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alpha(1,3)GT
-
two independent genes encode glycosyltransferases that synthesize Galalpha(1,3)Gal by two separate glycosylation pathways, alpha(1,3)GT and iGb3 synthase
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
alpha-1,3galactosyltransferase
-
alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
alpha1,3galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha3-galactosyltransferase
beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
blood group glycosyltransferase
-
-
EC 2.4.1.124
-
-
formerly
-
EC 2.4.1.151
-
-
formerly
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine
-
-
-
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine alpha1-->3-
-
-
-
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-galactosylacetylglucosamine alpha-1,3-
-
-
-
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide
-
-
-
-
glucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
iGb3 synthase
-
two independent genes encode glycosyltransferases that synthesize Galalpha(1,3)Gal by two separate glycosylation pathways, alpha(1,3)GT and iGb3 synthase
N-acetyllactoseaminide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
one, three-galactosyltransferase
UDP-D-Gal(1,4)-D-GlcNAc alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactoseaminide alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose beta galactosyl alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
UDP-galactose beta-galactosyl alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
UDP-galactose-acetyllactosamine alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose-acetyllactoseamine alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycopeptide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose:N-acetyllactoseaminide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-GalN-acetyllactoseaminide alpha-1,3-D-UDP-GalGalbeta1-->4GlcNAC-R alpha1-->3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycopeptide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine alpha1-->3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase
AF415202
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha1,3GT
-
-
alpha3-galactosyltransferase
-
alpha3-galactosyltransferase
-
-
alpha3-galactosyltransferase
-
alpha3GalT
-
alpha3GT
-
-
GGTA1
-
one, three-galactosyltransferase
-
-
one, three-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
Otg1p
-
isoform
Otg2p
-
isoform
Otg3p
-
isoform
wclR
-
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4 UDP-alpha-D-galactose + Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)(Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-6))Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)[Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)(Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAc(1-6)Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-6))]Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
4 UDP + Galalpha(1-3)Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)(Galalpha(1-3)Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-6))Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)[Galalpha(1-3)Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-3)(Galalpha(1-3)Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAc(1-6))Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-6)]Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
-
-
-
?
UDP-2-acetonyl-2-deoxy-galactose + asialofetuin
UDP + ?
mutant enzymes SGG and AGG, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-2-acetonyl-2-deoxy-galactose + N-acetyllactosaminyl-chitotriose
UDP + ?
mutant enzymes SGG, AGG, and TGG, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-2)Man(1-3)Manbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-2)Man(1-3)Manbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + Glcalpha-diphospho-O(CH2)10CH3
UDP + Galalpha(1->3)Glcalpha-diphospho-O(CH2)10CH3
-
wciN encodes an alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of galactosyl from UDP-Gal onto the Glcalpha-diphosphate-lipid acceptor to form Galalpha(1->3)Glcalpha-diphosphate-lipid
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-diphospho-O-(CH2)9CH3
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-diphospho-O-(CH2)9CH3
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
UDP-Gal + Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-(CH2)8CO2CH3
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + alpha-L-Fucp-1,2-beta-D-Galp-O(CH2)7CH3
UDP + ?
-
The presence of UDP and Mn2+ has a marked influence on the thermodynamic parameters enthalpy and entropy of association, they decrease, binding to substrate is independent of UDP at physiological temperatures, but cooperatively is observed at lower temperatures
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + asialofetuin
UDP + alpha-D-galactosylasialofetuin
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-Glc
UDP + alpha-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-Glc
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-GlcNAc(1-2)-[beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-6)]-D-Man
?
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-2)-D-Man
UDP + alpha-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-2)-D-Man
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-6)-D-Man
UDP + alpha-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-6)-D-Man
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-Gal(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-2)Manalpha(1-3)Manbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
UDP + alpha-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-2)Manalpha(1-3)Manbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP-galactose + D-galactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-D-galactoside
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
UDP + O-alpha-galactosyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
-
biosynthesis of blood group B specific pentaglycosylceramide
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
UDP + O-alpha-galactosyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide + O-alpha-galactosyl-1,4-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
-
specific for UDP-galactose as donor substrate
-
?
UDP-galactose + galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
UDP + O-alpha-galactosyl-1,4-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
-
biosynthesis of blood group B specific pentaglycosylceramide
-
?
