-catechin, which polymerizes to proanthocyanidins, overview
metabolism
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
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metabolism
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
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flavan-3-ols are synthesized through the flavonoid pathway via leucoanthocyanidin and anthocyanidin. Leucoanthocyanidin can be converted to (+)-flavan-3-ol, e.g. (+)-catechin, by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) or to anthocyanidin by anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)
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physiological function
leucoanthocyanidin reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2R,3S,4S-flavan-3,4-diols into 2R,3S-flavan-3-ols, a subfamily of flavonoids that is important for plant survival and for human nutrition
physiological function
leucoanthocyanidin reductase converts leucoanthocyanidin to (+)-catechin, a precursor of proanthocyanidins abundant in Japanese persimmon fruits
physiological function
leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), together with anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77), plays an important role in the monomeric units biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin in several plants. ANR and LAR levels in tartary buckwheat might be regulated by different mechanisms for catechin and epicatechin biosynthesis under light and dark conditions. The catechin content is correlated with color pigment in roots
physiological function
role for leucoanthocyanidin reductase in the extension of proanthocyanidins. Monomeric flavan-3-ols do not dimerize in autopolymerization assays, whereas procyanidin B2 oligomerizes, either alone or with monomeric flavan-3-ols, suggesting that formation of epicatechin carbocation is a crucial step for proanthocyanidin assembly
physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of (+)-catechin, a flavan-3-ol that is a precursor of the proanthcyanidins from leucoanthocyanidin. Presence of two PaLAR3 allelic lineages in Picea abies. Higher resistance to Heterobasidion annosum s.l., a pathogenic basidiomycete species complex, is associated with the newly detected allele, which is found in low frequency in the four Picea abies populations. Norway spruce plants carrying at least one copy of the newly detected allele show a significant reduction in fungal growth in sapwood (FGS) after inoculation with Heterobasidion parviporum compared to their half-siblings carrying no copies, indicating dominance of this allele. The amount of (+)-catechin, the enzymatic product of PaLAR3, is significantly higher in bark of trees homozygous for the secod allele. Regulation of gene expression is responsible for effects in resistance, possibly caused by differences in cis-acting elements that are observed in the promoter region of the two alleles. PaLAR3A and PaLAR3B show similar enzymatic activity. Constitutive bark (+)-catechin content is higher in PaLAR3B homozygotes
physiological function
the enzyme converts leucoanthocyanidins into nonalloylated catechins. The majority of leaf flavan-3-ols in Shuchazao's leaves are produced from the ANR pathway
physiological function
the enzyme is required in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
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physiological function
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
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role for leucoanthocyanidin reductase in the extension of proanthocyanidins. Monomeric flavan-3-ols do not dimerize in autopolymerization assays, whereas procyanidin B2 oligomerizes, either alone or with monomeric flavan-3-ols, suggesting that formation of epicatechin carbocation is a crucial step for proanthocyanidin assembly
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physiological function
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase converts leucoanthocyanidin to (+)-catechin, a precursor of proanthocyanidins abundant in Japanese persimmon fruits
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additional information
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leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase are co-regulated by abscisic acid, overview
additional information
flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
FtLAR had specific amino acid motifs of ICCN and THD
additional information
molecular modelling and molecular docking of epicatechin-cysteine to MtLAR, based on the crystal structure of Vitis vinifera LAR
additional information
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molecular modelling and molecular docking of epicatechin-cysteine to MtLAR, based on the crystal structure of Vitis vinifera LAR
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
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additional information
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
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molecular modelling and molecular docking of epicatechin-cysteine to MtLAR, based on the crystal structure of Vitis vinifera LAR
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determination of DNA and amino acid sequences, expression in Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue, Nicotiana tabacum, and Trifolium repens, plant transformations via Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection system
ectopic expression of CsLAR leads to the formation of (+)-catechin, but also of (-)-epicatechin in anthocyanin producing tissues of tobacco plants
expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
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expression in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha, expression as MBT-fusion protein followed by cleavage of the protein tag by Factor Xa protease
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expression of His-tagged LAR1 in Escherichia coli
gene DkLAR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. Expression of the DkLAR gene in Chinese pollination-constant non-astringent, PCNA, genotype is coincident with the tannin cell development, but is not in Japanese PCNA and Chinese pollination-variant astringent PCA genotypes
gene DkLAR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genotyping. Expression of the DkLAR gene in Chinese pollination-constant non-astringent, PCNA, genotype is coincident with the tannin cell development, but is not in Japanese PCNA and Chinese pollination-variant astringent PCA genotypes
gene LAR, co-overexpression with anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, semiquantitative expression analysis
gene lar, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comaprisons and phylogenetic analysis, cloned from two cultivars, Hokkai T8 and T10, quantitative real-time RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene lar, overexpression of the enzyme in Medicago truncatula hairy roots, conversion of 4beta-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin to epicatechin by recombinant LAR
