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3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + dithioerythritol
?
-
-
-
-
?
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin
AMP + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide
-
recombinant enzyme in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithioerythritol
adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithioerythritol
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithiothreitol
adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithiothreitol
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
?
-
PpAPR-B is much more active with adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as a substrate than with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
?
adenylyl sulfate + DTT
?
-
-
-
-
?
adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
cystine + glutathione
cysteine + glutathione disulfide
catalyzed by the holoenzyme APR1p and the C-domain
-
-
?
dehydroascorbate + glutathione
ascorbate + glutathione disulfide
catalyzed by the holoenzyme APR1p and the C-domain
-
-
?
hydroxyethyldisulfide + glutathione
?
catalyzed by the holoenzyme APR1p and the C-domain
-
-
?
insulin disulfide + glutathione
insulin + glutathione disulfide
catalyzed by the C-domain, not by the holoenzyme APR1p or the R-domain
-
-
?
oxidized ribonucleotide reductase + glutathione
reduced ribonucleotide reductase + glutathione disulfide
catalyzed by the C-domain, not by the holoenzyme APR1p or the R-domain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione

adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
50fold lower activity than with 5'-adenylylsulfate
-
-
?
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
Tetraselmis sp.
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate + glutathione
adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
no activity with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
-
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione

AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme is involved in reductive sulfate assimilation, pathway overview
-
-
?
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
catalyzed by the holoenzyme APR1p, not by the C-domain
-
-
?
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme is involved in reductive sulfate assimilation, pathway overview
-
-
?
5'-adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithioerythritol

adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithioerythritol
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithioerythritol
adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithioerythritol
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithiothreitol

adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithiothreitol
adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
ir
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithiothreitol
adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + dithiothreitol
adenosine 5'-monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized dithiothreitol
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione

adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
Tetraselmis sp.
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione + glutathione

adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
?
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
r
5'-adenylylsulfate + glutathione + glutathione
adenosine monophosphate + sulfite + oxidized glutathione
-
-
-
-
r
adenylyl sulfate + glutathione

AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
-
-
-
?
adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
-
-
-
?
adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
sulfate assimilation pathway in Physcomitrella patens, overview
-
-
?
adenylyl sulfate + glutathione
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide
-
substrate binding structure, modelling, overview
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
enzyme is involved in sulfate assimilation
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
APR is the key enzyme of sulfate assimilation, extensive posttranscriptional regulation of plant APR, e.g. by salt stress, sulfate assimilation pathway is controlled by a complex network of multiple signals on different regulatory levels, overview
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with thioredoxin
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the moss Physcomitrella patens is unique among these organisms in possessing orthologs of both APR and PAPR, EC 1.8.4.8, genes
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in sulfate assimilation, influence of chilling stress on the intercellular distribution of assimilatory sulfate reduction and thiols, overview
-
-
-
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0.02
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
0.031
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
-
assay conditions: APS reductase (0.0009 mM), EST (0.10 unit/ml), thioredoxin (0.037 mM), MgCl2 (3.0 mM), DTT (2.0 mM), pNPS (10 mM), GSH (5.0 mM), and Hepes (50 mM, pH 8.0), at 25°C
0.011 - 0.0174
5'-adenylyl sulfate
0.00057 - 0.0122
5'-adenylylsulfate
0.05
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate
-
-
0.595
dithiothreitol
-
30°C, pH 8.5
0.4
DTT
-
with 5'-adenylylsulfate as substrate
0.0002 - 16.8
glutathione
0.011
5'-adenylyl sulfate

-
-
0.0112
5'-adenylyl sulfate
-
30°C, pH 8.5, cosubstrate: dithiothreitol
0.0174
5'-adenylyl sulfate
-
30°C, pH 8.5, cosubstrate: glutathione
0.00057
5'-adenylylsulfate

-
assay conditions: APS reductase (0.00021 mM), PK (8.4 units/ml), LDH (18.0 units/ml), adenylate kinase (10 units/ml), thioredoxin (0.0373 mM), MgCl2 (3.0 mM), DTT (2.0 mM), ATP (1.0 mM), PEP (1.0 mM), EDTA (1.0 mM), GSH (5.0 mM), NADH (0.030 mM), and Hepes (50 mM, pH 8.0), at 25°C
0.0025
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
with glutathione as reductant
0.0033
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
in the presence of 0.001 mM thioredoxin
0.0038
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
with DTT as reductant
0.0052
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
in the presence of 0.01 mM thioredoxin
0.0065
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
with glutathione as reductant
0.0065
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
with 10 mM glutathione as reductant
0.0122
5'-adenylylsulfate
-
with 40 mM glutathione as reductant
0.0002
glutathione