UDP-galactose + glycoprotein
UDP + alpha-D-galactosylglycoprotein
UDP-galactose + H2O
UDP + D-galactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + ?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-glucose
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-D-glucose
UDP-galactose + Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine
UDP + Galalpha(1->3)Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP-galactose + p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + saccharides containing Galalpha(1-3)Gal epitope
?
AF415202
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + substituted LacNAc-saccharides containing Galalpha(1-3)Gal epitope
?
UDP-N-acetyl-azido-galactosamine + N-acetyllactosaminyl-chitotriose
UDP + ?
mutant enzymes SGG, AGG, and TGG, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine + lactose
UDP + ?
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
no reaction of wild-type, only of AGGL mutant
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-diphospho-O-(CH2)9CH3
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-diphospho-O-(CH2)9CH3
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-diphospho-O-(CH2)9CH3
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-diphospho-O-(CH2)9CH3
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
enzyme introduces galactosyl residues in alpha anomeric configuration to the Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAc units on the acceptor substrate
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
highly active with glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and glycolipids having a terminal Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-2)Manalpha(1-3)Manbeta(1-4)GlcNAc and paragloboside
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
not: alpha-L-Fuc(1-2)beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-GlcNAc
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
R = glycoprotein or glycolipid
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
beta-D-Gal(1-4)-[alpha-L-Fuc(1-3)]-D-GlcNAc
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
very poor acceptor: lactose, beta-D-Gal(1-3)-D-GlcNAc
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
acts preferentially on the alpha-D-Man(1,6) arm, this branch is preferred 2.5times in bi-, 5.5-8.5times in tri-, and 12.7times in tetraantennary structures over the alpha-D-Man(1-3) arm, within the alpha-D-Man(1-6) branch there is a 1.3-1.9fold consistently higher frequency of galactosylation of the beta-D-GlcNAc(1-2) as compared to the beta-D-GlcNAc(1-6) antenna
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
the most active acceptors have the structure beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-) at their nonreducing termini
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
gene expression is regulated developmentally
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
alpha(1,3)GT is able to synthesize Galalpha(1,3)Gal on glycoproteins destined for the cell surface. Igb3S shows no activity with glycoproteins but is capable of synthesizing Galalpha(1,3)Gal on glycolipids
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + glycoprotein
UDP + alpha-D-galactosylglycoprotein
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + glycoprotein
UDP + alpha-D-galactosylglycoprotein
-
the nonreducing terminal N-acetyllactosamine residue of glycoproteins can act as acceptor
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + glycoprotein
UDP + alpha-D-galactosylglycoprotein
-
the nonreducing terminal N-acetyllactosamine residue of glycoproteins can act as acceptor
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + ?
wild-type enzyme, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + ?
wild-type enzyme, and mutant enzymes AAA, GAG, AGG, SGG, TGG, LGG, VGG, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-glucose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-glucose
-
very poor acceptor
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-D-glucose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine
UDP + Galalpha(1->3)Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine
-
substrate for isoform Otg2p
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine
UDP + Galalpha(1->3)Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine
-
substrate for isoform Otg2p
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
i.e. beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
i.e. beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
i.e. beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
ir
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
oligosaccharides, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans containing the terminal nonreducing N-acetyllactosamine unit all serve as acceptors
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
i.e. beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
?
UDP-galactose + substituted LacNAc-saccharides containing Galalpha(1-3)Gal epitope
?
-
acceptor substrate substrate specificity, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + substituted LacNAc-saccharides containing Galalpha(1-3)Gal epitope
?
-
strictly specific for UDP-galactose
-
-
?
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine + lactose
UDP + ?
mutant enzymes AAA, GAG, AGG, SGG, TGG, LGG, VGG, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine + lactose
UDP + ?
