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Literature summary extracted from

  • Del-Corso, A.; Balestri, F.; Di Bugno, E.; Moschini, R.; Cappiello, M.; Sartini, S.; La-Motta, C.; Da-Settimo, F.; Mura, U.
    A new approach to control the enigmatic activity of aldose reductase (2013), PLoS ONE, 8, e74076.
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
1.1.1.21 (10-benzyl-3,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-2(10H)-yl)acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2R,3S,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2S,3R,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (2S,3S)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanamide
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (4-benzyl-7-oxo-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-yl)acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 (4S)-6-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-2'H,5'H-spiro[1-benzopyran-4,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5'-dione
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-9-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-(6-nitro-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-benzyl-1,3,3-trioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-3lambda~6~-naphtho[1,2-d][1,2]thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-phenyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 3-(4-nitro-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 3-(6-acetamido-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 3-[6-(3-methylbutanamido)-1,1,3-trioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1lambda~6~,2-benzothiazol-2-yl]propanoic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 4-[(3-nitrophenyl)methyl]-7-oxo-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 6-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 [(2E)-2-[2-(carboxymethyl)hydrazinylidene]-3-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl](oxo)acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 [(5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene]-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 [3,4-dioxo-10-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-3,4-dihydro[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-2(10H)-yl]acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 [3-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 [5-methyl-7-oxo-4-(2-phenylethyl)-4,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-yl]acetic acid
-
 Bos taurus

Molecular Weight [Da]

EC Number Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 34000
-
 x * 34000 Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.1.1.21 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Bos taurus
-
 sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.1.1.21 Bos taurus P16116
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
1.1.1.21 native enzyme from lens Bos taurus

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
1.1.1.21 lens
-
 Bos taurus
-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 1.2
-
 purified native enzyme, substrate L-glyceraldehyde, pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.1.1.21 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal + NADPH + H+
-
 Bos taurus ? + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
-
 Bos taurus 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 D-glucose + NADPH + H+
-
 Bos taurus sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 L-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
-
 Bos taurus ? + NADP+
-
 ?

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 ? x * 34000 Bos taurus

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 AKR1B1
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 aldose reductase
-
 Bos taurus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 37
-
 assay at Bos taurus

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 6.8
-
 assay at Bos taurus

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.1.1.21 NADPH dependent on Bos taurus

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 evolution the enzyme belongs to the aldo-keto reductase superfamily Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 metabolism the enzyme is the first rate-determining enzyme in the polyol pathway and catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the presence of NADPH as a cofactor. Sorbitol is in turn converted into fructose with accompanied reduction of NAD+ by sorbitol dehydrogenase Bos taurus