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1.1.1.284: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 1.1.1.284

Reaction

S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione
+
NAD(P)+
=
S-formylglutathione
 +
NAD(P)H
 +
H+

Synonyms

ADH III, ADH3, ADH4, ADH5, AdhC, alcohol dehydrogenase 3, alcohol dehydrogenase 5, alcohol dehydrogenase class III, alcohol dehydrogenase class-3, Alcohol dehydrogenase SFA, AN7632.2, AtGSNOR, c-ADH, carbonyl reductase 1, CBR1, class III ADH, class III alcohol dehydrogenase, dehydrogenase, formaldehyde, EC 1.2.1.1, FALDH, FDH, FLD, FldA, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase (glutathione), formic dehydrogenase, FrxA, GD-FAlDH, GFD, glutathione (GSH)-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, GS-FDH, GSH-FDH, GSNO reductase, GSNO-R, GSNOR, GSNOR1, HMGSH dehydrogenase, HOT5, MGG_06011, NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase, NADH-GSNO oxidoreductase, nitroreductase, NTRA, Os02g0815500, Os02G57040, OsGSNOR, PmFLD1, PmGSNOR, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, SA0UHSC_00833, SFA1, SlGSNOR, SoGSNOR, Tc-GFD

ECTree

     1 Oxidoreductases
         1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
             1.1.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
                1.1.1.284 S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase

Expression

Expression on EC 1.1.1.284 - S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase

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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
40% increase in GSNOR activity is observed in plants grown in the presence of 0.5 mM arsenate, accompanied with a significant reduction of GSNO content and a significant increase in NO content
a significant increase in enzyme expression is observed in leaves of pea plants exposed to continuous light and continuous dark
after infection with Plasmoara halstedii, GSNO is exclusively located in a layer of cells close to the epidermal cells and GSNOR is induced in both cortex and epidermal cells
-
an important role of NO, GSNOR, and S-nitrosation in response to salt stress is described in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. NO production via increased nitrate reductase, but not NOS-like enzyme, activity is induced by salt stress to trigger the defense response. Induction or inactivation of antioxidant enzymes and GSNOR varied in connection with the duration of salt stress. Short-term stress causes the enzymes to scavenge ROSs and RNSs and balance cellular redox status. Long-term stress inactivates them significantly by RNS-induced protein S-nitrosation, resulting in oxidative damage and reduced cell viability. Salt stress induced the accumulation of S-nitrosothiols and S-nitrosation of GSNOR, glutathione S-transferase, and ubiquitin-like protein; S-nitrosation is reduced by thioredoxin-h5 (TRXh5), while it is enhanced by GSNOR inhibitor DA
an increase in GSNOR activity in roots, stems, and leaves is observed in two genotypes of Cucumis spp., Curcumis sativus and Curcumis melo, exposed to mechanical damage of stem and leaf
arsenic causes a significant reduction in roots that is accompanied by oxidative stress, but the GSNOR activity significantly increases with a concomitant rise of NO content
both GSNOR mRNA and protein levels are decreased in tobacco plants after treatment with jasmonic acid, the hormone implicated in the wounding signal transduction
enzyme expression levels at different light conditions in different tissues, overview
enzyme GSNOR is downregulated in plants infected with Pseudoidium neolycopersici, the causative agent of tomato powdery mildew. Solanum chmielewskii is slightly resistenant to Pseudoidium neolycopersici infection
enzyme GSNOR is downregulated in plants infected with Pseudoidium neolycopersici, the causative agent of tomato powdery mildew. Solanum lycopersicum is highly susceptible against Pseudoidium neolycopersici infection. The susceptible genotype Solanum lycopersicum cv. Amateur shows higher GSNOR activity compared to two other genotypes, except for leaves
enzyme GSNOR is not downregulated in Solanum habrochaites plants infected with Pseudoidium neolycopersici, the causative agent of tomato powdery mildew, in contrast to the other Solanum ssp. Solanum habrochaites plants are resistant early after inoculation. Modulations of GSNOR activities in response to pathogen infection are found also on the systemic level in leaves above and below the inoculation site. Infection strongly increases nitrite reductase activity and gene expression in resistant Solanum habrochaites in contrast to susceptible Solanum lycopersicum
GSNOR activity and gene expression peak during early developmental stages at 20 days after germination
GSNOR activity and gene expression peak during early developmental stages at 30 days after germination
GSNOR activity is generally increased in all studied plants by all types of stress conditions
-
GSNOR enzymatic activity, but not gene expression, is inhibited by the nitrogen assimilatory pathway via post-transcriptional S-nitrosation, preventing any scavenging of GSNO. GSNOR activity is modulated in response to altered light conditions, as described for the first time in Arabidopsis thaliana HOT5 mutant plants grown in the dark
GSNOR expression is induced by Fe deficiency in tomato
GSNOR expression, level and activity are studied in leaves of selected genotypes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and wild Lactuca spp. during interactions with biotrophic mildews, Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew), Golovinomyces cichoracearum (lettuce powdery mildew) and non-pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici (tomato powdery mildew) during 168 h post inoculation (hpi). GSNOR expression is increased in all genotypes both in the early phase at 6 hpi and later phase at 72 hpi, with a high increase observed in Lactuca sativa UCDM2 responses to all three pathogens. GSNOR protein also shows two-phase increase, with highest changes in Lactuca virosa-Bremia lactucae and Lactuca sativa cv. UCDM2-Golovinomyces cichoracearum pathosystems, whereas Pseudoidium neolycopersici induces GSNOR protein at 72 hpi in all genotypes. Similarly, a general pattern of modulated GSNOR activities in response to biotrophic mildews involves a two-phase increase at 6 and 72 hpi. Lettuce downy mildew infection causes GSNOR activity slightly increased only in resistant Lactuca saligna and Lactuca virosa genotypes. But all genotypes show increased GSNOR activity both at 6 and 72 hpi by lettuce powdery mildew. GSNOR-mediated decrease of S-nitrosothiols is observed as a general feature of Lactuca spp. response to mildew infection, which is also confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of GSNOR and GSNO in infected plant tissues. GSNOR is differentially modulated in interactions of susceptible and resistant Lactuca spp. genotypes with fungal mildews and uncover the role of S-nitrosylation in molecular mechanisms of plant responses to biotrophic pathogens. S-Nitrosothiol profiles during pathogenesis and expression pattern, overview
GSNOR gene expression and enzymatic activity are slightly higher and the enzymatic activity is significantly increased by NO treatment in rice plants grown under aluminum stress
-
GSNOR gene expression is downregulated in Arabidopsis after wounding
GSNOR is downregulated, at the level of gene and protein expression and enzymatic activity, in mechanically damaged sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedlings, which in turn leads to an accumulation of S-nitrosothiols, specifically GSNO
GSNOR is not heat induced
-
GSNOR is thought to be upregulated under iron deficient conditions. Fe-deficiency leads to NO, GSNO, and GSH decrease leading to changes in growth probably regulated by GSNOR localized in the phloem
high levels of NH4+ stimulate the accumulation of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in roots
in Arabidopsis, the GSNOR gene is regulated by wounding and salicylic acid, although the activity
in pea leaves treated with 0.05 mM cadmium, GSNOR expression and activity are decreased by about 30%
in potato plants exposed to aluminum, GSNOR activity is not affected in roots and it is increased by about 20% and 45% in leaves and stems, respectively
in sunflower seedlings exposed to high temperature (38°C for 4 h), GSNOR gene expression and GSNOR activity are reduced in hypocotyls with the simultaneous accumulation of SNOs
in tobacco, the GSNOR gene is regulated by wounding and salicylic acid, although the activity
in tomato, the expression of GSNOR is significantly affected by alkaline stress. In particular, transcription of GSNOR is inhibited dramatically in response to alkaline stress between 0.5 and 2 d after treatment. Afterwards, the expression of GSNOR starts to increase at 3 d after NaHCO3 treatment, peaks on the sixth day, and then declines
in wild-type Arabidopsis exposed to heat stress, the GSNOR protein expression is similar in both control and heat-stressed wild-type leaves
response to highly nitrosative and oxidative conditions its activity is often downregulated, possibly through an S-nitrosation site on GSNOR at Cys271
S-nitrosoglutathione significantly upregulates the SA0UHSC_00833 gene
-
S-nitrosothiol content is decreased in asthmatic bronchoalveolar lavage compared with control bronchoalveolar lavage and correlates inversely with GSNOR expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cell lysates. GSNOR activity in bronchoalveolar lavage samples is significantly increased by 2fold in subjects with asthma compared with control subjects and correlates inversely with the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% decrease in FEV(1)
-
strong down-regulation of GSNOR in hypocotyls of etio­lated pea plants, which do not recover to values of green plants even 168 h after the transfer to normal light regime
-
supplementation inhibitor of nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase increases SoGSNOR expression
the enzyme is induced in rosette sink-source transition leaves treated by the herbivore Manduca sexta, the wounding induces the enzyme which mediates biosynthesis of phytohormones jasmonic acid and ethylene, overview
the transcript and protein level of SoGSNOR are reduced after excess nitrate treatment for 24 h. Addition of NO donor to the nitrate solution decreases the SoGSNOR expression, while supplementation inhibitor of nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase increases its expression
transcription of FrxA is induced by nitrosative stress
-
water stress, a problem for plant growth and productivity, in Lotus japonicus leads to both oxidative and nitrosative stress. Among others, cellular NO and S-nitrosothiol content are increased, GSNOR activity is reduced, and protein tyrosine nitration is stimulated