no reaction of wild-type, only of AGGL mutant
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
product analysis with H-NMR spectroscopy
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
functions in the biosynthesis of calf thymocyte cell-surface glycoconjugates including glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
functions in biosynthesis of calf thymocyte cell-surface glycoconjugates including glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
structural basis of UDP-galactose binding at the catalytic domain of alpha3GT, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structural basis of UDP-galactose binding at the catalytic domain of alpha3GT, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no donors: UDP-Glc, UDP-GlcNAc, UDPGalNAc, CMP-Neu and GDP-Man
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
no donors: UDP-Glc, UDP-GlcNAc, UDPGalNAc, CMP-Neu and GDP-Man
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
specificity, most active acceptors have the structure beta-D-Gal-(1-4)-beta-D-GlcNAc(1-4) at their nonreducing termini
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-D-galactosyl-terminated poly-N-acetyllactosamine glycans that occur on the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
iGb3S is an additional enzyme capable of synthesizing the xenoreactive Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitope. Galalpha(1,3)Gal synthesized by iGb3S, in contrast to alpha1,3GT, is resistant to downregulation by competition with alpha1,2fucosyltransferase. Galalpha(1,3)Gal synthesized by iGb3S is immunogenic and elicits antibodies in GGTA1-/- mice. Galalpha(1,3)Gal synthesized by iGb3S may affect survival of pig transplants in humans
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
functions in the biosynthesis of cell surface polylactosaminoglycans on Novikoff cells, attachs a galactose to the N-acetylglucosaminyl residue introduced by EC 2.4.1.149
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isoform Otg1p is inactive towards Man9GlcNAc2-pyridylamine and Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine. Isoforms Otg1p, Otg2p and Otg3p are inactive toward Man-pyridylamine, Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine, and Galalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine as acceptor substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isoform Otg1p is inactive towards Man9GlcNAc2-pyridylamine and Manalpha(1->2)Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine. Isoforms Otg1p, Otg2p and Otg3p are inactive toward Man-pyridylamine, Manalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine, and Galalpha(1->2)Man-pyridylamine as acceptor substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity towards GlcNAcalpha-diphospho-O-(CH2)10CH3, UDP-D-glucose, Glcalpha-monophosphate, 4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, Glcalpha(1->2)Glc, Glcalpha-OMe, and Glcbeta-OMe
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
AF415202
the alphaGal(1-3)Gal epitope is the major xenoantigen responsible for the hyperacute vascular rejection occurring in pig-to-primate organ transplantation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the alphaGal(1-3)Gal epitope is the major xenoantigen responsible for the hyperacute vascular rejection occurring in pig-to-primate organ transplantation
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
UDP-galactose + alpha-L-Fucp-1,2-beta-D-Galp-O(CH2)7CH3
UDP + ?
-
The presence of UDP and Mn2+ has a marked influence on the thermodynamic parameters enthalpy and entropy of association, they decrease, binding to substrate is independent of UDP at physiological temperatures, but cooperatively is observed at lower temperatures
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP-galactose + galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
UDP + O-alpha-galactosyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
-
biosynthesis of blood group B specific pentaglycosylceramide
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
UDP + O-alpha-galactosyl-1,4-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
-
biosynthesis of blood group B specific pentaglycosylceramide
-
?
UDP-galactose + lactose
UDP + ?
wild-type enzyme, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyllactosamine
UDP + ?
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
gene expression is regulated developmentally
-
?
UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R
-
alpha(1,3)GT is able to synthesize Galalpha(1,3)Gal on glycoproteins destined for the cell surface. Igb3S shows no activity with glycoproteins but is capable of synthesizing Galalpha(1,3)Gal on glycolipids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
functions in the biosynthesis of calf thymocyte cell-surface glycoconjugates including glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
functions in biosynthesis of calf thymocyte cell-surface glycoconjugates including glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-D-galactosyl-terminated poly-N-acetyllactosamine glycans that occur on the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
iGb3S is an additional enzyme capable of synthesizing the xenoreactive Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitope. Galalpha(1,3)Gal synthesized by iGb3S, in contrast to alpha1,3GT, is resistant to downregulation by competition with alpha1,2fucosyltransferase. Galalpha(1,3)Gal synthesized by iGb3S is immunogenic and elicits antibodies in GGTA1-/- mice. Galalpha(1,3)Gal synthesized by iGb3S may affect survival of pig transplants in humans
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
functions in the biosynthesis of cell surface polylactosaminoglycans on Novikoff cells, attachs a galactose to the N-acetylglucosaminyl residue introduced by EC 2.4.1.149
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
AF415202
the alphaGal(1-3)Gal epitope is the major xenoantigen responsible for the hyperacute vascular rejection occurring in pig-to-primate organ transplantation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the alphaGal(1-3)Gal epitope is the major xenoantigen responsible for the hyperacute vascular rejection occurring in pig-to-primate organ transplantation
-
-
?
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Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
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Breast Neoplasms
Designing a HER2/neu promoter to drive alpha1,3galactosyltransferase expression for targeted anti-alphaGal antibody-mediated tumor cell killing.
