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[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
random attack
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
stepwise attack
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate, lytic mechanism with Tyr242 acting as a general base that abstracts the proton from the C5 position of glucuronic acid while Asn183 and His233 neutralize the charge on the glucuronate acidic group, substrate binding site
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate, mechanism, active site structure, His225, Tyr234, Arg288, and Glu371 form a catalytic tetrad
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate, random endolytic elimination mechanism
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate, reaction mechanism
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate, stepwise reaction mechanism
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, but less well on hyaluronate
-
-
[1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]n = n-1 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine + [1,3-beta-D-glucuronic acid-1,4-beta-D-hexosylamine]
-
-
-
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4-O-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiruronic acid
?
-
-
-
-
?
benzyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
benzyl 4-O-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
benzyl 4-O-(2'-nitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
benzyl 4-O-(3',4'-dinitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
benzyl 4-O-(4'-chloro-2'-nitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
benzyl S-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-4-deoxy-4-thio-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
very slow cleavage, 9% product after 24 h
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
chondroitin sulfate A
unsaturated chondroitin A sulfate disaccharide
-
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
unsaturated chondroitin sulfate C disaccharide
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
product analysis
?
chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate chain
?
-
chondroitin AC I lyase cleaves the linkage between GalNAc and D-GlcA, with the formation of a 4,5 double bond at HexA and a water molecule elimination
-
-
?
chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain
?
-
chon-AC-lyase cleaves the linkage between GalNAc and D-GlcA
-
-
?
GlcNAc-D-glucuronic acid-GlcNAc-D-glucuronic acid
DELTA-4,5-uronic acid-GlcNAc + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + DELTA-4,5-glucuronic acid
-
-
-
?
heparan sulfate
?
wild-type enzyme and mutants R292A, R288A, and Y234F
-
?
hyaluronan methyl ester
?
-
-
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-
?
hyaluronate
hyaluronate oligosaccharides
-
-
-
-
?
methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
phenyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
phenyl 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
phenyl 4-O-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
-
-
-
?
proteoglycan
protein-keratan sulfate
-
-
the protein-keratan sulfate core isolated after limit digestion of proteoglycan contains about 44% protein, 38% keratan sulfate, and 18% of the enzymatically modified oligosaccharide attachment region between the chondroitin sulfate chains and protein core: gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid-(galactosyl)2-xylose
?
additional information
?
-
benzyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
benzyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
benzyl 4-O-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
benzyl 4-O-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
chondroitin
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin
?
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degradation is faster than with chondroitin 4-sulfate or chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
-
?
chondroitin
?
-
best substrate
-
?
chondroitin
?
-
degradation is faster than with chondroitin 4-sulfate or chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
i.e. chondroitin sulfate A
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
61% of the activity with hyaluronic acid
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
-
ACII lyase is an exolytic enzyme able to cut the polysaccharide chains starting from the nonreducing end
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
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exolytic action pattern
the products afforded by chondroitinase ACII contain primarily unsaturated disaccharide
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
-
chondroitin AC lyase is specific for chondroitin 4-sulfate and has endolytic activity
-
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
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random endolytic action pattern
the products of chondroitinase AC contain unsaturated oligosaccharides of sizes ranging from disaccharide to decasaccharide
-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
-
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-
?
chondroitin 4-sulfate
?
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
86% of the activity with hyaluronic acid
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
exolytic action pattern
the products afforded by chondroitinase ACII contain primarily unsaturated disaccharide
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
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i.e. chondroitin sulfate C
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
the degradation of chondroitin by an anionic E1cb elimination mechanism involves proton abstraction from C5 of glucuronic acid, Tyr234 is the key base catalysts
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
random endolytic action pattern
the products of chondroitinase AC contain unsaturated oligosaccharides of sizes ranging from disaccharide to decasaccharide
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
-
-
?
chondroitin 6-sulfate
?
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
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i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate, best substrate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
relative activity: 100% (recombinant protein), 100% (native protein)
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
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i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate, best substrate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
i.e. chondroitin 4-sulfate, best substrate, wild-type enzyme and mutants R292A, R288A, H225A and Y234F
-
?
chondroitin sulfate A
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate B
?
-
-
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-
?
chondroitin sulfate B
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate, low activity
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
relative activity: 42% (recombinant protein), 46% (native protein)
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate, low activity
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
i.e. chondroitin 6-sulfate, wild-type enzyme and mutants R292A, R288A, and Y234F
-
?
chondroitin sulfate C
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate D
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate D
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate E
?
-
-
-
-
?
chondroitin sulfate E
?
-
-
-
-
?
dermatan sulfate
?
-
-
-
-
?
dermatan sulfate
?