gene LAR, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene LAR1, cloned from leaves, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genotyping, the three LAR loci, FeLAR1, FeLAR2, and FeLAR3, are not genetically linked, phylogenetic analysis
gene LAR1, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis, recombinant expression in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petite Havana SR1 using the transfection method with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 and under control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The proanthocyanidin contents in either white- or pale pink-colored transgenic flowers are significantly lower than that of wild-type flowers. In contrast, both pale-pink and white flowers of the transgenic lines accumulate slightly higher levels of epicatechin than wild-type flowers, but the changes do not reach statistical significance. No significant change in catechin content is observed between wild-type flowers and either white- or pale pink-colored transgenic flowers, phenotypes, overview
gene LAR2, cloned from leaves, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genotyping, the three LAR loci, FeLAR1, FeLAR2, and FeLAR3, are not genetically linked, phylogenetic analysis
gene LAR3, cloned from leaves, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genotyping, the three LAR loci, FeLAR1, FeLAR2, and FeLAR3, are not genetically linked, phylogenetic analysis
gene LAR3, DNA and amino acid sequence determination, genotyping, genetic organization and allelic structure of the gene, identification of nonsynonymous substitutions, and to analysis of motifs in the promoter, recombinant expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, and quantitative RT-PCR analyis of allele-specific gene expression of the PaLAR3 alleles
gene LARa, complementary DNA library construction, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis and tree, functional expression of His6-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain M15. Recombinant ectopic expression of CsLAR leads to the accumulation of low levels of proanthocyanidin precursors and their conjugates in Medicago truncatula hairy roots and anthocyanin-overproducing Nicotiana tabacum, but levels of oligomeric proanthocyanidins are very low. The expression of CsLAR in tobacco overproducing anthocyanin leads to the accumulation of higher levels of epicatechin and its glucoside than of catechin, phenotype and flavonoid compounds contents, overview
gene LARa, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, recombinant expression in transgenic Nicotianan tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains EHA105 and C58C1?mediated transformation, quantitative real?time PCR enzyme expression analysis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, contents of both insoluble and soluble proanthocyanidins extracted from the seeds are reduced in the overexpressing CsLARs lines compared with wild-type, although CsLARs catalyze leucocyanidins conversion to catechin in vitro, no catechin is detected in any transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. Also no proanthocyanidins are detected in the transgenic tobacco
gene LARb, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, recombinant expression in transgenic Nicotianan tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains EHA105 and C58C1-mediated transformation, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, contents of both insoluble and soluble proanthocyanidins extracted from the seeds are reduced in the overexpressing CsLARs lines compared with wild-type, although CsLARs catalyze leucocyanidins conversion to catechin in vitro, no catechin is detected in any transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. Also no proanthocyanidins are detected in the transgenic tobacco
gene LARc, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, recombinant expression in transgenic Nicotianan tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain s EHA105 and C58C1-mediated transformation, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, contents of both insoluble and soluble proanthocyanidins extracted from the seeds are reduced in the overexpressing CsLARs lines compared with wild-type, although CsLARs catalyze leucocyanidins conversion to catechin in vitro, no catechin is detected in any transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. Also no proanthocyanidins are detected in the transgenic tobacco
gene LARc, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, recombinant expression in transgenic Nicotianan tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain s EHA105 and C58C1?mediated transformation, quantitative real?time PCR enzyme expression analysis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, contents of both insoluble and soluble proanthocyanidins extracted from the seeds are reduced in the overexpressing CsLARs lines compared with wild-type, although CsLARs catalyze leucocyanidins conversion to catechin in vitro, no catechin is detected in any transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. Also no proanthocyanidins are detected in the transgenic tobacco
genes Vv lar1 and Vv lar2, quantitative real-time RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
genes Vvlar1 and Vvlar2, quantitative real-time RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli
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gene LAR, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene LAR, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
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gene LAR, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
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gene LAR, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
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Stafford, H.A.; Lester, H.H.
Flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. The conversion of (+)-dihydroquercetin and flavan-3,4-cis-diol (leucocyanidin) to (+)-catechin by reductases extracted from cell suspension cultures of douglas fir
Plant Physiol.
76
184-186
1984
Pseudotsuga menziesii
brenda
Joseph, R.; Tanner, G.; Larkin, P.
Proanthocyanidin synthesis in the forage legume Onobrychis viciifolia. A study of chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductase in developing leaves
Aust. J. Plant Physiol.
25
271-278
1998
Onobrychis viciifolia
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Tanner, G.J.; Francki, K.T.; Abrahams, S.; Watson, J.M.; Larkin, P.J.; Ashton, A.R.
Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants. Purification of legume leucoanthocyanisdin reductase and molecular cloning of its own cDNA
J. Biol. Chem.
278
31647-31656
2003
Desmodium uncinatum, Desmodium uncinatum (Q84V83)
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Tanner, G.J.; Kristiansen, K.N.
