Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
gene AKR1B1, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis in wild-type and mutant mice | Mus musculus |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | construction of enzyme knockout mutant mice | Mus musculus |
Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
fidarestat | - |
Mus musculus |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+ | Mus musculus | - |
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+ | Mus musculus C57BL/6 | - |
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ | Mus musculus | - |
sorbitol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ | Mus musculus C57BL/6 | - |
sorbitol + NADP+ | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Mus musculus | P45376 | - |
- |
Mus musculus C57BL/6 | P45376 | - |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
astrocyte | - |
Mus musculus | - |
BV-2 cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
cerebral cortex | - |
Mus musculus | - |
macrophage | - |
Mus musculus | - |
microglia | - |
Mus musculus | - |
N-9 cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+ | - |
Mus musculus | 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+ | - |
Mus musculus C57BL/6 | 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Mus musculus | sorbitol + NADP+ | - |
? | |
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Mus musculus C57BL/6 | sorbitol + NADP+ | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
AKR1B1 | - |
Mus musculus |
aldose reductase | - |
Mus musculus |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Mus musculus | expression of enzyme aldose reductase is upregulated in microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury in wild-type mice. In enzyme knockout mice, spinal cord injury leads to smaller injury lesion areas compared to wild-type | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
evolution | aldose reductase belongs to the aldoketo reductase superfamily, which includes several enzymes that catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions involved in various cellular processes | Mus musculus |
malfunction | enzyme deficiency-induced microglia/macrophages induce the M2 rather than the M1 response (classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) cells) and promote locomotion recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. In the in vitro experiments, microglia cell lines (N9 or BV2) are treated with the enzyme inhibitor fidarestat. Enzyme inhibition causes 4-hydroxynonenal accumulation, which induces the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding. Enzyme deficiency causes NF-kappaB downregulation and CREB upregulation after spinal cord injury in mice | Mus musculus |
metabolism | aldose reductase is the only enzyme responsible for reducing glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism | Mus musculus |
physiological function | aldose reductase regulates microglia/macrophages polarization through the cAMP response element-binding protein after spinal cord injury in mice, mechanism, overview | Mus musculus |