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Information on EC 1.1.99.6 - D-lactate dehydrogenase (acceptor)
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1.1.99.6 D-lactate dehydrogenase (acceptor)IUBMB Comments
The zinc flavoprotein (FAD) from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus cannot utilize NAD+, cytochrome c, methylene blue or dimethylnaphthoquinone as acceptors. In vitro it is active with artificial electron acceptors such as 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, but the physiological acceptor is not yet known.
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Word Map
- 1.1.99.6
-
l-2-hydroxy
- dl-methionine
- archaeon
-
hyperthermophilic
-
archaeoglobus
-
dl-met
- fulgidus
- fad
- tokodaii
- subterraneum
-
candidatus
- flavin
-
tracer
-
sulfolobus
-
aeropyrum
- pernix
- dihydrolipoamide
-
l-isomer
- analysis
- diagnostics
- synthesis
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota
Synonyms
dye-dldh, dye-linked d-lactate dehydrogenase, d-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase, dld enzyme, af0394, 
more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
APE_0487
D-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase
-
-
-
-
dehydrogenase, D-2-hydroxy acid
-
-
-
-
dye-DLDH
dye-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase
ST0649
TTX_0794
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
(R)-lactate + acceptor = pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
-
-
-
-
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
(R)-lactate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
The zinc flavoprotein (FAD) from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus cannot utilize NAD+, cytochrome c, methylene blue or dimethylnaphthoquinone as acceptors. In vitro it is active with artificial electron acceptors such as 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, but the physiological acceptor is not yet known.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9028-83-5
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(R)-2-hydroxybutanoate + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
2-oxobutanoate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
preferred substrate
-
-
?
(R)-2-hydroxybutyrate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
2-oxobutyrate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
(R)-lactate + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
preferred substrate
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricyanide
pyruvate + ferrocyanide + H+
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
(R)-lactate + oxidized 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
2(R)-hydroxybutanoate + acceptor
2-oxobutanoate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
2(R)-hydroxyheptanoate + acceptor
2-oxoheptanoate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
2(R)-hydroxyhexanoate + acceptor
2-oxohexanoate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
2(R)-hydroxyoctanoate + acceptor
2-oxooctanoate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
2(R)-hydroxypentanoate + acceptor
2-oxopentanoate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
D-glycerate + acceptor
hydroxypyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
D-lactate + phenazine methosulfate p-iodonitrotetrazolium
pyruvate + reduced phenazine methosulfate p-iodonitrotetrazolium
-
-
-
?
D-tartrate + acceptor
2-oxo-3-hydroxybutanoate + reduced acceptor
-
poor substrate
-
?
meso-tartrate + acceptor
2-oxo-3-hydroxybutanoate + reduced acceptor
-
good substrate
-
?
phenylpyruvate + reduced acceptor
phenyl-(R)-lactate + acceptor
-
-
-
r
(R)-2-hydroxybutyrate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
2-oxobutyrate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
relative activity is 46% compared to D-lactate
-
-
?
(R)-2-hydroxybutyrate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
2-oxobutyrate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
97% of the activity compared to (R)-lactate
-
-
?
(R)-2-hydroxybutyrate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
2-oxobutyrate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
97% of the activity compared to (R)-lactate
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + ?
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + ?
Aeropyrum pernix ATCC 700893
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + ?
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
cytochrome c, ubiquinone and O2 are possible physiological acceptors
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
no activity with glycolate, 3-methylpentanoate, phenylglycolate, phenyllactate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 6-phosphoglycerate
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate, ferricyanide
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
acceptors: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phenazine methosulfate, ferricyanide
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
enzyme acts on a variety of (R)-2-hydroxy acids
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
enzyme acts on a variety of (R)-2-hydroxy acids
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
cytochrome c, ubiquinone and O2 are possible physiological electron acceptors
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricyanide
pyruvate + ferrocyanide
ferricyanide is the preferred electron acceptor
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricyanide
pyruvate + ferrocyanide
ferricyanide is the preferred electron acceptor
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
Aeropyrum pernix ATCC 700893
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
no activity with L-lactate
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
(R)-lactate is the most preferred substrate, followed by (R)-2-hydroxybutyrate. D-Alanine, pyruvate, D-glucose, L-alanine, ethanol and L-lactate are inert as electron donors. Benzyl viologen and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
activity is 59% compared to the activity with ferricyanide
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
activity is 59% compared to the activity with ferricyanide
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
Thermoproteus tenax ATCC 35583
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
activity is 29% compared to the activity with ferricyanide
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + oxidized 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
activity is 29% compared to the activity with ferricyanide
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + phenazine methosulfate p-iodonitrotetrazolium
pyruvate + ?
