1.1.1.2 alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) agriculture detoxification of eutypine toxin from Eutypa lata, the causal agent of Eutypa dieback in the grapevine Vitis vinifera 1.1.1.3 homoserine dehydrogenase agriculture enzyme HSD is used in the development of pesticides 1.1.1.11 D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase agriculture the gene can be expressed in agronomic plants to withstand abiotic stresses 1.1.1.14 L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase agriculture L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase is less abundant in fruit treated with a ratio of red and blue light of 3:1 than in control fruit. With the exception of xylose isomerase and L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase, genes exhibit very similar expression patterns between their mRNA and protein levels upon treatment with different light quality combinations 1.1.1.17 mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase agriculture Petunia hybrida (Hook) Vilm. cv. Mitchell is transformed with an Escherichia coli gene encoding mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase. The high-mannitol containing lines are more tolerant of chilling stress than the low mannitol containing transgenic lines and wild-type. In the higher mannitol lines only 0.04% to 0.06% of the total osmotic potential generated from all solutes can be attributed to mannitol, thus its action is more like that of an osmoprotectant rather than an osmoregulator. Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant synthesis pathways can be used to improve stress tolerance in horticultural crops 1.1.1.22 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase agriculture changes in the mRNA level during peach fruit development correspond to changes in the amount of cell wall material and the cell wall uronic acid content. These are greater in the fruits of the commercial cultivars compared with the Japanese native peach cultivars, and the expression of enzyme is higher in the fruits of the commercial cultivars 1.1.1.25 shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP+) agriculture the enzyme is a target for the development of herbicides and antimicrobial agents 1.1.1.27 L-lactate dehydrogenase agriculture L-leucine depletion decreases the proteins synthesis, and also decreases L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain mRNA expression in bovine mammary alveolar cells 1.1.1.37 malate dehydrogenase agriculture swine respiratory pathogen is the etiological agent of Glaesser's disease, swine industry economic losses worldwide 1.1.1.44 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent, decarboxylating) agriculture when temperature-stable forms of of the enzyme (PGD1 and PGD2) are expressed in maize endosperm plastids, this increases enzyme activity and mitigates the reduction in grain yield that occurred in control plants exposed to elevated temperatures at night. This genetic improvement could be included as part of integrated approaches to mitigate yield losses due to climate change 1.1.1.82 malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) agriculture changes in malate concentration and activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase are the effect of Botrytis cinerea infection of C3 or CAM-performing Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants. Biotic stress applied on C3 plants leads to increase in malate concentration during the night and in consequence lead to increase in malate day/night fluctuations in infected leaves on the 2nd day post infection. It corresponds with induction of an additional isoform of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, NADP-ME3. On the contrary, CAM-performing plants exhibit a decrease in malate concentration and a decay in its diurnal fluctuations as a reaction to Botrytis cinerea infection. This correlates with significant decrease in activities of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase isoforms 1.1.1.94 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] agriculture in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines with a feedback-resistant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Escherichia coli, feedback-resistant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is detected in the cytosol, but augmented glycerol-3-phosphate levels are observed in the cytosol as well as in chloroplasts. Glycerolipid composition and fatty acid positional distribution analyses reveal an altered fatty acid flux that affects not only the molar ratios of glycerolipid species but also their fatty acid composition. Changes in glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism cause altered expression of a broad array of genes. Transcript levels of the enzymes involved in the prokaryotic pathway are mostly induced, whereas genes of the eukaryotic pathway enzymes are largely suppressed 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture gene GH2 can be useful in engineering of rice, to optimize the important crop plant 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture treament of leaves with cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor [[(2-hydroxyphenyl) amino]sulphinyl] acetic acid, 1.1 dimethyl ester has no effect on resistance against Puccinia hordei infection 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture treament of leaves with cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor [[(2-hydroxyphenyl) amino]sulphinyl] acetic acid, 1.1 dimethyl ester results in reduced penetration resistance against Puccinia hordei infection 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture putative single nucleotide polymorphisms can be developed as single nucleotide