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S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidylcholine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1-stearoyl-2-dihydrosterculoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]
-
reaction takes place via methyl transfer followed by proton loss, rather than by processes that are initiated by proton abstraction from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Methyl transfer takes place via a tight SN2 transition state
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cardiolipin
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + oleate
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrosterculate
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + oleic acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrosterculic acid
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylcholine
?
-
the enzyme acts primarily on the sn-1 position of + phosphatidylcholine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylglycerol
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipids
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid + cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + plasmenylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + plasmenylethanolamine cyclopropane fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + triacylglycerol
?
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + vaccenic acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + lactobacillic acid
Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine + 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]
Se-adenosyl-L-selenohomocysteine + 1-stearoyl-2-dihydrosterculoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]
-
-
-
-
?
Te-adenosyl-L-telluromethionine + 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]
Te-adenosyl-L-tellurohomocysteine + 1-stearoyl-2-dihydrosterculoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidylcholine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
-
phosphatidylcholine is not a substrate
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidylcholine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
-
addition of the methylene group to oleic acid occurs at the sn-1 position
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + oleate
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrosterculate
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + oleate
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrosterculate
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + oleic acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrosterculic acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + oleic acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrosterculic acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ?
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
phosphatidylethanolamine which contains cyclopropane fatty acids
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
no exchange of the cylopropane methylene protons with the solvent during catalysis. There is a significant intermolecular primary tritium kinetic isotope effect consistent with a partially rate determining deprotonation step
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
reaction is not affected by the order-disorder state of the lipid substrate
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
increased level of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase activity as bacterial cultures enter stationary phase is transient, activity quickly declines to the basal level, the loss of activity is due to proteolytic degradation dependent on expression of the heat shock regulon
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
methylation of unsaturated fatty acid moieties of phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
the enzyme acts on sn-2 of phospholipids
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
Eubacterium HX
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
S-adenosylmethionine levels in conjugation with cyclopropane fatty acid synthase activities regulates cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
the cfa locus is an essential component of the acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis MG1363
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
the cfa locus is an essential component of the acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis MG1363
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
increase in expression of CFA synthase at early stationary phase is due to the alternative sigma factor RpoS
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
Serratia marcescens contains endogenous lipid substrates which cannot be removed or replaced by simple manipulations
phosphatidylethanolamine which contains cyclopropane fatty acids
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
addition of a methylene group from S-adenosylmethionine to the cis-double bond of monoenoic phospholipid-bound fatty acids
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + plasmenylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + plasmenylethanolamine cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + plasmenylethanolamine
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + plasmenylethanolamine cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + vaccenic acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + lactobacillic acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + vaccenic acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + lactobacillic acid
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
growth conditions that result in an increase in the relative amount of C17:cyclopropane fatty acid yield better survival after lyophilization
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
growth conditions that result in an increase in the relative amount of C17:cyclopropane fatty acid yield better survival after lyophilization
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
cyclopropanation occurs in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions in lipids, cyclopropanation of phosphatidylcholines and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols occurs more extensively with acidity than with phosphate starvation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
cyclopropanation occurs in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions in lipids, cyclopropanation of phosphatidylcholines and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols occurs more extensively with acidity than with phosphate starvation
-
-
?
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S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
additional information
?
-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
increased level of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase activity as bacterial cultures enter stationary phase is transient, activity quickly declines to the basal level, the loss of activity is due to proteolytic degradation dependent on expression of the heat shock regulon
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
methylation of unsaturated fatty acid moieties of phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
the enzyme acts on sn-2 of phospholipids
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
S-adenosylmethionine levels in conjugation with cyclopropane fatty acid synthase activities regulates cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
the cfa locus is an essential component of the acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis MG1363
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
the cfa locus is an essential component of the acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis MG1363
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid
-
increase in expression of CFA synthase at early stationary phase is due to the alternative sigma factor RpoS
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
growth conditions that result in an increase in the relative amount of C17:cyclopropane fatty acid yield better survival after lyophilization
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
growth conditions that result in an increase in the relative amount of C17:cyclopropane fatty acid yield better survival after lyophilization
-
-
?
