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Literature summary for 2.7.7.14 extracted from
- Regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine homeostasis - the critical role of CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2) (2013), Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14, 2529-2550.
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| Pcyt2, DNA and amino acid sequence and promoter determination and analysis, three splicing isoforms of Pcyt2, alpha, beta, and gamma, encoded by a single Pcyt2 gene, genetic structures. Transcriptional regulation of Pcyt2, overview | Mus musculus |
| Pcyt2, two splicing isozymes Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta, DNA and amino acid sequence and promoter determination and analysis, human Pcyt2, cDNA isolated from glioblastoma cells, is able to restore the synthesis of CDP-ethanolamine as well as the formation of PE in the enzyme-deficient yeast mutant. Transcriptional regulation of Pcyt2, overview | Homo sapiens |
| Pcyt2, two splicing isozymes Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta, DNA and amino acid sequence and promoter determination and analysis. Transcriptional regulation of Pcyt2, overview | Rattus norvegicus |
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| phosphocholine | a weak competitive inhibitor of Pcyt2 | Homo sapiens |  |
| phosphocholine | a weak competitive inhibitor of Pcyt2 | Mus musculus | |
| phosphocholine | a weak competitive inhibitor of Pcyt2 | Plasmodium berghei | |
| phosphocholine | a weak competitive inhibitor of Pcyt2 | Rattus norvegicus | |
| phosphocholine | a weak competitive inhibitor of Pcyt2 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| phosphocholine | a weak competitive inhibitor of Pcyt2 | Trypanosoma brucei | |
| phosphoethanolamine methyl-analogues | weak competitive inhibitors of Pcyt2 | Homo sapiens | |
| phosphoethanolamine methyl-analogues | weak competitive inhibitors of Pcyt2 | Mus musculus | |
| phosphoethanolamine methyl-analogues | weak competitive inhibitors of Pcyt2 | Plasmodium berghei | |
| phosphoethanolamine methyl-analogues | weak competitive inhibitors of Pcyt2 | Rattus norvegicus | |
| phosphoethanolamine methyl-analogues | weak competitive inhibitors of Pcyt2 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |
| phosphoethanolamine methyl-analogues | weak competitive inhibitors of Pcyt2 | Trypanosoma brucei |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cytosol | in Plasmodium berghei, Pcyt2 is found to be localized in the cytosol only | Plasmodium berghei | 5829 | - |
| endoplasmic reticulum | Pcyt2 is concentrated in cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum | Rattus norvegicus | 5783 | - |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34000 | - |
x * 51000, isozyme Pcyt2alpha, x * 49000, isozyme Pcyt2beta, x * 34000, isozyme Pcyt2gamma | Mus musculus |
| 49000 | - |
x * 51000, isozyme Pcyt2alpha, x * 49000, isozyme Pcyt2beta, x * 34000, isozyme Pcyt2gamma | Mus musculus |
| 51000 | - |
x * 51000, isozyme Pcyt2alpha, x * 49000, isozyme Pcyt2beta, x * 34000, isozyme Pcyt2gamma | Mus musculus |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Mus musculus | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Homo sapiens | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Rattus norvegicus | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Trypanosoma brucei | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Plasmodium berghei | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Mus musculus C57BL/6 | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | Rattus norvegicus Wistar | - |
diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | - |
two splicing isozymes Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta | - |
| Mus musculus | - |
two evolutionary conserved splicing isoforms of Pcyt2, Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta, and a third splicing isozyme Pcyt2gamma are encoded by a single Pcyt2 gene | - |
| Mus musculus C57BL/6 | - |
two evolutionary conserved splicing isoforms of Pcyt2, Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta, and a third splicing isozyme Pcyt2gamma are encoded by a single Pcyt2 gene | - |
| Plasmodium berghei | - |
- |
- |
| Rattus norvegicus | - |
two splicing isozymes Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta | - |
| Rattus norvegicus Wistar | - |
two splicing isozymes Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta | - |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | - |
- |
- |
| Trypanosoma brucei | - |
- |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| native enzyme from rat liver | Rattus norvegicus |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| brown adipose tissue | upregulated in brown adipose tissue in comparison to white adipose tissue | Mus musculus | - |
| C2C12 cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| colonic cancer cell | the enzyme is downregulated in metastatic colon tumor | Homo sapiens | - |
| fibroblast | embryonic | Mus musculus | - |
| glioblastoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| hepatocyte | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| HT-29 cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| liver | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| liver | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| liver | - |
Rattus norvegicus | - |
| myotube | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| NIH-3T3 cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| ovarian cancer cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| skeletal muscle | Vastus lateralis muscle | Homo sapiens | - |
| skeletal muscle cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| skin | - |
Mus musculus | - |