polymorphisms markers for quantitative trait loci detection in Acacia hybrid mapping populations after validation using segregation analysis. Selecting favourable alleles from progenies which produce desirable lignin profiles will be advantageous in tree breeding programmes for plantation establishment 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture cultivar My5514 is resistant to Sporisorium scitamineum, whereas B42231 is susceptible to the pathogen. Inoculation of sugarcane stems elicits lignification and produces significant increases of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Production of lignin increases about 29% in the resistant cultivar and only 13% in the susceptible cultivar after inoculation 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture cultivar My5514 is resistant to Sporisorium scitamineum, whereas B42231 is susceptible to the pathogen. Inoculation of sugarcane stems elicits lignification and produces significant increases of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Production of lignin increases about 29% in the resistant cultivar and only 13% in the susceptible cultivar after inoculation. The resistance of My5514 to Sporisorium scitamineum is likely derived, at least in part, to a marked increase of lignin concentration by the activation of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-das1 contains an insertion, which results in a truncated protein of 48amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-das1 are reduced by 91%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 24% 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase agriculture maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-ref contains a two-nucleotide insertion in the 3rd exon, which results in a truncated protein of 147 amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-ref are reduced by 86%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 30% 1.1.1.207 (-)-menthol dehydrogenase agriculture transcript level of menthol dehydrogenase/menthone reductase is highly upregulated in plants treated with calliterpenone, leading to increased content of menthone and menthol in oil 1.1.1.207 (-)-menthol dehydrogenase agriculture water stress decreases the gene expression levels of pulegone reductase and menthol dehydrogenase, but increases the expression of trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, isopiperitenone reductase and menthofuran synthase. The most of essential oil components (menthol, menthofuran, and plugene) are positively correlated with genes expression. Drought stress induces increasing contents of pulegone and menthofuran and reduces menthol percentages 1.1.1.216 farnesol dehydrogenase (NADP+) agriculture recombinant farnesol dehydrogenase may provide a useful molecular tool in manipulating juvenile hormone biosynthesis to generate transgenic plants for pest control 1.1.1.219 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase agriculture flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase are expressed in progeny with colored tuber skin, while dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase are not expressed, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase is only weakly expressed, in progeny with white tuber skin. Expression is regulated by transcription factor Stan2 1.1.1.219 dihydroflavonol 4-reductase agriculture genetic transformation of Melastoma malabathricum and Tibouchina semidecandra, with sense and antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Approximately 4.0% of shoots and 6.7% of nodes for Melastoma malabathricum regenerate after transforming with sense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene, whereas only 3.7% of shoots and 5.3% of nodes regenerate with antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene transformation. For the selection of Tibouchina semidecandra, 5.3% of shoots and 9.3% of nodes regenerate with sense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene transformation, while only 4.7% of shoots and 8.3% of nodes regenerate after being transformed with antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene. The colour changes caused by transformation are observed at the budding stage of putative Tibouchina semidecandra transformants The production of four-petal flowers also indicates another morphological difference of putative Tibouchina semidecandra transformants from the wild type plants which produce five-petal flowers 1.1.1.224 mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase agriculture enzyme is a target for herbizide treatment 1.1.1.224 mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase agriculture transformation of mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene into Arabidopsis and tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Mannose-6-phosphate reductase can act as a selectable marker gene in either a positive or a negative selection mode depending on the plant species. On medium containing 2 g/l mannose, transgenic seeds germinate, whereas wild type seeds did not. Mannose at 30 g/l blanches leaf explants from all 29 transgenic tobacco events with mannose-6-phosphate reductase. In contrast, 30 g/l mannose does not inhibit shoot regeneration from leaf explants of wild-type or transgenic plants with either an antisense mannose-6-phosphate reductase or a plasmid control. Mannose at 30 g/l inhibits seed germination of transgenic tobacco seeds with mannose-6-phosphate reductase but not that of wild-type or transgenic tobacco with either the antisense mannose-6-phosphate reductase or the plasmid control 1.1.1.252 tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase agriculture the effect of melanin inhibitors on the enzyme activity can be used to