-
-
0.495
glutathione
-
30°C, pH 8.5
0.6
glutathione
holoenzyme APR1p with substrate 5'-adenylyl sulfate, pH 8.5, 30°C
1.12
glutathione
about, holoenzyme APR1p and C-domain with substrates hydroxyethyldisulfide, or cystine, pH 8.0, 24°C
1.15
glutathione
about, holoenzyme APR1p and C-domain with substrate dehydroascorbate, pH 6.9, 24°C
1.39
glutathione
-
with 5'-adenylylsulfate as substrate
3
glutathione
-
with 5'-adenylylsulfate as substrate
16.8
glutathione
-
with 0.04 mM adenylylsulfate
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additional information

-
construction of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the active enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the chloroplasts, the plants show reduced fresh and dry weight, delayed germination, smaller leaves, slightly reduced fertility, and increased enzyme activity and sulfate reduction accumulating of sulfite, thiosulfate, cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine, and glutathione, feeding of O-acetylserine leads to increased accumulation of sulfite and thiosulfate in the transgenic plants, phenotype alterations, overview
additional information
gene APR1, the holoenzyme APR1p as well as the C-domain alone can complement the cysteine auxotrophy of an Escherichia coli cysH mutant strain, substituting for glutaredoxin, if the mutant is capable of producing glutathione, cysH encodes the 5'-phosphoadenylylsulfate reductase in Escherichia coli
additional information
-
regulation of APR by NaCl is not affected in mutant plants deficient in the abscisic acid synthesis, but APR is induced in mutant plants deficient in jasmonate, salicylate, ethylene, cytokinin, and auxin signaling, while the enzyme activity remians unaltered, the induction by salt is abolished in mutant plants deficient in gibberellic acid signaling, overview
additional information
-
construction of APR-B knockout plants, the mutant plants are able to grow on sulfate as a sole sulfur source, and the content of low molecular weight thiols is not different from wild-type plants. However, when treated with low concentrations of cadmium, the APR-B knockout plants are more sensitive than wild-type plants, phenotype, overview
additional information
-
construction of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the active enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the chloroplasts, the plants show reduced fresh and dry weight, delayed germination, smaller leaves, slightly reduced fertility, and increased enzyme activity and sulfate reduction accumulating of sulfite, thiosulfate, cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine, and glutathione, feeding of O-acetylserine leads to increased accumulation of sulfite and thiosulfate in the transgenic plants, phenotype alterations, overview
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Setya, A.; Murillo, M.; Leustek, T.
Sulfate reduction in higher plants: Molecular evidence for a novel 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
93
13383-13388
1996
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Gutierrez-Marcos, J.F.; Roberts, M.A.; Campbell, E.I.; Wray, J.L.
Three members of a novel small gene-family from Arabidopsis thaliana able to complement functionally an Escherichia coli mutant defective in PAPS reductase activity encode proteins with a thioredoxin-like domain and 'APS reductase' activity
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
93
13377-13382
1996
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Prior, A.; Uhrig, J.F.; Heins, L.; Wiesmann, A.; Lillig, C.H.; Stoltze, C.; Soll, J.; Schwenn, J.D.
Structural and kinetic properties of adenylyl sulfate reductase from Catharanthus roseus cell cultures
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1430
25-38
1999
Catharanthus roseus
brenda
Gao, Y.; Schofield, O.M.E.; Leustek, T.
Characterization of sulfate assimilation in marine algae focusing on the enzyme 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase
Plant Physiol.
123
1087-1096
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica juncea, Conticribra weissflogii, Dunaliella salina, Emiliania huxleyi, Heterocapsa triquetra, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis sp., Thalassiosira oceanica, Ulva intestinalis