| umbilical vein endothelial cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| white adipose tissue | inguinal and epididymal, upregulated in brown adipose tissue in comparison to white adipose tissue | Mus musculus | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Mus musculus | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Homo sapiens | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Rattus norvegicus | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Trypanosoma brucei | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Plasmodium berghei | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Mus musculus C57BL/6 | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| CTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Rattus norvegicus Wistar | diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Mus musculus | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Homo sapiens | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Rattus norvegicus | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Trypanosoma brucei | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Plasmodium berghei | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Mus musculus C57BL/6 | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| dCTP + ethanolamine phosphate | - |
Rattus norvegicus Wistar | diphosphate + dCDP-ethanolamine | - |
? | |
| additional information | the enzyme shows high substrate specificity for ethanolamine phosphate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | the enzyme shows high substrate specificity for ethanolamine phosphate | Trypanosoma brucei | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | the enzyme shows high substrate specificity for ethanolamine phosphate | Plasmodium berghei | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| ? | x * 51000, isozyme Pcyt2alpha, x * 49000, isozyme Pcyt2beta, x * 34000, isozyme Pcyt2gamma | Mus musculus |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase | - |
Mus musculus |
| CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase | - |
Homo sapiens |
| CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase | - |
Trypanosoma brucei |
| CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase | - |
Plasmodium berghei |
| Pcyt2 | - |
Mus musculus |
| Pcyt2 | - |
Homo sapiens |
| Pcyt2 | - |
Rattus norvegicus |
| Pcyt2 | - |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| Pcyt2 | - |
Trypanosoma brucei |
| Pcyt2 | - |
Plasmodium berghei |
Expression
| Organism | Comment | Expression |
|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | 25-hydroxycholesterol, an endogenous activator of liver X receptor, and the liver X receptor synthetic agonist TO901317 both significantly reduce the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway by inhibiting the promoter function and expression of Pcyt2 in human MCF-7 cells. The enzyme is downregulated in insulin-resistant muscle | down |
| Mus musculus | oxysterols, 24-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, and 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol, and mevalonolactate are partially responsible for the inhibition of Pcyt2 transcription. 25-Hydroxycholesterol, an endogenous activator of liver X receptor, and the liver X receptor synthetic agonist TO901317 both significantly reduce the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway by inhibiting the promoter function and expression of Pcyt2 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The enzyme is downregulated in sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase null mice and in livers of copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B null mice, downregulation in ATF2 null mice | down |
| Rattus norvegicus | induction of the enzyme by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate in hepatocytes. Liver X receptor, LXR, can modulate and activate promoter activity and transcription of Pcyt2. The enzyme is upregulated in obesity-resistant rats and by thiamine supplementation | up |
| Mus musculus | liver X receptor, LXR, can modulate and activate promoter activity and transcription of Pcyt2. Pcyt2 is transcriptionally up-regulated by serum-deficiency induced differentiation of the skeletal muscle cells C2C12. The core mouse promoter (-111/+29)is dependent on binding of cEBP to an inverse CCAT box located at the position -82/-77 bp, ncreased amount of muscle-specific regulator, MyoD, reduced the content of Sp1 (binds to region -508/-378 bp), which, together with the decrease in ratio of Sp1 to Sp3, is responsible for the stimulation of transcription of Pcyt2 gene in differentiated C2C12 myotubes relative to undifferentiated myoblasts. The enzyme is upregulated in Sirtuin null mice and in adipose tissue of high-weight gainers | up |
| Homo sapiens | liver X receptor, LXR, can modulate and activate promoter activity and transcription of Pcyt2. Pcyt2 is upregulated in methotrexate-resistant HT-29 cells in comparison to a methotrexate-sensitive colon cancer cell line | up |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| malfunction | downregulation of the enzyme leads to reduced phosphatidylethanolamine content in eukaryotic elongation factor 1A. iRNA silencing of Pcyt2 results in significant structural changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane topology defined by a loss of disk-like cristae, showing that the modified mitochondria is the earliest structural change observed after Pcyt2 knockdown. Silencing of Pcyt2 impairs the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and normal cell-cycle progression while oxidative phosphorylation is unaltered | Trypanosoma brucei |