predict their effect in preventing rice blast disease 1.1.1.252 tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase agriculture loss of efficacy of tricyclazole for the control of rice blast disease in the field is not due to resistance to tricyclazole 1.1.1.282 quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] agriculture development of novel herbicides 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase agriculture the enzyme can be used as pest control agent against Ephestia kuehniella. The enzyme shows approximately similar damage on the Ephestia kuehniella midgut including rupture and disintegration of the epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase agriculture the enzyme shows antifungal activity. It could become a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides to control certain important plant microbial diseases. The enzyme displays a wide inhibitory spectrum toward different fungi at a concentration of 20 AU. It has a strong inhibitor effect on mycelia growth and spore germination of Pythium ultimum 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase agriculture strain A19249, enzyme exhibits a potent insecticidal activity 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase agriculture recombinant expression in plants gives insect resistance 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase agriculture inoculation of plants with Pseudomonas syringae increases photorespiration rate and expression of glycolate oxidase (GOX2), serine glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGT) and serine hydroxyl methyltransferase (SHMT1). Silencing of GOX2, SGT or SHMT1 genes in tomato decreases photorespiration but increases susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae, whereas transient overexpression of GOX2, SGT or SHMT1 in tobacco increases basal defence. Salicylic acid signalling is involved in GOX2-mediated, SGT-mediated and SHMT1-mediated defence. H2O2 pretreatment remarkably alleviates the GOX2 silencing-induced depression in basal defence and salicylic acid signalling 1.1.3.17 choline oxidase agriculture transformation enables the plants to accumulate glycinebetaine in chloroplasts and significantly enhances the freezing tolerance of plants 1.1.3.17 choline oxidase agriculture introducing of the codA gene into a cereal crop allows the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine by transgenic plants without any need for an exogenous supply of choline or glycinebetaine aldehyde 1.1.3.17 choline oxidase agriculture expression of CodA in potato plastid genome results in much higher mRNA level of CodA in leaves than in tubers. Glycine betaine accumulates in similar levels in both leaves and tubers of CodA-transplastomic potato plants. The glycine betaine content is moderately increased in transgenic plants, and compartmentation of glycine betaine in plastids confers considerably higher tolerance to drought stress compared to wild-type plants, with higher levels of relative water content and chlorophyll content under drought stress. Transplastomic plants present a significantly higher photosynthetic performance as well as antioxidant enzyme activities during drought stress 1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase agriculture gene expression under the control of inducible promoters is preferred in any strategy to produce transgenic plants with transgene-mediated improvements in resistance to salt. 1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase agriculture potential application, genetic engineering results in enhanced tolerance of growth of young seedlings to salt stress. Results of investigation shows that transformation with the BADH gene may benefit efforts to improve crop yields in saline, arid and semi-arid regions where plants suffer salt stress 1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase agriculture potential: the BADH gene can be cloned from Leymus chinensis under stress treatment, which indicates that its expression and regulation may play an important role in stress tolerance. Therefore, it can be transformed into other plants to obtain transgenic species with a high saline-alkali tolerance by biotechnology; as a result, it can speed up the recovering and rebuilding of saline-alkaline grassland 1.2.1.12 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) agriculture cadmium-induced stress in seedlings roots induces nitric oxide accumulation, cytosolic oxidation, activation of the GAPC1 promoter, GAPC1 protein accumulation in enzymatically inactive form, and strong relocalization of GAPC1 to the nucleus. All the effects are detected in the same zone of the root tip. In vitro, GAPC1 is inactivated by either nitric oxide donors or hydrogen peroxide, but no inhibition is directly provided by cadmium 1.2.1.44 cinnamoyl-CoA reductase agriculture rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear 1.2.1.88 L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase agriculture possible target for upleveled nitrogen usage in commercial mushroom breeding 1.2.3.4 oxalate oxidase agriculture overexpression of oxalate oxidase provides a new strategy for induction of antioxidative defense system against cellular ROS accumulation and for protection of crops from stress injury 1.2.3.4 oxalate oxidase agriculture expression of barley oxalate oxidase gene confers stable resistance against stem rot in productive and highly susceptible Brassica juncea cv Varuna under field conditions. Stable, single-copy transgenic lines exhibit a significant reduction in the rate of lesion expansion reproducibly over the three-generation i.e. T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The enhanced resistance in the transgenic lines correlated with high oxalate