Carcinogenesis
Enzymatic basis for changes in fucoganglioside during chemical carcinogenesis. Induction of a specific alpha-fucosyltransferase and status of an alpha-galactosyltransferase in precancerous rat liver and hepatoma.
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
An alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biosynthesis and characterization of a trisaccharide (alpha-D-galactose-(1 goes to 3)-N-acetyllactosamine).
Carcinoma, Embryonal
Transcriptional regulation of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase in embryonal carcinoma cells by retinoic acid. Masking of Lewis X antigens by alpha-galactosylation.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Enzymatic basis for changes in fucoganglioside during chemical carcinogenesis. Induction of a specific alpha-fucosyltransferase and status of an alpha-galactosyltransferase in precancerous rat liver and hepatoma.
Lymphoma
Anti-Gal-mediated targeting of human B lymphoma cells to antigen-presenting cells: a potential method for immunotherapy using autologous tumor cells.
Lymphoma
Enzymatic and organizational difference in expression of a Burkitt lymphoma-associated antigen (globotriaosylceramide) in Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines.
Melanoma
Eliciting hyperacute xenograft response to treat human cancer: alpha(1,3) galactosyltransferase gene therapy.
Melanoma
In vivo targeting of vaccinating tumor cells to antigen-presenting cells by a gene therapy method with adenovirus containing the alpha1,3galactosyltransferase gene.
Melanoma
Increased immunogenicity of tumor vaccines complexed with anti-Gal: studies in knockout mice for alpha1,3galactosyltransferase.
Melanoma
Increased immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigen, mucin 1, engineered to express alpha-gal epitopes: a novel approach to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
Melanoma
Reduction of metastatic properties of BL6 melanoma cells expressing terminal fucose(alpha)1-2-galactose after alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase cDNA transfection.
Melanoma, Experimental
Intratumoral injection of alpha-gal glycolipids induces xenograft-like destruction and conversion of lesions into endogenous vaccines.
Neoplasms
An alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biosynthesis and characterization of a trisaccharide (alpha-D-galactose-(1 goes to 3)-N-acetyllactosamine).
Neoplasms
Autologous tumor vaccines processed to express alpha-gal epitopes: a practical approach to immunotherapy in cancer.
Neoplasms
Designing a HER2/neu promoter to drive alpha1,3galactosyltransferase expression for targeted anti-alphaGal antibody-mediated tumor cell killing.
Neoplasms
Eliciting hyperacute xenograft response to treat human cancer: alpha(1,3) galactosyltransferase gene therapy.
Neoplasms
Human TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-expressing dendritic cells from transgenic pigs attenuate human xenogeneic T cell responses.
Neoplasms
In vivo targeting of vaccinating tumor cells to antigen-presenting cells by a gene therapy method with adenovirus containing the alpha1,3galactosyltransferase gene.
Neoplasms
Increased immunogenicity of tumor vaccines complexed with anti-Gal: studies in knockout mice for alpha1,3galactosyltransferase.
Neoplasms
Intratumoral injection of alpha-gal glycolipids induces xenograft-like destruction and conversion of lesions into endogenous vaccines.
Neoplasms
Regulation of alpha1,3galactosyltransferase expression in pig endothelial cells. Implications for xenotransplantation.
Neoplasms
Synthesis of alpha-gal epitopes (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R) on human tumor cells by recombinant alpha1,3galactosyltransferase produced in Pichia pastoris.
Neoplasms
The alpha-gal epitope and the anti-Gal antibody in xenotransplantation and in cancer immunotherapy.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Decrease of human pancreatic cancer cell tumorigenicity by alpha1,3galactosyltransferase gene transfer.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Relationship between alphaGal epitope expression and decrease of tumorigenicity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma model.
Pheochromocytoma
UDP-galactose:globotriaosylceramide alpha-galactosyltransferase activity in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12h) cells.
Sepsis
Glycan-based shaping of the microbiota during primate evolution.
Sepsis
Loss of ?-gal during primate evolution enhanced antibody-effector function and resistance to bacterial sepsis.
Teratocarcinoma
Transcriptional regulation of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase in embryonal carcinoma cells by retinoic acid. Masking of Lewis X antigens by alpha-galactosylation.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Potential of aspirin to inhibit thrombotic microangiopathy in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pig hearts after transplantation in baboons.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
The innate immune response and activation of coagulation in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout xenograft recipients.
