Any feedback?
Literature summary for 1.8.1.7 extracted from
- Glutathione reductase (1989), Coenzymes and cofactors, Glutathione, Chem. Biochem. Med. Aspects Pt. A (Dolphin D, Poulson R, Avromonic O, eds. ) John Wiley & Sons, New York, 3, 553-596.
No PubMed abstract available
Crystallization (Commentary)
| Crystallization (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| molecular asymmetry of crystals from deionized water and from 2 M ammonium sulfate, exact 2fold molecular axis in the dimer, form A-D, three-dimensional structure | Homo sapiens |
| trigonal crystals, high internal symmetry | Escherichia coli |
General Stability
| General Stability | Organism |
|---|---|
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Mus musculus |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Escherichia coli |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Homo sapiens |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Rattus norvegicus |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Sus scrofa |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Bos taurus |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Penicillium chrysogenum |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Spinacia oleracea |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Meriones unguiculatus |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Allochromatium vinosum |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Scombridae |
| concentrated solution, stable for years | Plasmodium vinckei |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Mus musculus |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Escherichia coli |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Homo sapiens |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Rattus norvegicus |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Sus scrofa |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Bos taurus |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Penicillium chrysogenum |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Spinacia oleracea |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Meriones unguiculatus |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Allochromatium vinosum |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Scombridae |
| crystals and amorphous protein obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate are stable | Plasmodium vinckei |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Mus musculus |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Escherichia coli |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Homo sapiens |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Rattus norvegicus |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Sus scrofa |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Bos taurus |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Penicillium chrysogenum |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Spinacia oleracea |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Meriones unguiculatus |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Allochromatium vinosum |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Scombridae |
| repeated freezing and thawing, inactivation | Plasmodium vinckei |
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1,2-Cyclohexanedione | - |
Homo sapiens |  |
| 1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| 1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene | reversible | Homo sapiens | |
| 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene | reversible | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| 2,3-Butanedione | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonate | reversible | Bos taurus | |
| 2-Chloroethylisocyanate | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| arsenite | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| arsenite | - |
Litomosoides carinii | |
| arsenite | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| arsenite | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| Benzylselenosulfate | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Cd2+ | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Cd2+ | - |
Scombridae | |
| chromate | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | |
| chromate | - |
Bos taurus | |
| chromate | - |
Escherichia coli | |
| chromate | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| chromate | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | |
| chromate | - |
Mus musculus | |
| chromate | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| chromate | - |
Penicillium chrysogenum | |
| chromate | - |
Plasmodium vinckei | |
| chromate | probably irreversible | Rattus norvegicus | |
| chromate | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| chromate | - |
Scombridae | |
| chromate | - |
Spinacia oleracea | |
| chromate | - |
Sus scrofa | |
| Cu2+ | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | |
| Cu2+ | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| dinitrosated isomers of N,N'-bis[N(2-chloroethyl)-N-carbonyl]cysteamine | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Haemin | mediates covalent cross-linking and degradation of the enzyme | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| Hg2+ | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Iodine | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| iodoacetamide | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| iodoacetamide | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| Melarsen oxide | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Melarsen oxide | - |
Litomosoides carinii | |
| additional information | regulation by inactivation in vivo, e.g. by disulfide bridging | Homo sapiens | |
| additional information | regulation by inactivation in vivo, e.g. by disulfide bridging | Mus musculus | |
| additional information | regulation by inactivation in vivo, e.g. by disulfide bridging | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| N,N'-bis(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-N'-nitrosourea | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| N-Alkylmaleimide | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| nifurtimox | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| nifurtimox | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Bos taurus | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Escherichia coli | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Mus musculus | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Penicillium chrysogenum | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Plasmodium vinckei | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Scombridae | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Spinacia oleracea | |
| Nitrofurantoin | - |
Sus scrofa | |
| Nitrogen mustard | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| p-hydroxymercuribenzoate | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | |
| p-hydroxymercuribenzoate | - |
Escherichia coli | |
| p-hydroxymercuribenzoate | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | |
| p-hydroxymercuribenzoate | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| p-hydroxymercuribenzoate | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Phenylarsonous acid | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| Phenylglyoxal | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Phenylglyoxal | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Zn2+ | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| Zn2+ | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| Zn2+ | - |
Spinacia oleracea | |
KM Value [mM]
| KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.008 | - |
NADPH | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 0.008 | - |
