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Literature summary for 2.7.11.1 extracted from
- Calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK21 functions in abiotic stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana (2011), Mol. Plant, 4, 83-96.
Activating Compound
| Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | CPK21 from Arabidopsis thaliana is biochemically activated in vivo in response to hyper-osmotic stress. No increase in enzyme activity following hypo-osmotic stress or mechanical stress | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| gene AtCPK21, exon-intron gene structure, transient expression of Strep-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| D204A | CPK21 kinase-inactive variant with an amino acid substitution in its active site | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | generation of transgenic Arabidopsis complementation lines coding for tagged CPK21 and CPK21D204A expressed under the control of P35S promotor in the cpk21-1 mutant background. All EF-hand mutants possess reduced activity. Under high calcium conditions, maximum protein kinase activity in all single EF-hand mutant enzymes is about 50% of wild-type CPK21 activity. Mutations of the N-terminal EF-hand pair (EF1/EF2) render the enzyme completely inactive, whereas only residual activity is observed when the C-terminal EF-hand pair (EF3/EF4) is compromised. At the lowest Ca2+ condition, wild-type and the C-terminal EF-hand single mutations still accomplish about 75-80% of the activity compared to respective high Ca2+ conditions. In contrast, only about 30% of residual activity compared to high Ca2+ is observed in CPK21 mutant variants compromised in an N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding motif. A 3-week salt treatment with 200 mM NaCl causes stunted growth in control plants or CPK23 overexpressing lines but has significantly fewer growth defects in the cpk23 mutant, phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ca2+ | dependent on. The CaM-like domain of CPK21 contains, like calmodulin, four single consensus EF-hand motifs forming two pairs of calciumbinding sites | Arabidopsis thaliana |  |
| Mg2+ | required | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9ZSA2 | - |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 | Q9ZSA2 | - |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| recombinant Strep-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by affinity chromatography | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| leaf | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| additional information | plant growth conditions and phenotypic analysis of wild-type and mutant plants, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
| seedling | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + histone | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | ADP + phosphorylated histone | - |
? | |
| ATP + histone | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 | ADP + phosphorylated histone | - |
? | |
| ATP + syntide2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | ADP + phosphorylated syntide2 | - |
? | |
| ATP + syntide2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 | ADP + phosphorylated syntide2 | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| calcium-dependent protein kinase | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CPK21 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| serine/threonine protein kinase | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | - |
assay at | Arabidopsis thaliana |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7.4 | - |
assay at | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATP | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | |
Expression
| Organism | Comment | Expression |
|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | no significant alterations in CPK21 gene expression by drought and salt stress | additional information |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| evolution | the enzyme belongs to the calcium-dependent protein kinases, that comprise a family of plant serine/threonine protein kinases in which the calcium sensing domain and the kinase effector domain are combined within one molecule | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | loss-of-function seedlings of cpk21 are more tolerant to hyperosmotic stress and mutant plants show increased stress responses with respect to marker gene expression and metabolite accumulation, phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| metabolism | role of CPK21 within a calcium-regulated protein kinase network consisting of mutual interfering signaling components | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | calcium-dependent protein kinases and CBL/CBL interacting protein kinase pairs are able to translate the transient change in the cytosolic free calcium concentration into a phosphorylation signal, CDPKs function in calcium-mediated abiotic stress signaling. CDPKs participate at multiple steps in abscisic acid-dependent and -independent abiotic stress signaling | Arabidopsis thaliana |
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