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with humoral rejection of cardiac xenografts from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs in baboons.
Trypanosomiasis, African
Specific inhibition of an alpha-galactosyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei by synthetic substrate analogues.
Venous Thromboembolism
ABO blood group, glycosyltransferase activity and risk of venous thromboembolism.
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1.25 - 3.7
asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein
-
16
beta-D-Gal(1-3)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-3)beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-Glc
-
-
9
beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-Glc
-
-
1.15 - 1.39
beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-GlcNAc
0.1
beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-GlcNAc(1-2)-[beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-6)]-D-Man
-
-
0.25
beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-2)-D-Man
-
-
0.31
beta-D-Gal(1-4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1-6)-D-Man
-
-
392
D-galactose
10 mM MnCl2, 0.3 mM UDP-galactose
0.31
Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-(CH2)8CO2CH3
-
1.67
galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-galactosyl-1,4-glucosyl-1,1-ceramide
-
-
0.57
Galbeta(1-4)GlcNAcbeta(1-2)Man(1-3)Manbeta(1-4)GlcNAc
-
-
0.6 - 15
N-acetyllactosamine
107
p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside
10 mM MnCl2, 0.3 mM UDP-galactose
1
p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside
10 mM MnCl2, 0.3 mM UDP-galactose
0.00069 - 270
UDP-galactose
0.068 - 45.8
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
additional information
additional information
-
1.25
asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein
-
-
-
3.7
asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein
-
-
-
1.15
beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-GlcNAc
-
-
1.39
beta-D-Gal(1-4)-D-GlcNAc
-
-
4.5
lactose
wild-type kb, UDP-galactose as donor, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
12.8
lactose
37°C, mutant enzyme R365K, galactosyltransferase reaction
19.9
lactose
37°C, wild-type enzyme, galactosyltransferase reaction
20.2
lactose
37°C, mutant enzyme Q247E, galactosyltransferase reaction
30
lactose
wild-type, UDP-galactose, pH 6, 30°C
33.6
lactose
37°C, mutant enzyme H280Q, galactosyltransferase reaction
98
lactose
AGGL mutant, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, pH 6, 30°C
100
lactose
AGGL mutant, UDP-galactose, pH 6, 30°C
180
lactose
mutant SGG kb, UDP-galactose as donor, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
233
lactose
37°C, mutant enzyme E317Q, galactosyltransferase reaction
258
lactose
mutant AGG kb, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
330
lactose
mutant SGG kb, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.6
N-acetyllactosamine
10 mM MnCl2, 0.3 mM UDP-galactose
0.6
N-acetyllactosamine
wild-type, UDP-galactose, pH 6, 30°C
2.7
N-acetyllactosamine
-
-
13
N-acetyllactosamine
AGGL mutant, UDP-galactose, pH 6, 30°C
15
N-acetyllactosamine
AGGL mutant, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, pH 6, 30°C
0.00069
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme E317Q, hydrolase reaction
0.004
UDP-galactose
mutant AGG kia, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.01
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme R365K, hydrolase reaction
0.014
UDP-galactose
mutant SGG kia, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.04
UDP-galactose
AGGL mutant, lactose, pH 6, 30°C
0.042
UDP-galactose
mutant AGG ka, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.07
UDP-galactose
mutant SGG ka, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.1
UDP-galactose
37°C, wild-type enzyme, hydrolase reaction
0.12
UDP-galactose
wild-type, N-acetyllactosamine, pH 6, 30°C
0.13
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme E317Q, galactosyltransferase reaction
0.13
UDP-galactose
wild-type kia, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.15
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme Q247E, hydrolase reaction
0.15
UDP-galactose
AGGL mutant, N-acetyllactosamine, pH 6, 30°C
0.16
UDP-galactose
wild-type, lactose, pH 6, 30°C
0.43
UDP-galactose
37°C, wild-type enzyme, galactosyltransferase reaction
0.66
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme Q247E, galactosyltransferase reaction
0.72
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme R365K, galactosyltransferase reaction
0.74
UDP-galactose
wild-type kib, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.79
UDP-galactose
wild-type ka, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
1.02
UDP-galactose
37°C, mutant enzyme H280Q, galactosyltransferase reaction
25.7
UDP-galactose
mutant AGG kib, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
36
UDP-galactose
mutant SGG kib, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
270
UDP-galactose
mutant AGG kb, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.068
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
mutant AGG kia, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.101
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
mutant SGG kia, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.25
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
AGGL mutant, lactose, pH 6, 30°C
0.5
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
mutant AGG ka, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
0.64
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
AGGL mutant, N-acetyllactosamine, pH 6, 30°C
0.74
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
mutant SGG ka, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
36.1
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