Synthesis of 3,4-cis[3H]leucocyanidin and enzymic reduction to catechin
Anal. Biochem.
209
274-277
1993
Hordeum vulgare, Onobrychis viciifolia
brenda
Xie, D.Y.; Sharma, S.B.; Paiva, N.L.; Ferreira, D.; Dixon, R.A.
Role of anthocyanidin reductase, encoded by BANYULS in plant flavonoid biosynthesis
Science
299
396-399
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula
brenda
Xie, D.Y.; Sharma, S.B.; Dixon, R.A.
Anthocyanidin reductases from Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
422
91-102
2004
Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula
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Punyasiri, P.A.; Abeysinghe, I.S.; Kumar, V.; Treutter, D.; Duy, D.; Gosch, C.; Martens, S.; Forkmann, G.; Fischer, T.C.
Flavonoid biosynthesis in the tea plant Camellia sinensis: properties of enzymes of the prominent epicatechin and catechin pathways
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
431
22-30
2004
Camellia sinensis
brenda
Bogs, J.; Downey, M.O.; Harvey, J.S.; Ashton, A.R.; Tanner, G.J.; Robinson, S.P.
Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves
Plant Physiol.
139
652-663
2005
Vitis vinifera (Q4W2K5), Vitis vinifera (Q4W2K6), Vitis vinifera
brenda
Paolocci, F.; Robbins, M.P.; Madeo, L.; Arcioni, S.; Martens, S.; Damiani, F.
Ectopic expression of a basic helix-loop-helix gene transactivates parallel pathways of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. structure, expression analysis, and genetic control of leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductase and anthocyanidin reductase genes in Lotus corniculatus
Plant Physiol.
143
504-516
2007
Lotus corniculatus (A1XEF4), Lotus corniculatus (A1XEF7), Lotus corniculatus
brenda
Pfeiffer, J.; Kuehnel, C.; Brandt, J.; Duy, D.; Punyasiri, P.A.; Forkmann, G.; Fischer, T.C.
Biosynthesis of flavan 3-ols by leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductases and anthocyanidin reductases in leaves of grape (Vitis vinifera L.), apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and other crops
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
44
323-334
2006
Vitis vinifera (Q3S9L6), Vitis vinifera (Q4W2K5), Vitis vinifera, Malus domestica (Q5D7Y1), Malus domestica (Q5D7Y2), Malus domestica
brenda
Gagne, S.; Lacampagne, S.; Claisse, O.; Geny, L.
Leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase gene expression and activity in flowers, young berries and skins of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon during development
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
47
282-290
2009
Vitis vinifera
brenda
Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Luo, Z.
Isolation and expression of gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase from Diospyros kaki during fruit development
Biol. Plant.
54
707-710
2010
Diospyros kaki, Diospyros kaki (E4W4T1), Diospyros kaki Luotian-tianshi, Diospyros kaki Luotian-tianshi (E4W4T1)
-
brenda
Mauge, C.; Granier, T.; dEstaintot, B.L.; Gargouri, M.; Manigand, C.; Schmitter, J.M.; Chaudiere, J.; Gallois, B.
Crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of leucoanthocyanidin reductase from Vitis vinifera
J. Mol. Biol.
397
1079-1091
2010
Vitis vinifera (Q4W2K4), Vitis vinifera
brenda
Lacampagne, S.; Gagne, S.; Geny, L.
Involvement of abscisic acid in controlling the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway in grape skin: new elements regarding the regulation of tannin composition and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities and expres
J. Plant Growth Regul.
29
81-90
2010
Vitis vinifera
-
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Wang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Yuan, L.; Lu, W.; Yang, L.; Karim, A.; Luo, K.
Isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase from Populus trichocarpa
PLoS ONE
8
e64664
2013
Populus trichocarpa
brenda
Liu, Y.; Shi, Z.; Maximova, S.; Payne, M.J.; Guiltinan, M.J.
Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao: genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase
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13
202
2013
Theobroma cacao
brenda
Yuan, L.; Wang, L.; Han, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, L.; Liu, H.; Yang, L.; Luo, K.
Molecular cloning and characterization of PtrLAR3, a gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase from Populus trichocarpa, and its constitutive expression enhances fungal resistance in transgenic plants
J. Exp. Bot.
63
2513-2524
2012
Populus trichocarpa
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Xiao, Y.H.; Yan, Q.; Ding, H.; Luo, M.; Hou, L.; Zhang, M.; Yao, D.; Liu, H.S.; Li, X.; Zhao, J.; Pei, Y.
Transcriptome and biochemical analyses revealed a detailed proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway in brown cotton fiber
PLoS ONE
9
e86344
2014
Gossypium hirsutum
brenda
Kumar, V.; Yadav, S.K.
Pyramiding of tea dihydroflavonol reductase and anthocyanidin reductase increases flavan-3-ols and improves protective ability under stress conditions in tobacco
3 Biotech
7
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