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Literature summary extracted from

  • Engemann, C.; Elssner, T.; Pfeifer, S.; Krumbholz, C.; Maier, T.; Kleber, H.P.
    Identification and functional characterisation of genes and corresponding enzymes involved in carnitine metabolism of Proteus sp. (2005), Arch. Microbiol., 183, 176-189.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.3.8.13 expression in Escherichia coli Proteus sp.
2.8.3.21 expression in Escherichia coli Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149
-
 Proteus sp.

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
4.2.1.149 acetoacetyl-CoA 0.1 mM, 25% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 acetyl-CoA 0.1 mM, 23% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 butyryl-CoA 0.1 mM, 29% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 CoA 0.1 mM, 29% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 decanoyl-CoA 0.1 mM, 79% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA 0.1 mM, 27% inhibition, competitive inhibitor Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 hexanoyl-CoA 0.1 mM, 43% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 palmitoyl-CoA 0.01 mM, 87% inhibition Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 succinyl-CoA 0.1 mM, 22% inhibition Proteus sp.

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.2.1.149 0.043
-
 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA 37°C, pH 7.5 Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 0.52
-
 crotonyl-CoA 37°C, pH 7.5 Proteus sp.

Molecular Weight [Da]

EC Number Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
1.3.8.13 41800
-
-
 Proteus sp.
1.3.8.13 166000
-
 gel filtration Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 40000
-
 3 * 40000, SDS-PAGE Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 85700
-
 gel filtration Proteus sp.
6.2.1.48 58600
-
-
 Proteus sp.

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.3.8.13 crotonobetainyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein Proteus sp.
-
 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
 ir
1.3.8.13 crotonobetainyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein Proteus sp. LE138
-
 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
 ir
4.2.1.149 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O Proteus sp. the enzyme is involved in carnitine metabolism L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 r
4.2.1.149 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O Proteus sp. LE138 the enzyme is involved in carnitine metabolism L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 r

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.3.8.13 Proteus sp. Q8GB20
-
-
1.3.8.13 Proteus sp. LE138 Q8GB20
-
-
2.8.3.21 Proteus sp. Q8GB19
-
-
2.8.3.21 Proteus sp. LE138 Q8GB19
-
-
4.2.1.149 Proteus sp. Q8GB17
-
-
4.2.1.149 Proteus sp. LE138 Q8GB17
-
-
6.2.1.48 Proteus sp. Q8GB18
-
-
6.2.1.48 Proteus sp. LE138 Q8GB18
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
4.2.1.149
-
 Proteus sp.

Reaction

EC Number Reaction Comment Organism Reaction ID
2.8.3.21 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate + L-carnitinyl-CoA sequential bisubstrate mechanism Proteus sp.
a

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
1.3.8.13 6.35
-
 pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication Proteus sp.
2.8.3.21 556.3
-
 pH 7.8, 37°C Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 6088
-
 37°C, pH 7.5 Proteus sp.

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.3.8.13 crotonobetainyl-CoA + reduced benzylviologen
-
 Proteus sp. gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + oxidized benzylviologen
-
 ir
1.3.8.13 crotonobetainyl-CoA + reduced benzylviologen
-
 Proteus sp. LE138 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + oxidized benzylviologen
-
 ir
1.3.8.13 crotonobetainyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
 Proteus sp. gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
 ir
1.3.8.13 crotonobetainyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
 Proteus sp. LE138 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein
-
 ir
2.8.3.21 crotonobetainyl-CoA + L-carnitine
-
 Proteus sp. crotonobetaine + L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 ?
2.8.3.21 crotonobetainyl-CoA + L-carnitine
-
 Proteus sp. LE138 crotonobetaine + L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 ?
2.8.3.21 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + L-carnitine
-
 Proteus sp. gamma-butyrobetaine + L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 ?
2.8.3.21 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA + L-carnitine
-
 Proteus sp. LE138 gamma-butyrobetaine + L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 ?
2.8.3.21 additional information enzyme CaiB acts as betainyl-CoA transferase specific for carnitine, crotonobetaine, gamma-butyrobetaine and its CoA derivatives. Transferase reaction proceeds, following a sequential bisubstrate mechanism. No substrates: CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA, hydroxybutyryl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA Proteus sp. ?
-
 ?
2.8.3.21 additional information enzyme CaiB acts as betainyl-CoA transferase specific for carnitine, crotonobetaine, gamma-butyrobetaine and its CoA derivatives. Transferase reaction proceeds, following a sequential bisubstrate mechanism. No substrates: CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA, hydroxybutyryl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA Proteus sp. LE138 ?
-
 ?
4.2.1.149 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O the enzyme is involved in carnitine metabolism Proteus sp. L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 r
4.2.1.149 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA i.e. crotonobetainyl-CoA Proteus sp. L-carnitinyl-CoA L-carnitinyl-CoA i.e. (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoyl-CoA r
4.2.1.149 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O the enzyme is involved in carnitine metabolism Proteus sp. LE138 L-carnitinyl-CoA
-
 r
4.2.1.149 (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA i.e. crotonobetainyl-CoA Proteus sp. LE138 L-carnitinyl-CoA L-carnitinyl-CoA i.e. (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoyl-CoA r
4.2.1.149 crotonyl-CoA + H2O crotonyl-CoA is hydrated with low efficiency than (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA Proteus sp. ?
-
 ?
4.2.1.149 crotonyl-CoA + H2O crotonyl-CoA is hydrated with low efficiency than (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA Proteus sp. LE138 ?
-
 ?

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
1.3.8.13 tetramer 4 * 41800, SDS-PAGE Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 homotrimer 3 * 40000, SDS-PAGE Proteus sp.
6.2.1.48 ? x * 58600, calculated Proteus sp.

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
4.2.1.149 CaiD
-
 Proteus sp.
4.2.1.149 L-carnityl-CoA dehydratase
-
 Proteus sp.
6.2.1.48 caiC
-
 Proteus sp.

Ki Value [mM]

EC Number Ki Value [mM] Ki Value maximum [mM] Inhibitor Comment Organism Structure
4.2.1.149 0.068
-
 gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA 37°C, pH 7.5 Proteus sp.

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
4.2.1.149 physiological function the enzyme is involved in carnitine metabolism Proteus sp.
6.2.1.48 physiological function enzyme is part of the caiTABCDEF operon. The caiA gene product is a crotonobetainyl-CoA reductase catalysing the irreversible reduction of crotonobetainyl-CoA to gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA. CaiB acts as betainyl-CoA transferase specific for carnitine, crotonobetaine, gamma-butyrobetaine and its CoA derivatives. CaiD is a crotonobetainyl-CoA hydratase, and CaiC is suggested to be a betainyl-CoA ligase Proteus sp.