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Literature summary extracted from

  • Kelley, E.E.; Batthyany, C.I.; Hundley, N.J.; Woodcock, S.R.; Bonacci, G.; Del Rio, J.M.; Schopfer, F.J.; Lancaster, J.R.; Freeman, B.A.; Tarpey, M.M.
    Nitro-oleic acid, a novel and irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (2008), J. Biol. Chem., 283, 36176-36184.
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.17.3.2 additional information immobilization of the enzyme to heparin sepharose Bos taurus

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
1.17.3.2 (E)-9-nitro-octadec-9-en-1-ol slight inhibition Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 (E)-9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid strong inhibition Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 10-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 12-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 13-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 9-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid strong inhibition Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 additional information no inhibition by (9Z,11E)-13-(hydroxyimino)octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-oxooctadec-9,11-dienoic acid, (E)-12-nitrooctadec-12-enoic acid, (Z)-9-nitrooctadec-9-enoic acid, 9-nitrooctadecanoic acid, (E)-9-nitrooctadec-9-enamide, (E)-10-nitrooctadec-9-enamide, (E)-9-nitro-N'-biotinyl-octadec-9-enehydrazide, and (E)-10-nitro-N'-biotinyl-octadec-9-enehydrazide. Irreversible inhibition, e.g. by thiol reagents, including glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol, and dithiothreitol, inhibits XOR activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition is specific to site of fatty acid nitration and conformation in vivo. Structure-function study, inhibition of electron transfer reactions at the molybdenum cofactor, overview Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 oxypurinol the suicide inhibitor allopurinol is oxidized to oxypurinol by XOR at the molybdenum cofactor, where oxypurinol then noncompetitively inhibits enzyme activity. Complete inhibition of free enzyme at 0.1 mM, 50% inhibition of heparin resin-bound enzyme Bos taurus

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
1.17.3.2 extracellular the enzyme is secreted to milk Bos taurus
-
-

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
1.17.3.2 Molybdenum XOR is a molybdoflavin protein Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.17.3.2 additional information Bos taurus during inflammatory conditions, reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues or limited proteolysis converts xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, to xanthine oxidase, XO, which reduces O2 to superoxide and H2O2. Conversion to XO, however, is not requisite for reactive oxygen species production, as XDH displays partial oxidase activity. Xanthine oxidoreductase generates proinflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species, with inhibition of XOR proving beneficial in a variety of disorders ?
-
 ?
1.17.3.2 xanthine + O2 + H2O Bos taurus
-
 urate + H2O2
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.17.3.2 Bos taurus
-
-
-

Posttranslational Modification

EC Number Posttranslational Modification Comment Organism
1.17.3.2 flavoprotein
-
 Bos taurus

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
1.17.3.2 native enzyme from fresh bovine cream Bos taurus

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
1.17.3.2 milk
-
 Bos taurus
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.17.3.2 additional information during inflammatory conditions, reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues or limited proteolysis converts xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, to xanthine oxidase, XO, which reduces O2 to superoxide and H2O2. Conversion to XO, however, is not requisite for reactive oxygen species production, as XDH displays partial oxidase activity. Xanthine oxidoreductase generates proinflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species, with inhibition of XOR proving beneficial in a variety of disorders Bos taurus ?
-
 ?
1.17.3.2 xanthine + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol + H2O
-
 Bos taurus urate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
 ?
1.17.3.2 xanthine + O2 + H2O
-
 Bos taurus urate + H2O2
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.17.3.2 xanthine oxidoreductase
-
 Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 XOR
-
 Bos taurus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
1.17.3.2 25
-
 assay at Bos taurus

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
1.17.3.2 7.4
-
 assay at Bos taurus

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.17.3.2 FAD XOR is a molybdoflavin protein, is not affected by inhibitor nitro-oleic acid Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 molybdenum cofactor XOR is a molybdoflavin protein Bos taurus
1.17.3.2 NAD+
-
 Bos taurus