mutant AGG kib, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
45.8
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
mutant SGG kib, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
additional information
-
Km-values for substituted LacNAc-saccharides containing Galalpha(1-3)Gal epitope
-
additional information
additional information
-
steady-state kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
steady-state kinetics
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0.001
-
membrane fraction
1.1
wild-type, UDP-galactose as donor, lactose as acceptor, 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
relative activity: 100% wild-type, 0.1% mutant E317A, 0.4% mutant E317D, 0.8% mutant E317C, 0.1% mutant E317H
additional information
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relative activity: 100% wild-type, 0.1% mutant E317A, 0.4% mutant E317D, 0.8% mutant E317C, 0.1% mutant E317H
additional information
mutant AAA, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 14 and 41% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 4 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
mutant AAA, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 14 and 41% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 4 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
mutant AGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 0.4 and 1% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 0.3 and 2% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
mutant AGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 0.4 and 1% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 0.3 and 2% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
mutant GAG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 5 and 27% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 4 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
mutant GAG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 5 and 27% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 4 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
mutant LGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 2 and 1% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 3 and 2% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
mutant LGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 2 and 1% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 3 and 2% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
mutant SGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 5 and 5% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 2 and 11% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
mutant SGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 5 and 5% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 2 and 11% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
mutant TGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 3 and 15% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 1 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
mutant TGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 3 and 15% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 1 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
mutant VGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 4 and 16% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 0.5 and 3% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
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mutant VGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 4 and 16% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 0.5 and 3% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
additional information
-
scale up, recombinant enzyme
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malfunction
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absence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose residue in the GalT-KO pig cells results in a higher level of overall fucosylated N-glycans in GalT-KO pig fibroblasts compared to wild-type pig fibroblasts, the relative quantity of the N-glycolylneuraminic acid antigen is also slightly higher in the GalT-KO pigs, mutant phenotype, overview
physiological function
-
the wciN gene encodes a galactosyltransferase involved in the repeating unit assembly of Pneumococcus type 6B capsular polysaccharide
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene displays unique evolutionary characteristics. This gene appeared early in mammalian evolution and is absent in other vertebrates. The alpha1,3GT gene is active in marsupials, nonprimate placental mammals, lemurs (prosimians) and New World monkeys, encoding the alpha1,3GT enzyme that synthesizes a carbohydrate antigen called alpha-gal epitope. The alpha-gal epitope is present in large numbers on cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. The alpha1,3GT gene is inactivated in ancestral Old World monkeys and apes by frameshift single-base deletions forming premature stop codons. Because of this gene inactivation, humans, apes, and Old World monkeys lack alpha-gal epitopes and naturally produce an antibody called the anti-Gal antibody which binds specifically to alpha-gal epitopes and which is the most abundant antibody in humans. The evolutionary event that resulted in the inactivation of the alpha1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates might have been mediated by a pathogen endemic to Eurasia-Africa landmass that exerted pressure for selection of primate populations lacking the alpha-gal epitope. Once the alpha-gal epitope was eliminated, primates could produce the anti-Gal antibody, possibly as means of defense against pathogens expressing this epitope. Phylogenetic analysis
evolution
-
the enzyme is a family 6 glycosyltransferase
evolution
the enzyme is a family 6 glycosyltransferase
evolution
-
the enzyme is a family 6 glycosyltransferase, family members have a nucleophilic residue (Glu317) situated close to the anomeric carbon