-
-
-
-
?
dermatan sulfate
?
wild-type enzyme and mutants R292A, and Y234F
-
?
hyaluronan
?
-
-
-
?
hyaluronate
?
-
-
-
-
?
hyaluronate
?
-
degradation is faster than with chondroitin 4-sulfate or chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
-
?
hyaluronate
?
-
degradation is faster than with chondroitin 4-sulfate or chondroitin 6-sulfate
-
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
-
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
low activity
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
relative activity: 54% (recombinant protein), 67% (native protein)
-
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
low activity
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
-
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
wild-type enzyme and mutants R292A, R288A, and Y234F
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
-
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
-
-
?
hyaluronic acid
?
-
-
-
-
?
phenyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
phenyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
phenyl 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
phenyl 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
?
-
synthetic chromogenic substrate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with dermatan sufate, heparin and heparan sulfate, the latter of porcine or bovine source
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with dermatan sulfate or heparin as substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with dermatan sufate, heparin and heparan sulfate, the latter of porcine or bovine source
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
constitutive enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chondroitin AC lyase activity is significantly related to the virulence of the strains at 25°C. ChonAC activity is significantly higher in the high virulence group than in the low virulence group at 25°C
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain of decorin, with a high complexity due to the large variety of glycoforms, from human skin fibroblasts is released by reductive beta-elimination reaction and digested with chondroitin AC I lyase. Mass spectrometric substrate and product analysis, e.g. tetrasulfated octasaccharide, decasaccharides, a trisulfated, a hexasulfated [4,5-D-GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)4], and [4,5-D-GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)3], and disaccharides, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme als acts as an exoglycosidase towards hyaluronate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with dermatan sulfate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity, no activity with dermatan sulfate
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arg292 is involved in recognition of the N-acetyl and sulfate moieties of galactosamine, but does not participate directly in catalysis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
developement of an assay using synthetic substrates, which can be monitored by 3 different techniques, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroccopy, and fluoride ion-selective electrode usage, overview, products of chondroitin sulfate cleavages are disaccharides or oligosaccharides with DELTA4,5-unsaturated uronic acid resdiues at the nonreducing end, methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid is a poor substrate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
elimination mechanism, but no syn-elimination, resulting in disaccharides or oligosaccharides with DELTA4,5-unsaturated uronic acid residues at the nonreducing end
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the active site forms a tunnel, structurally involved residue Arg292 is responsible for substrate recognition of N-acetyl or O-sulfo moieties in galactosamine residues, it does not participate in catalysis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
constitutive enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
digestion of amyloid fibrils with chondroitinase AC hydrolyzes keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
does not split endogalactosaminidic bonds neighbouring to reduced disaccharide units
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with chondroitin sulfate B, heparin or heparan sulfate
-
-
?
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Hascall, V.C.; Riolo, R.L.; Hayward, J.; Reynolds, C.C.
Treatment of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan with chondroitinases from Flavobacterium heparinum and Proteus vulgaris
J. Biol. Chem.
247
4521-4528
1972
Pedobacter heparinus
brenda
Klingbeil, U.; Klein, U.; von Figura, K.
Action of chondroitinases ABC and AC on chondroitin 4-sulfate-oligosaccharides with terminal N-acetylgalactosaminitol residues
Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem.
359
765-767
1978
Proteus vulgaris
brenda
Aguiarand, J.A.K.; Michelacci, Y.M.
Preparation and purification of Flavobacterium heparinum chondroitinases AC and B by hydrophobic interaction chromatography
Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
32
545-550
1999
Pedobacter heparinus
brenda
Michelacci, Y.M.; Dietrich, C.P.
A comparative study between a chondroitinase B and a chondroitinase AC from Flavobacterium heparinum: Isolation of a chondroitinase AC-susceptible dodecasaccharide from chondroitin sulphate B
Biochem. J.
151
121-129
1975
Pedobacter heparinus
brenda
Hiyama, K.; Okada, S.
Action of chondroitinases. I. The mode of action of two chondroitinase-AC preparations of different origin
J. Biochem.
80
1201-1207
1976
Paenarthrobacter aurescens, Pedobacter heparinus
brenda
Hiyama, K.; Okada, S.
Multiple forms of chondroitinase AC from Arthrobacter aurescens
Agric. Biol. Chem.
41
1279-1286
1977
Paenarthrobacter aurescens
-
brenda
Hiyama, K.; Okada, S.
Action of chondroitinases. III. Ionic strength effects and kinetics in the action of chondroitinase AC
J. Biochem.
82
429-436
1977
Paenarthrobacter aurescens, Pedobacter heparinus
brenda
Ulrich, H.P.; Klein, U.; von Figura, K.
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