brenda
Suter, M.; von Ballmoos, P.; Kopriva, S.; Op den Camp, R.; Schaller, J.; Kuhlemeier, C.; Schurmann, P.; Brunold, C.
Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase are identical enzymes
J. Biol. Chem.
275
930-936
2000
Lemna minor
brenda
Kopriva, S.; Jones, S.; Kopriva, A.; Suter, M.; von Ballmoos, P.; Brander, K.; Flueckiger, J.; Brunold, C.
Influence of chilling stress on the intercellular distribution of assimilatory sulfate reduction and thiols in Zea mays
Plant Biol.
3
24-31
2001
Zea mays
-
brenda
Tsakraklides, G.; Martin, M.; Chalam, R.; Tarczynski, M.C.; Schmidt, A.; Leustek, T.
Sulfate reduction is increased in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Plant J.
32
879-889
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brenda
Bick, J.A.; Aeslund, F.; Chen, Y.; Leustek, T.
Glutaredoxin function for the carboxyl-terminal domain of the plant-type 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95
8404-8409
1998
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (P92979)
brenda
Sun, M.; Leyh, T.S.
Channeling in sulfate activating complexes
Biochemistry
45
11304-11311
2006
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
brenda
Schiffer, A.; Fritz, G.; Kroneck, P.M.; Ermler, U.
Reaction mechanism of the iron-sulfur flavoenzyme adenosine-5-phosphosulfate reductase based on the structural characterization of different enzymatic states
Biochemistry
45
2960-2967
2006
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
brenda
Kim, S.K.; Gomes, V.; Gao, Y.; Chandramouli, K.; Johnson, M.K.; Knaff, D.B.; Leustek, T.
The two-domain structure of 5-adenylylsulfate (APS) reductase from Enteromorpha intestinalis is a requirement for efficient APS reductase activity
Biochemistry
46
591-601
2007
Ulva intestinalis
brenda
Duperron, S.; Fiala-Medioni, A.; Caprais, J.C.; Olu, K.; Sibuet, M.
Evidence for chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a Mediterranean cold seep clam (Bivalvia: Lucinidae): comparative sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA, APS reductase and RubisCO genes
FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.
59
64-70
2007
bacteria endosymbiont of Lucinoma aff. kazani (Q0KG00)
brenda
Chartron, J.; Carroll, K.S.; Shiau, C.; Gao, H.; Leary, J.A.; Bertozzi, C.R.; Stout, C.D.
Substrate recognition, protein dynamics, and iron-sulfur cluster in Pseudomonas aeruginosa adenosine 5-phosphosulfate reductase
J. Mol. Biol.
364
152-169
2006
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brenda
Senaratne, R.H.; De Silva, A.D.; Williams, S.J.; Mougous, J.D.; Reader, J.R.; Zhang, T.; Chan, S.; Sidders, B.; Lee, D.H.; Chan, J.; Bertozzi, C.R.; Riley, L.W.
5-Adenosinephosphosulphate reductase (CysH) protects Mycobacterium tuberculosis against free radicals during chronic infection phase in mice
Mol. Microbiol.
59
1744-1753
2006
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
brenda
Kopriva, S.; Fritzemeier, K.; Wiedemann, G.; Reski, R.
The putative moss 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase is a novel form of adenosine-5-phosphosulfate reductase without an iron-sulfur cluster
J. Biol. Chem.
282
22930-22938
2007
Physcomitrella patens
brenda
Phartiyal, P.; Kim, W.S.; Cahoon, R.E.; Jez, J.M.; Krishnan, H.B.
The role of 5-adenylylsulfate reductase in the sulfur assimilation pathway of soybean: molecular cloning, kinetic characterization, and gene expression
Phytochemistry
69
356-364
2008
Glycine max
brenda
Wiedemann, G.; Koprivova, A.; Schneider, M.; Herschbach, C.; Reski, R.; Kopriva, S.
The role of the novel adenosine 5-phosphosulfate reductase in regulation of sulfate assimilation of Physcomitrella patens
Plant Mol. Biol.
65
667-676
2007
Physcomitrella patens
brenda
Koprivova, A.; North, K.A.; Kopriva, S.
Complex signaling network in regulation of adenosine 5-phosphosulfate reductase by salt stress in Arabidopsis roots
Plant Physiol.
146
1408-1420
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Chung, J.; Lee, H.; Leustek, T.; Knaff, D.; Kim, C.
The Arabidopsis thaliana adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase 2 (AtAPR2) participates in flowering time and glucose response
J. Plant Biol.
58
128-136
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (P92981)
-
brenda