metabolism
synthesis of biologically active oligosaccharides
metabolism
-
Otg proteins are involved in alpha1,3-galactosylation of O- and N-linked glycans
metabolism
-
Otg proteins are involved in alpha1,3-galactosylation of O- and N-linked glycans
-
additional information
-
identification and quantification of 47 N-glycans from wild-type and enzyme kockout pig fibroblasts using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, overview
additional information
-
reaction mechanism: substrate-assisted mechanism for retaining glycosyltransferases consisting of the stabilization of the developing negative charge on the beta-phosphate by the hydrogen of the attacking hydroxyl group of the acceptor molecule. This interaction is impaired in the alpha1,3-GalT reactants, which explains why Glu317 is required to nucleophilically assist initial catalysis by pushing leaving-group departure. The presence of Glu317 opens the door to the possibility of a double-displacement mechanism in GT6 family. In alpha1,3-GalT the substrate-assisted catalysis might be necessary in both mechanisms, because the nucleophilic strength of Glu317 is reduced by the interactions it makes to ensure proper acceptor binding. The same effect might be found in the absence of the acceptor when Glu317 interacts with water molecules, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics dynamic simulations analysis, overview
additional information
-
the N-terminal loop is folded when the acceptor substrate is bound in the active site, substrate binding structure and analysis using ab initio quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics dynamic simulations, overview
additional information
the N-terminal loop is folded when the acceptor substrate is bound in the active site, substrate binding structure and analysis using ab initio quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics dynamic simulations, overview
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E317A
relative activity of mutant protein: 0.1% (compared to wild-type 100%)
E317A/E317Q
-
site-directed mutagenesis, substrate binding compared to wild-type
E317C
relative activity of mutant protein: 0.8% (compared to wild-type 100%)
E317D
relative activity of mutant protein: 0.4% (compared to wild-type 100%)
E317H
relative activity of mutant protein: 0.1% (compared to wild-type 100%)
H280A/A281A/A282A
mutant AAA, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 14 and 41% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 4 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
H280A/A281G/A282G
mutant AGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 0.4 and 1% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 0.3 and 2% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, among the mutants with highest N-acetylgalactosamnine transferase activity and ability to transfer C2-modified sugars
H280A/A281G/A282G/L283I
AGGI-mutant, instable, leucin 283 is important for enzyme stability
H280A/A281G/A282G/L283L
AGGL-mutant, higher N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity than galactosyltransferase activity, leucin 283 is important for enzyme stability
H280A/A281G/A282G/L283V
AGGV-mutant, instable, leucin 283 is important for enzyme stability
H280G/A281A/A282A
protein unstable, precipitating during purification
H280G/A281A/A282G
mutant GAG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 5 and 27% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 4 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
H280G/A281G/A282G/L283I
GGGI-mutant, instable, leucin 283 is important for enzyme stability
H280G/A281G/A282G/L283L
GGGL-mutant, higher N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity than galactosyltransferase activity, leucin 283 is important for enzyme stability
H280G/A281G/A282G/L283V
GGGV-mutant, instable, leucin 283 is important for enzyme stability
H280L/A281G/A282G
mutant LGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 2 and 1% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 3 and 2% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
H280Q
80fold reduction in catalytic activity
H280R/A281A/A282A/L283I
RAAI-mutant, no catalytic activity, crystallisation
H280S/A281G/A282G
mutant SGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 5 and 5% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 2 and 11% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, among the mutants with highest GalNac transferase activity and ability to transfer C2-modified sugars
H280T/A281G/A282G
mutant TGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 3 and 15% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 1 and 6% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
H280V/A281G/A282G
mutant VGG, 20 or 200 mM lactose as acceptor, 4 and 16% galactosyltransferase activity (UDP-galactose as donor), 0.5 and 3% N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as donor), 37°C, MnCl2, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0
H315Q
mutant protein shows modest changes in kinetic parameters for lactose
H315R
mutant shows a major losss in catalytic activity arising from a 500fold reduction in kcat
H319A
mutant shows a 2fold reduction for kcat
Q247E
50fold reduction in turnover number for transferase reaction, unchanged hydrolase activity, Km-values for UDP-galactose and lactose are similar to the wild-type values
R365K
mutation reduces turnover-number for UDP-galactose hydrolysis about 10fold but has no significant effect on the affinity for UDP-galactose
S318A
mutant shows a 10fold reduction for kcat
W249G
-
1.95fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in galactosyltransferase reaction, turnover number of hydrolase reaction is identical to wild-type value, 2.1fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in hydrolase reaction. Mutation does not affect the overall structure of the enzyme or its interactions with ligands