| malfunction | Pcyt2-yeast mutant is unable to utilize extracellular ethanolamine for phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| metabolism | the enzyme is important and the main regulatory enzyme in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway, overview | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| metabolism | the enzyme is important and the main regulatory enzyme in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway, overview | Trypanosoma brucei |
| metabolism | the enzyme is important and the main regulatory enzyme in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway, overview | Plasmodium berghei |
| metabolism | the enzyme is important and the main regulatory enzyme in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway, overview. Pcyt2 gene is a target of liver X receptor | Mus musculus |
| metabolism | the enzyme is important and the main regulatory enzyme in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway, overview. Pcyt2 gene is a target of liver X receptor | Homo sapiens |
| metabolism | the enzyme is important and the main regulatory enzyme in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine via the CDP-ethanolamine Kennedy pathway, overview. Pcyt2 gene is a target of liver X receptor | Rattus norvegicus |
| additional information | both isoforms are unique cytidylyltransferases, containing two CTP binding HXGH motifs and large repetitive sequences within the N- and C-domains made by gene duplication. Overexpression of Pcyt2 increases the level of CDP-ethanolamine, but phosphatidylethanolamine content remains unchanged since no adequate diacylglacerol is present | Homo sapiens |
| additional information | both isoforms are unique cytidylyltransferases, containing two CTP binding HXGH motifs and large repetitive sequences within the N- and C-domains made by gene duplication. Overexpression of Pcyt2 increases the level of CDP-ethanolamine, but phosphatidylethanolamine content remains unchanged since no adequate diacylglacerol is present. Neither the activity of Pcyt2 nor the activities of the other enzymes of the PE Kennedy pathway are changed after partial hepatectomy | Rattus norvegicus |
| additional information | the isoforms Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta are unique cytidylyltransferases, containing two CTP binding HXGH motifs and large repetitive sequences within the N- and C-domains made by gene duplication. Overexpression of Pcyt2 increases the level of CDP-ethanolamine, but phosphatidylethanolamine content remains unchanged since no adequate diacylglacerol is present | Mus musculus |
| physiological function | the enzyme is important in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is the most abundant lipid on the cytoplasmic layer of cellular membranes, with significant roles in cellular processes such as membrane fusion, cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| physiological function | the enzyme is important in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is the most abundant lipid on the cytoplasmic layer of cellular membranes, with significant roles in cellular processes such as membrane fusion, cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis | Plasmodium berghei |
| physiological function | the enzyme is important in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is the most abundant lipid on the cytoplasmic layer of cellular membranes, with significant roles in cellular processes such as membrane fusion, cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the precursor of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerol moiety bound to eukaryotic elongation factor 1A, which plays a crucial role in binding aminoacyl-tRNAs during protein synthesis. The role of Pcyt2 extends to the regulation of mitochondrial function, protein translation and survival in the parasite | Trypanosoma brucei |
| physiological function | the enzyme is important in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is the most abundant lipid on the cytoplasmic layer of cellular membranes, with significant roles in cellular processes such as membrane fusion, cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis. Transcriptional regulation of Pcyt2, and Pcyt2 expression in the metabolic syndrome and related disorders, overview. Function of Pcyt2 in cancer cell growth, and Pcyt2 expression in lipid-related disorders and cancer, detailed overview. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the precursor of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerol moiety bound to eukaryotic elongation factor 1A, which plays a crucial role in binding aminoacyl-tRNAs during protein synthesis, the upregulation of Pcyt2 expression in methotrexate-resistant HT-29 cells may be important for the production of phosphoethanolamine as a precursor of ethanolamine-phosphoglycerol moiety bound to eEF1A | Homo sapiens |
| physiological function | the enzyme is important in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is the most abundant lipid on the cytoplasmic layer of cellular membranes, with significant roles in cellular processes such as membrane fusion, cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis. Transcriptional regulation of Pcyt2, Pcyt2 expression in lipid-related disorders and cancer, and and Pcyt2 expression in the metabolic syndrome and related disorders, detailed overview | Mus musculus |
| physiological function | the enzyme is important in de novo production of phosphatidylethanolamine, which is the most abundant lipid on the cytoplasmic layer of cellular membranes, with significant roles in cellular processes such as membrane fusion, cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis. Transcriptional regulation of Pcyt2, Pcyt2 expression in lipid-related disorders and cancer, and and Pcyt2 expression in the metabolic syndrome and related disorders, detailed overview | Rattus norvegicus |
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