NADPH | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| 0.008 | - |
NADPH | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| 0.065 | - |
GSSG | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 0.25 | - |
glutathione-S-sulfonate | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| 1 | - |
mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 7 | - |
GSSG | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | |
| 11.6 | - |
bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine) | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chloroplast | cytoplasm-like spaces of chloroplasts | Spinacia oleracea | 9507 | - |
| cytoplasm | - |
Rattus norvegicus | 5737 | - |
| cytoplasm | - |
Bos taurus | 5737 | - |
| mitochondrion | cytoplasm-like spaces of mitochondria | Rattus norvegicus | 5739 | - |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52500 | - |
2 * 52500 | Homo sapiens |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSSG + NADPH | Rattus norvegicus | - |
glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Mus musculus | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Escherichia coli | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Homo sapiens | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Sus scrofa | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Bos taurus | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Oryctolagus cuniculus | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Penicillium chrysogenum | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Spinacia oleracea | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Meriones unguiculatus | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Allochromatium vinosum | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Scombridae | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Plasmodium vinckei | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | Bufo bufo | high GSSG level in dormant stage | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| additional information | Homo sapiens | glutathione redox cycle | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allochromatium vinosum | - |
- |
- |
| Bos taurus | - |
- |
- |
| Bufo bufo | - |
toad | - |
| Escherichia coli | - |
- |
- |
| Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
| Litomosoides carinii | - |
- |
- |
| Meriones unguiculatus | - |
- |
- |
| Mus musculus | - |
- |
- |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
- |
- |
| Penicillium chrysogenum | - |
- |
- |
| Plasmodium vinckei | - |
- |
- |
| Rattus norvegicus | - |
- |
- |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | - |
baker's yeast | - |
| Scombridae | - |
- |
- |
| Spinacia oleracea | - |
spinach | - |
| Sus scrofa | - |
- |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| partially | Litomosoides carinii |
Reaction
| Reaction | Comment | Organism | Reaction ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | mechanism | Escherichia coli | |
| 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | mechanism | Homo sapiens | |
| 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | mechanism | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | mechanism | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | mechanism | Penicillium chrysogenum | |
| 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | GSSG-binding site | Homo sapiens |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| erythrocyte | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| erythrocyte | - |
Sus scrofa | - |
| erythrocyte | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| leaf | - |
Spinacia oleracea | - |
| lens fiber | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| leukocyte | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| liver | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| liver | - |
Bos taurus | - |
| liver | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | - |
| liver | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | - |
| muscle | - |
Scombridae | - |
| platelet | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
- |
Escherichia coli |
| additional information | - |
- |
Bos taurus |
| additional information | - |
activity decreases with age of the organism | Mus musculus |
| additional information | - |
activity decreases with age of the organism | Homo sapiens |
| additional information | - |
activity decreases with age of the organism | Rattus norvegicus |
| 240 | - |
- |
Homo sapiens |
Storage Stability
| Storage Stability | Organism |
|---|---|
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Mus musculus |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Escherichia coli |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Homo sapiens |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Rattus norvegicus |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Sus scrofa |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Bos taurus |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Penicillium chrysogenum |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Spinacia oleracea |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Meriones unguiculatus |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Allochromatium vinosum |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Scombridae |
| 4°C, activation after storage over days, months or years | Plasmodium vinckei |
| concentrated solution, years | Mus musculus |
| concentrated solution, years | Escherichia coli |
| concentrated solution, years | Homo sapiens |
| concentrated solution, years | Rattus norvegicus |
| concentrated solution, years | Sus scrofa |
| concentrated solution, years | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| concentrated solution, years | Bos taurus |
| concentrated solution, years | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| concentrated solution, years | Penicillium chrysogenum |
| concentrated solution, years | Spinacia oleracea |
| concentrated solution, years | Meriones unguiculatus |
| concentrated solution, years | Allochromatium vinosum |
| concentrated solution, years | Scombridae |
| concentrated solution, years | Plasmodium vinckei |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine) + NADPH + H+ | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ? | - |
r | |
| glutathione + NADP+ | mixed disulfide of CoA and glutathione | Homo sapiens | glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+ | - |
r | |
| glutathione-S-sulfonate + NADPH + H+ | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ? | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Mus musculus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Sus scrofa | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Sus scrofa | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Bos taurus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Bos taurus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
ir | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Bos taurus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Spinacia oleracea | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Spinacia oleracea | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Scombridae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Plasmodium vinckei | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Litomosoides carinii | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Litomosoides carinii | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | - |
Bufo bufo | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Escherichia coli | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Escherichia coli | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