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + phenazine methosulfate p-iodonitrotetrazolium
pyruvate + ?
Aeropyrum pernix ATCC 700893
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2,6-dichloroindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichloroindophenol
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2,6-dichloroindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichloroindophenol
Thermoproteus tenax ATCC 35583
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2,6-dichloroindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichloroindophenol
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
Thermoproteus tenax ATCC 35583
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pyruvate + reduced 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Aeropyrum pernix ATCC 700893
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is expressed constitutively
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
methylene blue, dimethylnaphthoquinone, NAD+, and horse heart cytochrome c do not serve as electron acceptors for the purified enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
methylene blue, dimethylnaphthoquinone, NAD+, and horse heart cytochrome c do not serve as electron acceptors for the purified enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no substrates: D-alanine, pyruvate, D-glucose, L-alanine, ethanol and L-lactate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no substrates: D-alanine, pyruvate, D-glucose, L-alanine, ethanol and L-lactate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
L-lactate, glycolate, L-tartrate, citrate, glyoxylate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, D-glycerate and D-2-phosphoglycerate are inert as electron donors. Benzyl viologen and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
L-lactate, glycolate, L-tartrate, citrate, glyoxylate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, D-glycerate and D-2-phosphoglycerate are inert as electron donors. Benzyl viologen and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
L-lactate, glycolate, L-tartrate, citrate, glyoxylate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, D-glycerate and D-2-phosphoglycerate are inert as electron donors. Benzyl viologen and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no acceptors: ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no acceptors: ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Thermoproteus tenax ATCC 35583
no acceptors: ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Thermoproteus tenax ATCC 35583
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
no acceptors: ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
D-glycerate, D-alanine, D-leucine, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, L-lactate, L-alanine, and L-leucine are inert as the electron donor. Ferricyanide, benzyl viologen, and methylene blue are inert as electron acceptors
-
-
-
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is expressed constitutively
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
enzyme acts on a variety of (R)-2-hydroxy acids
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
enzyme acts on a variety of (R)-2-hydroxy acids
-
?
(R)-lactate + acceptor
pyruvate + reduced acceptor
-
cytochrome c, ubiquinone and O2 are possible physiological electron acceptors
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
molybenum-containing Fe-S-enzyme without an additional prosthetic group such as flavin or cytochrome c, enzyme contains one molybdenum, four iron and four sulfur atoms per subunit
-
FAD
-
flavoprotein, 2 molecules per molecule of enzyme, not replaceable by FMN or riboflavin
FAD
flavoprotein. FAD binds to apoprotein with a 1:1 stoichiometry and is essential for activity. Although the cofactor is tightly associated with the enzyme, it is not covalently attached
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
KCN
-
raises dehydrogenase activity of freshly prepared kidney extracts
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1,10-phenanthroline
-
inactivation during preincubation at 0°C; progressive inactivation, substrate decreases rate of inactivation
EDTA
-
progressive inactivation, substrate decreases rate of inactivation
oxalate
1 mM, addition of Tris buffered oxalate to a reaction mixture inhibits activity
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
stimulates
additional information
-
ageing of extracts increases dehydrogenase activity
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Hyperglycemia
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase suppression induces human tau phosphorylation by increasing whole body glucose levels in a C. elegans model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Kidney Failure, Chronic
D-lactate metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing CAPD.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.247
oxidized 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
pH 8.5, 60°C, cosubstrate: (R)-lactate
0.091
(R)-lactate
pH 8.5, 60°C, cosubstrate: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
0.156
(R)-lactate
pH 8.5, 60°C, cosubstrate: 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
0.605
(R)-lactate
pH 7.0, 60°C, electron acceptor: oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5 - 9
pH 6.5: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 9.0: about 50% of maximal activity
7 - 9.5
pH 7.0: about 30% of maximal activit, pH 9.5: about 55% of maximal activity
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
60
80
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
25 - 95
25°C: 8% of maximal activity, 95°C: about 75% of maximal activity
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
brenda