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malfunction
-
enzyme deficiency does not alter the ability of Brucella abortus to multiply in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in mice
malfunction
-
mutants defective in cyclopropane fatty acid synthase are unable to suppress tumor necrosis factor production
malfunction
-
enzyme loss does not affect extracellular parasite growth, phagocytosis or early survival in macrophages, however, membrane transporter activity is defective and the null parasites are more resistant to oxidative stress
malfunction
-
enzyme inhibition results into sensitivity to acid stress, increased antibiotic susceptibility, and attenuated abilities to avoid macrophage killing and to colonize mouse stomachs
malfunction
-
enzyme deficiency does not alter the ability of Brucella abortus to multiply in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in mice
-
malfunction
-
mutants defective in cyclopropane fatty acid synthase are unable to suppress tumor necrosis factor production
-
malfunction
-
enzyme inhibition results into sensitivity to acid stress, increased antibiotic susceptibility, and attenuated abilities to avoid macrophage killing and to colonize mouse stomachs
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme activity is involved in the significant increase in lactic acid yield observed with wild type Lactobacillus casei at pH 3.8
metabolism
-
the enzyme activity is involved in the significant increase in lactic acid yield observed with wild type Lactobacillus casei at pH 3.8
-
physiological function
-
cfa2 is required for the cyclopropanation of phospholipids and of non phosphorus-containing lipids, neither cfa1 nor cfa2 is required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation
physiological function
-
in cotton, isoform CPS1 and CPS2 gene expression correlates with the total cyclic fatty acid content in roots, stems and seeds
physiological function
-
the enzyme is useful for survival extracellularly, thus facilitating persistence in contaminated materials and transmission to new hosts
physiological function
-
the enzyme suppresses tumor necrosis factor production by activated THP-1 human monocytoid cells
physiological function
-
proper enzyme expression is vital for an optimal response to environmental stress like acidic or nutrient-limiting conditions in Leishmania mexicana
physiological function
-
the enzyme is required for acid resistance, antibiotic resistance, intracellular survival and mouse gastric colonization, and cell membrane integrity
physiological function
-
cfa2 is required for the cyclopropanation of phospholipids and of non phosphorus-containing lipids, neither cfa1 nor cfa2 is required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation
-
physiological function
-
proper enzyme expression is vital for an optimal response to environmental stress like acidic or nutrient-limiting conditions in Leishmania mexicana
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is useful for survival extracellularly, thus facilitating persistence in contaminated materials and transmission to new hosts
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme suppresses tumor necrosis factor production by activated THP-1 human monocytoid cells
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is required for acid resistance, antibiotic resistance, intracellular survival and mouse gastric colonization, and cell membrane integrity
-
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Zalkin, H.; Law, J.H.; Goldfine, H.
Enzymic synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids catalyzed by bacterial extracts
J. Biol. Chem.
238
1242-1248
1963
Clostridium butyricum, Serratia marcescens
brenda
Chung, A.E.; Law, J.H.
Cyclopropane fatty acid synthetase: partial purification and properties
Biochemistry
3
967-974
1964
Clostridium butyricum
brenda
Taylor, F.R.; Grogan, D.W.; Cronan, J.E.
Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase from Escherichia coli
Methods Enzymol.
71
133-139
1981
Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli B / ATCC 11303
brenda
Wang, A.Y.; Grogan, D.W.; Cronan, J.E.
Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase of Escherichia coli: deduced amino acid sequence, purification, and studies of the enzyme active site
Biochemistry
31
11020-11028
1992
Escherichia coli
brenda
Grogan, D.W.; Cronan, J.E.
Cloning and manipulation of the Escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene: physiological aspects of enzyme overproduction
J. Bacteriol.
158
286-295
1984
Escherichia coli
brenda
Smith, D.D.; Norton, S.J.
Inhibition of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase by sinefungin and A9145C
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
94
1458-1462
1980
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
brenda
Smith, D.D.; Norton, S.J.
S-Adenosylmethionine, cyclopropane fatty acid synthase, and the production of lactobacillic acid in Lactobacillus plantarum
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
205
564-570
1980
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
brenda
Taylor, F.R.; Cronan, J.E.
Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase of Escherichia coli. Stabilization, purification, and interaction with phospholipid vesicles
Biochemistry
18
3292-3300
1979
Escherichia coli
brenda
Chang, Y.Y.; Eichel, J.; Cronan, J.E., Jr.
Metabolic instability of Escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase is due to RpoH-dependent proteolysis
J. Bacteriol.
182
4288-4294
2000
Escherichia coli
brenda
Kuchta, T.; Russell, N.
Glycinebetaine stimulates, but NaCl inhibits, fatty acid biosynthesis in the moderately halophilic eubacterium HX
Arch. Microbiol.
161
234-238
1994
Eubacterium HX
-
brenda
Bao, X.; Katz, S.; Pollard, M.; Ohlrogge, J.
Carbocyclic fatty acids in plants: biochemical and molecular genetic characterization of cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis of Sterculia foetida
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
99
7172-7177
2002
Sterculia foetida
brenda
Bao, X.; Thelen, J.J.; Bonaventure, G.; Ohlrogge, J.B.
Characterization of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase from Sterculia foetida
J. Biol. Chem.
31
1-36
2003
Sterculia foetida
-
brenda
Iwig, D.F.; Grippe, A.T.; McIntyre, T.A.; Booker, S.J.
Isotope and elemental effects indicate a rate-limiting methyl transfer as the initial step in the reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase
Biochemistry
43
13510-13524
2004
Escherichia coli
brenda
Molitor, E.J.; Paschal, B.M.; Liu, H.w.
Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase from Escherichia coli: Enzyme purification and inhibition by vinylfluorine and epoxide-containing substrate analogues
ChemBioChem
4
1352-1356
2003
Escherichia coli
brenda
Courtois, F.; Guerard, C.; Thomas, X.; Ploux, O.
Escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase
Eur. J. Biochem.
271
4769-4778
2004
Escherichia coli
brenda
Kim, B.H.; Kim, S.; Kim, H.G.; Lee, J.; Lee, I.S.; Park, Y.K.
The formation of cyclopropane fatty acids in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
Microbiology
151
209-218
2005
Salmonella enterica
brenda
Munoz-Rojas, J.; Bernal, P.; Duque, E.; Godoy, P.; Segura, A.; Ramos, J.L.
Involvement of cyclopropane fatty acids in the response of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to freeze-drying
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72
472-477
2006
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida KT 2240
brenda
Courtois, F.; Ploux, O.
Escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase: is a bound bicarbonate ion the active-site base?
Biochemistry
44
13583-13590
2005
Escherichia coli
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Guianvarch, D.; Drujon, T.; Leang, T.E.; Courtois, F.; Ploux, O.
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