Literature summary for 1.3.7.11 extracted from

Isobe, K.; Ogawa, T.; Hirose, K.; Yokoi, T.; Yoshimura, T.; Hemmi, H.
Geranylgeranyl reductase and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans are required for the synthesis of fully reduced archaeal membrane lipid in Escherichia coli cells (2014), J. Bacteriol., 196, 417-423 .

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
gene MA_1484, cloned as MA1485-MA1484 tandem genes encoding a ferredoxin-like protein and a GGR homologue, respectively, MA1485 just upstream from MA1484. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain TOP10 in inclusion bodies, co-expression with ferredoin is required for activity, or coexpression with geranylgeranyl reductase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, which can, by itself, replace both its orthologue and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans for phospholipid biosynthetic activity in Escherichia coli. Phentyype of transgenic Escherichia coli cells	Methanosarcina acetivorans

Cloned (Comment)

Organism

gene MA_1484, cloned as MA1485-MA1484 tandem genes encoding a ferredoxin-like protein and a GGR homologue, respectively, MA1485 just upstream from MA1484. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain TOP10 in inclusion bodies, co-expression with ferredoin is required for activity, or coexpression with geranylgeranyl reductase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, which can, by itself, replace both its orthologue and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans for phospholipid biosynthetic activity in Escherichia coli. Phentyype of transgenic Escherichia coli cells

Methanosarcina acetivorans

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
additional information	successful production of an intact archaeal membrane lipid, which has fully saturated isoprenoid chains, in bacterial cells, by heterologous expression of the enzyme from Methanosarcina acetivorans, overview. Introduction of six phospholipid biosynthetic genes from a methanogenic archaeon, Methanosarcina acetivorans, in Escherichia coli enables the host bacterium to synthesize the archaeal lipid, i.e. diphytanylglyceryl phosphoglycerol, while a glycerol modification of the phosphate group that is probably catalyzed by endogenous Escherichia coli enzymes. Reduction of the isoprenoid chains occurs only when archaeal ferredoxin is expressed with geranylgeranyl reductase, suggesting the role of ferredoxin as a specific electron donor for the reductase. Geranylgeranyl reductase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius can, by itself, replace both its orthologue and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans, which indicates that an endogenous redox system of Escherichia coli reduces the enzyme	Methanosarcina acetivorans

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster	Methanosarcina acetivorans	-	a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+	-	?
a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster	Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834	-	a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Methanosarcina acetivorans	Q8TQQ6	-	-
Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834	Q8TQQ6	-	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster	-	Methanosarcina acetivorans	a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+	-	?
a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster	-	Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834	a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
digeranylgeranylglycerophospholipid reductase	UniProt	Methanosarcina acetivorans
geranylgeranyl reductase	-	Methanosarcina acetivorans
GGR	-	Methanosarcina acetivorans
MA1484	-	Methanosarcina acetivorans
MA_1484	-	Methanosarcina acetivorans

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
Ferredoxin	dependent on, encoded by gene MA_1485, role of ferredoxin as a specific electron donor for the reductase	Methanosarcina acetivorans

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
physiological function	the enzyme is essential in phospholipid biosynthesis. Reduction of the isoprenoid chains occurs only when archaeal ferredoxin is expressed with geranylgeranyl reductase, suggesting the role of ferredoxin as a specific electron donor for the reductase	Methanosarcina acetivorans