ir | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Escherichia coli | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
ir | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Penicillium chrysogenum | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine | Penicillium chrysogenum | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | slight activity with D,L-lipoate | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | slight activity with D,L-lipoate | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
ir | |
| GSSG + NADPH | slight activity with D,L-lipoate | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
ir | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
ir | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Rattus norvegicus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | slight activity with bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | slight activity with bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione-S-sulfonate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | glutathione-S-sulfonate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Mus musculus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Escherichia coli | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Homo sapiens | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Sus scrofa | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Bos taurus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Oryctolagus cuniculus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Penicillium chrysogenum | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Spinacia oleracea | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Meriones unguiculatus | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Allochromatium vinosum | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Scombridae | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen | Plasmodium vinckei | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| GSSG + NADPH | high GSSG level in dormant stage | Bufo bufo | glutathione + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Mus musculus | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Rattus norvegicus | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Sus scrofa | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Spinacia oleracea | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | glutathione redox cycle | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| dimer | - |
Mus musculus |
| dimer | - |
Escherichia coli |
| dimer | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| dimer | - |
Sus scrofa |
| dimer | - |
Bos taurus |
| dimer | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| dimer | - |
Spinacia oleracea |
| dimer | - |
Meriones unguiculatus |
| dimer | 2 * 52500 | Homo sapiens |
Turnover Number [1/s]
| Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] | Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 210 | - |
GSSG | - |
Homo sapiens | |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Mus musculus | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Escherichia coli | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Homo sapiens | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Rattus norvegicus | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Sus scrofa | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Bos taurus | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Penicillium chrysogenum | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Spinacia oleracea | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Meriones unguiculatus | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Allochromatium vinosum | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Scombridae | |
| FAD | FAD enzyme | Plasmodium vinckei | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Mus musculus | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Escherichia coli | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Homo sapiens | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Rattus norvegicus | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Sus scrofa | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Bos taurus | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Penicillium chrysogenum | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Spinacia oleracea | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Meriones unguiculatus | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Allochromatium vinosum | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Scombridae | |
| flavin | flavoprotein | Plasmodium vinckei | |
| NADH | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| NADH | - |
Sus scrofa | |
| NADH | - |
Spinacia oleracea | |
| NADH | - |
Allochromatium vinosum | |
| NADH | 20times less activity than with NADPH | Homo sapiens | |
| NADPH | - |
Mus musculus | |
| NADPH | - |
Escherichia coli | |
| NADPH | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| NADPH | - |
Sus scrofa | |
| NADPH | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| NADPH | - |
Bos taurus | |
| NADPH | - |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | |
| NADPH | - |
Penicillium chrysogenum | |
| NADPH | - |
Spinacia oleracea | |
| NADPH | - |
Meriones unguiculatus | |
| NADPH | - |
Scombridae | |
| NADPH | - |
Plasmodium vinckei | |
| NADPH | - |
Litomosoides carinii | |
| NADPH | - |
Bufo bufo | |
| NADPH | 20times more activity than with NADH | Homo sapiens | |
| NADPH | can utilize both NADPH and NADH, more active with NADPH | Homo sapiens | |
| NADPH | can utilize both NADPH and NADH, more active with NADPH | Allochromatium vinosum | |
Ki Value [mM]
| Ki Value [mM] | Ki Value maximum [mM] | Inhibitor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00033 | - |
Hg2+ | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| 0.0005 | - |
2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonate | below, at 50% inhibition value, leading to oxidase activity | Bos taurus | |
| 0.0008 | - |
Zn2+ | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.001 | - |
Cu2+ | at 50% inhibition value | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| 0.001 | - |
Cd2+ | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.001 | - |
Nitrofurantoin | at 50% inhibition value, enzyme partially purified from platelets | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.005 | - |
Zn2+ | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.0065 | - |
Zn2+ | at 50% inhibition value | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 0.0091 | - |
Melarsen oxide | at 50% inhibition value | Litomosoides carinii | |
| 0.01 | - |
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate | - |
Escherichia coli | |
| 0.02 | - |
Nitrofurantoin | at 50% inhibition value | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 0.022 | - |
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.025 | - |
Nitrofurantoin | at 50% inhibition value, enzyme from erythrocytes | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.03 | - |
nifurtimox | at 50% inhibition value | Rattus norvegicus | |
| 0.03 | - |
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.04 | - |
nifurtimox | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.25 | - |
Cd2+ | - |
Scombridae | |
| 0.25 | - |
Melarsen oxide | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 0.35 | - |
chromate | - |
Rattus norvegicus | |
| 0.35 | - |
chromate | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1 | - |
Nitrogen mustard | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 2.2 | 9 | arsenite | at 50% inhibition value | Homo sapiens | |
| 3 | - |
arsenite | at 50% inhibition value | Litomosoides carinii | |
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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