lutein content in the juice sacs during the ripening process is high during November and December, and in the flavedo it is highest in August, while lowest in December, overview
as most carotenoids are synthesized and stored in plastids, the location of CitCYP97C, together with the other enzymes involved, i.e. CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97B, within plastid allows them to catalyze the reaction of carotene hydroxylation
quadruple chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant lacks lutein and shows a compensatory increase in beta-xanthophylls with respect to the chy1chy2lut5 mutant. Chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant plants show an even stronger photosensitivity than mutant chy1chy2lut5, a complete lack of qE, the rapidly reversible component of non-photochemical quenching, and a peculiar organization of the pigment binding complexes into thylakoids. The chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant is depleted in Lhcb subunits and is specifically affected in Photosystem I function, showing a deficiency in PSI-LHCI supercomplexes, phenotype, overview; quadruple chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant lacks lutein and shows a compensatory increase in beta-xanthophylls with respect to the chy1chy2lut5 mutant. Chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant plants show an even stronger photosensitivity than mutant chy1chy2lut5, a complete lack of qE, the rapidly reversible component of non-photochemical quenching, and a peculiar organization of the pigment binding complexes into thylakoids. The chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant is depleted in Lhcb subunits and is specifically affected in Photosystem I function, showing a deficiency in PSI-LHCI supercomplexes, phenotype, overview
the first step in xanthophyll biosynthesis from alpha- and beta-carotene is the hydroxylation of epsilon- and beta-rings, performed by both non-heme iron oxygenases CHY1 and CHY2, and by P450 cytochromes, LUT1/CYP97C1 and LUT5/CYP97A3. CHY1, CHY2, LUT1/CYP97C1 and LUT5/CYP97A3 are the complete complement of carotene hydroxylases in Arabidopsis thaliana; the first step in xanthophyll biosynthesis from alpha- and beta-carotene is the hydroxylation of epsilon- and beta-rings, performed by both non-heme iron oxygenases CHY1 and CHY2, and by P450 cytochromes, LUT1/CYP97C1 and LUT5/CYP97A3. CHY1, CHY2, LUT1/CYP97C1 and LUT5/CYP97A3 are the complete complement of carotene hydroxylases in Arabidopsis thaliana
the enzyme is involved in xanthophyll biosynthesis, correlation between xanthophyll levels and the PSI-PSII ratio, xanthophylls are needed for normal level of Photosystem I and LHCII accumulation; the enzyme is involved in xanthophyll biosynthesis, correlation between xanthophyll levels and the PSI-PSII ratio, xanthophylls are needed for normal level of Photosystem I and LHCII accumulation
the overexpression of gene LeLUT1 has a key function in alleviating photoinhibition and photooxidation, and decreases the sensitivity of photosynthesis to chilling stress
of the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters, CitCYP97C is the one responsible for epsilon-ring hydroxylation in Citrus unshiu, while CitCYP97A and CitCYP97B hydroxylate the alpha- and beta-rings of alpha-carotene, respectively, roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in regulating xanthophylls biosynthesis. Zeaxanthin increases significantly during the ripening process in Citrus fruits, contents of alpha-carotene and lutein increase gradually in the juice sacs during the ripening process, the content of beta-cryptoxanthin, the major carotenoid in Satsuma mandarin, increases significantly during the ripening process in December, overview
alpha-carotene and beta-carotene turns into lutein and zeaxanthin, respectively, by the hydroxylation process, in the presence of epsilon-ring carotene hydroxylase and beta-ring carotene hydroxylase
construction of the triple chy1chy2lut5 mutant, which is almost completely depleted in beta-xanthophylls. Quadruple chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant, additionally carrying the lut2 mutation (affecting lycopene epsilon-cyclase) lacks lutein and shows a compensatory increase in beta-xanthophylls with respect to chy1chy2lut5 mutant. Leaf carotenoid contents of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview; construction of the triple chy1chy2lut5 mutant, which is almost completely depleted in beta-xanthophylls. Quadruple chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant, additionally carrying the lut2 mutation (affecting lycopene epsilon-cyclase) lacks lutein and shows a compensatory increase in beta-xanthophylls with respect to chy1chy2lut5 mutant. Leaf carotenoid contents of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview
construction of the triple chy1chy2lut5 mutant, which is almost completely depleted in beta-xanthophylls. Quadruple chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant, additionally carrying the lut2 mutation (affecting lycopene epsilon-cyclase) lacks lutein and shows a compensatory increase in beta-xanthophylls with respect to chy1chy2lut5 mutant. Leaf carotenoid contents of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview; construction of the triple chy1chy2lut5 mutant, which is almost completely depleted in beta-xanthophylls. Quadruple chy1chy2lut2lut5 mutant, additionally carrying the lut2 mutation (affecting lycopene epsilon-cyclase) lacks lutein and shows a compensatory increase in beta-xanthophylls with respect to chy1chy2lut5 mutant. Leaf carotenoid contents of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview
construction of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing LeLUT1, the transgenic plants have a higher lutein content, which is decreased in cold condition. Under chilling stress, the non-photochemical quenching values are higher in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants. Compared with the wild-type plants, the transgenic plants show lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, relative electrical conductivity, and malondialdehyde content, and relatively higher values of maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, oxidizable P700 of PSI, and net photosynthetic rate. The transgenic seedlings are less suppressed in growth and lose less cotyledon chlorophyll than the wild-type seedlings
expression of CYP97C19 cDNA under the control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter in the Arabidopsis thaliana lut1 knockout mutant, which lacks a functional CYP97C1 (LUT1) gene; gene CYP97C19, cDNA is cloned from leaves, the ZmCYP97C19 gene has nine introns and ten exons, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, genetic structure, overview. Functional recombinant expression under the control of constitutive CaMV 35S promoter in rosettes leaves of the Arabidopsis thaliana lut1 knockout mutant, which lacks a functional CYP97C1 (LUT1) gene. Lutein accumulates to high levels in the rosette leaves of the transgenic lines but not in the untransformed lut1 mutants, carotenoid extraction and quantification from Arabidopsis thaliana lut1-CYP97C1 leaves
gene CitCYP97C, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, phylogenetic analysis. When CitHYb and CitCYP97C are coexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) the monohydroxylated zeinoxanthin, which is produced by CitHYb, is further converted to lutein by CitCYP97C, when CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C are coexpressed or CitCYP97B and CitCYP97C are coexpressed, no hydroxylated carotene is detected in the alpha-carotene- and beta-carotene-accumulating Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) cells
gene LeLUT1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis, expression of gene LeLUT1-GFP fusion protein in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts, quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
Kim, J.; Cheng, K.; Craft, N.; Hamberger, B.; Douglas, C.
Over-expression of Arabidopsis thaliana carotenoid hydroxylases individually and in combination with a beta-carotene ketolase provides insight into in vivo functions
A quadruple mutant of Arabidopsis reveals a beta-carotene hydroxylation activity for LUT1/CYP97C1 and a regulatory role of xanthophylls on determination of the PSI/PSII ratio
Biosynthetic routes of hydroxylated carotenoids (xanthophylls) in Marchantia polymorpha, and production of novel and rare xanthophylls through pathway engineering in Escherichia coli