W250F
-
2.6fold increase in turnover number of galactosyltransferase reaction, 9.3fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in galactosyltransferase reaction, 1.1fold decrease in Km-value for lactose, 1.4fold increase in turnover number of hydrolase reaction, 1.5fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in hydrolase reaction
W250Y
-
1.2fold increase in turnover number of galactosyltransferase reaction, 5.2fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in galactosyltransferase reaction, 2fold decrease in Km-value for lactose, 1.8fold increase in turnover number of hydrolase reaction, 2.3fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in hydrolase reaction
W314Y
-
29fold decrease in turnover number of galactosyltransferase reaction, 1.67fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in galactosyltransferase reaction, 2fold decrease in Km-value for lactose, 1.1fold increase in turnover number of hydrolase reaction, 1.4fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in hydrolase reaction. Mutation does not affect the overall structure of the enzyme or its interactions with ligands
W356T
-
12.3fold decrease in turnover number of galactosyltransferase reaction, 2fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in galactosyltransferase reaction, 6.3fold increase in Km-value for lactose, 14.5fold decrease in turnover number of hydrolase reaction, 2.5fold increase in Km-value for UDP-galactose in hydrolase reaction
N375V
-
exchange and truncation of terminal V376, 70% loss of activity
D116A
-
the mutant remains active
D118A
-
the mutant remains active
D28A
-
the mutant remains active
D30A
-
the mutant remains active
D316E
mutant show modest reduction in kcat and Km for lactose. Strucutural studies with mutant D316E show that the negative charge is crucial for catalytic activity and needed for its interaction with Arg202 for an active site structure that facilitates the binding of UDP-gal in a catalytically competent conformation
D316E
site-directed mutagenesis, a catalytic domain mutant, crystal structure determination with bound UDP-Gal and Mn2+
D316N
mutant is inactive. Strucutural studies with mutant D316N show that the negative charge is crucial for catalytic activity and needed for its interaction with Arg202 for an active site structure that facilitates the binding of UDP-gal in a catalytically competent conformation
D316N
site-directed mutagenesis, a catalytic domain mutant, crystal structure determination with bound UDP-Gal and Mn2+
E317Q
turnover number for transferase reaction is approximately 2400times lower than that of the wild-type enzyme 120fold reduction in hydrolysis of UDP-galactose. Km-value for UDP-galactose is unchanged
E317Q
crystal structure of the complex of mutant E317Q with UDP-galactose exhibiting a bent configuration stabilized by interactions of the galactose with multiple residues in the enzyme including those in a highly conserved region (His315 to Ser318) is shown
E317Q
site-directed mutagenesis, a catalytic domain mutant, crystal structure determination with bound UDP-Gal and Mn2+
additional information
attaching beta p-nitrophenyl to galactose converts the complex from a poor into a good substrate, the group mimics a monosaccharide like N-acetylglucosamine
additional information
mutants with modified donor substrate specificity
additional information
-
mutants with modified donor substrate specificity
additional information
mutated enzymes transfer N-acetylgalactosamine or C2-modified galactose from their UDP derivatives, mutations on the sugar-donor-binding residues (histidine 280, alanine 281, alanine 282) to establish changed specificity, 5-19% of original galactose transferase activity remains, , acceptor affinity is affected by mutation of histidine 280, additional mutation of S347A in all mutants does not affect the enzyme activity and kinetic parameter by itself but resembles the human blood group A and B glycosyltransferases more closely
additional information
-
mutated enzymes transfer N-acetylgalactosamine or C2-modified galactose from their UDP derivatives, mutations on the sugar-donor-binding residues (histidine 280, alanine 281, alanine 282) to establish changed specificity, 5-19% of original galactose transferase activity remains, , acceptor affinity is affected by mutation of histidine 280, additional mutation of S347A in all mutants does not affect the enzyme activity and kinetic parameter by itself but resembles the human blood group A and B glycosyltransferases more closely
additional information
-
truncation of 3 amino acid residues from the C-terminus, and a frame shift mutation result in a complete loss of activity
additional information
-
porcine aortic endothelial cells from control (Gal+/+) and Gal-deficient (Gal-/-) pigs are incubated with human lepirudin anticoagulated whole blood from healthy donors. E-selectin expression is measured by flow cytometry. The C3 inhibitor compstatin and a C5aR antagonist is used to study the role of complement. Gal+/+ porcine aortic endothelial cells incubated with human whole blood show a marked complement C5b-9 dependent up-regulation of E-selectin and secretion of porcine IL-6 and IL-8. Gal-/- cells respond with weak E-selectin and cytokine expression so that the role of complement can not be determined. Human IL-6, IL-8, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, eotaxin, and RANTES are detected in the Gal+/+ system, but no responses is seen in the Gal-/- system
additional information
-
generation of enzyme knockout mutant animals
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Homo sapiens
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Sus scrofa
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