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Literature summary for 2.3.2.13 extracted from
- Transglutaminases (1985), Methods Enzymol., 113, 358-375.
Activating Compound
| Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chaotropic salts | strong activation of epidermal transglutaminase in the presence of Ca2+ | Homo sapiens | |
| additional information | 25fold increase in activity by heating at 56°C in the presence of Ca2+ | Homo sapiens | |
| thrombin | Ca2+-dependent proteolytical activation, in the presence of fibrin | Cavia porcellus | |
| thrombin | Ca2+-dependent proteolytical activation, in the presence of fibrin | Homo sapiens | |
| thrombin | removes blocked NH2-terminal peptide of factor XIII and unmasks reactive thiol-group at Cys-314 to yield catalytically active factor XIIIa, i.e. fibrinoligase, from inactive zymogen XIII | Homo sapiens | |
| Trypsin | strong activation of epidermal tranglutaminase in the presence of Ca2+ | Homo sapiens |
General Stability
| General Stability | Organism |
|---|---|
| repeated freeze-thawing results in some loss of activity, dithothreitol restores activity | Cavia porcellus |
| repeated freeze-thawing results in some loss of activity, dithothreitol restores activity | Homo sapiens |
KM Value [mM]
| KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
additional information | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| additional information | - |
additional information | hair follicle and liver enzyme with identical kinetic features | Cavia porcellus |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ca2+ | requirement | Cavia porcellus |  |
| Ca2+ | requirement | Homo sapiens | |
| Ca2+ | Ca2+ leads to plasma factor XIIIa dissociation into alpha'- and beta-dimers | Homo sapiens | |
| Ca2+ | catalytically active monomeric metal-enzyme complex | Cavia porcellus | |
| Ca2+ | catalytically active monomeric metal-enzyme complex | Homo sapiens | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27000 | - |
2 * 27000, hair follicle transglutaminase, SDS-PAGE | Cavia porcellus |
| 54000 | - |
hair follicle transglutaminase, gel filtration | Cavia porcellus |
| 55000 | - |
- |
Cavia porcellus |
| 55000 | - |
epidermal transglutaminase, gel filtration | Homo sapiens |
| 71000 | - |
alpha2beta2, 4 * 71000, plasma factor XIIIa, alpha is the proteolytically modified catalytic subunit of factor XIII, SDS-PAGE | Homo sapiens |
| 75000 | - |
1 * 75000, SDS-PAGE | Cavia porcellus |
| 75000 | - |
alpha2beta2, 2 * 75000 + 2 * 80000, plasma factor XIII, 2 catalytic alpha subunits and 2 noncatalytic beta subunits | Homo sapiens |
| 80000 | - |
alpha2beta2, 2 * 75000 + 2 * 80000, plasma factor XIII, 2 catalytic alpha subunits and 2 noncatalytic beta subunits | Homo sapiens |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | Cavia porcellus | last enzyme in blood coagulation forming intermolecular gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinks between fibrin molecules | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | - |
? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | Homo sapiens | last enzyme in blood coagulation forming intermolecular gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinks between fibrin molecules | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | - |
? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | Cavia porcellus | production of vaginal plug by postejaculatory clotting of rodent seminal plasma, formation of chemically resistant envelope of the stratum | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cavia porcellus | - |
- |
- |
| Homo sapiens | - |
coagulation factor XIIIa | - |
Posttranslational Modification
| Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | no glycoprotein | Cavia porcellus |
| additional information | no glycoprotein | Homo sapiens |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| epidermal transglutaminase, DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75, CM-cellulose, gel filtration | Homo sapiens |
| follicle transglutaminase, 6% agarose, DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, 10% agarose | Cavia porcellus |
| liver transglutaminase, DEAE-cellulose, protamine, gel filtration | Cavia porcellus |
| plasma factor XIII, BaCl2, glycine, heat treatment, gel filtration, platelet factor XIII, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite | Homo sapiens |
| transglutaminase C | Homo sapiens |
Reaction
| Reaction | Comment | Organism | Reaction ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | modified double displacement mechanism i.e. modified ping pong reaction | Cavia porcellus |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| blood plasma | coagulation factor XIIIa | Homo sapiens | - |
| blood platelet | coagulation factor XIIIa | Homo sapiens | - |
| hair follicle | not related to liver enzyme | Cavia porcellus | - |
| liver | - |
Cavia porcellus | - |
| liver | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00017 | - |
follicle transglutaminase | Cavia porcellus |
| 0.0013 | - |
epidermal transglutaminase | Homo sapiens |
| 0.0037 | - |
plasma factor XIII | Homo sapiens |
| 0.0072 | - |
platelet factor XIII | Homo sapiens |
| 14 | - |
- |
Cavia porcellus |
Storage Stability
| Storage Stability | Organism |
|---|---|
| -20°C, concentrated guinea pig enzyme solutions, several months | Cavia porcellus |
| -30°C, human zymogen factor XIII, over 1 year | Homo sapiens |
| -30°C, lyophilized human zymogen factor XIII, several years | Homo sapiens |
| 4°C, epidermal transglutaminase, at least 1 month | Homo sapiens |
| follicle transglutaminase, -20°C, 3 months, no loss of activity | Cavia porcellus |
| human factor XIIIa is more stable to storage, when Ca2+ is omitted | Homo sapiens |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | amine donors: primary amines | Homo sapiens | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | H2O acts as substrate in the absence of amine acceptors | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | H2O acts as substrate in the absence of amine acceptors | Homo sapiens | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | hydrolysis and aminolysis of certain aliphatic amides and active esters e.g. p-nitrophenyl esters and thiolesters | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | substrate carbobenzoxy-L-Gln-Gly | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | liver transaminase catalyzes also the hydrolysis and aminolysis of certain aliphatic amides and of active and some inactive esters | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | broad specificity towards amine acceptor | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | broad specificity towards amine acceptor | Homo sapiens | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | substrates are acetylated B-chains of oxidized insulin | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | peptide bound glutamic acid with H2O as acceptor | ? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | last enzyme in blood coagulation forming intermolecular gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinks between fibrin molecules | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | - |
? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | last enzyme in blood coagulation forming intermolecular gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinks between fibrin molecules | Homo sapiens | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | - |
? | |
| protein-bound gamma-glutamine + alkylamine | production of vaginal plug by postejaculatory clotting of rodent seminal plasma, formation of chemically resistant envelope of the stratum | Cavia porcellus | protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3 | - |
? | |
| putrescine + casein | alpha- or beta-casein | Cavia porcellus | ? | - |
? | |
| putrescine + casein | alpha- or beta-casein | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| dimer | 2 * 27000, hair follicle transglutaminase, SDS-PAGE | Cavia porcellus |
| monomer | 1 * 75000, SDS-PAGE | Cavia porcellus |
| monomer | 1 * 55000, epidermal transglutaminase, SDS-PAGE | Homo sapiens |
| More | zymogens of plasma and platelet-coagulation factor XIIIa with different subunit structure: alpha2beta2 and alpha2, respectively | Homo sapiens |
| tetramer | alpha'2beta2, 4 * 71000, plasma factor XIIIa, alpha' is the proteolytically modified catalytic subunit of factor XIII, SDS-PAGE | Homo sapiens |
| tetramer | alpha2beta2, 2 * 75000 + 2 * 80000, plasma factor XIII, 2 catalytic alpha subunits and 2 noncatalytic beta subunits | Homo sapiens |
Temperature Stability [°C]
| Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] | Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 56 | - |
heating in the presence of Ca2+ increases activity 25-fold, human epidermal enzyme | Homo sapiens |
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