oxidase activity, accumulation of higher levels of H2O2, and robust activation of defense responsive genes upon infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1.2.3.4 oxalate oxidase agriculture oxalate oxidases OXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 positively regulate panicle blast resistance in rice. The OXO genes can modulate the accumulation of H2O2 and expression levels of pathogenesis-related gene in plants. The OXO genes-mediated panicle blast resistance can be regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and may be associated with the activation of jasmonic acid and abscisic acid signaling pathways but suppression of the salicylic acid signaling pathway 1.2.4.1 pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) agriculture mutation of promoter binding protein SPL16/GW8 leads to upregulation of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. SPL16 mutations have the potential to boost the grain yield of rice 1.3.1.70 DELTA14-sterol reductase agriculture target for important antifungal agents for use in the control of plant diseases 1.3.1.72 DELTA24-sterol reductase agriculture inhibition of phytosterol metabolism to cholesterol by interfering with DELTA24-sterol reductase activity presents a unique target site that might be exploited further as a selective, biorational insect-control technology 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase agriculture enzyme is a target for light-dependent peroxidizing herbicides 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase agriculture Protox is one of the most important action targets of herbicides 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase agriculture protoporphyrinogen oxidase is the action target for several structurally diverse herbicides 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase agriculture the enzyme is a herbicidal target 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase agriculture the Thr304 Hydrilla pds mutant is an excellent marker for the selection of transgenic plants. Seedlings harbouring Thr304 pds have a maximum resistance to sensitivity (R/S) ratio of 57 and 14 times higher than that of the wild-type for treatments with norflurazon and fluridone, respectively. These plants exhibit normal growth and development, even after long-term exposure to herbicide. As Thr304 pds is of plant origin, it could become more acceptable than other selectable markers for use in genetically modified food 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase agriculture fruit treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole appear more yellow and/or orange than ethephon or control fruit at any harvest date 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase agriculture phytoene desaturase is a prominent target of certain inhibitors, such as norflurazon, acting as bleaching herbicides 1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase agriculture fruit treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole appear more yellow and/or orange than ethephon or control fruit at any harvest date 1.3.7.12 red chlorophyll catabolite reductase agriculture economically important plants overexpressing ACD2 might also show increased tolerance to pathogens and might be useful for increasing crop yields 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase agriculture GDH genes involved in leaf senescence are also a component of the plant defence response during plant–pathogen interaction, GDH behaves like a non-specific stress-related gene 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase agriculture plays some role in triticale plant’s defence against effects of different types of environmental stresses 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase agriculture a high-copy number of the GDH2-encoded NADH-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene stimulates growth at 15°C, while overexpression of NADPH-specific GDH1 has detrimental effects. Total cellular NAD levels are a limiting factor for growth at low temperature in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing NADH oxidation by overexpression of GDH2 may help to avoid perturbations in the redox metabolism induced by a higher fermentative/oxidative balance at low temperature. Overexpression of GDH2 increases notably the cold growth in the wine yeast strain QA23 in both standard growth medium and synthetic grape must 1.4.1.4 glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) agriculture expression in Oryza sativa. At the seedling stage, the leaf area and shoot and root dry weights of the high gdhA-expressors are higher than those of control plants under both high (high N) and low nitrogen (low N) conditions. The net photosynthesis rate at the heading stage is higher in transgenic than in control leaves. Under both high and low N conditions, the nitrogen contents in the shoots and roots, at seedling and grain-harvest stages, are significantly higher in high gdhA-expressors than in control plants. At the harvest stage, the high gdhA-expressors exhibit greater panicle and spikelet numbers per plant compared with control plants, resulting in higher grain weight. In addition, gdhA expression in forage rice significantly enhances their tolerance to salt stress compared to control plants 1.4.1.4 glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) agriculture enzyme TrGDH is a promising candidate gene for maintaining or improving yields in crop plants via genetic engineering 1.4.1.14 glutamate synthase (NADH) agriculture in Phe-supplied poplars, decreased enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase and elevated activities of nitrite reductase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthase are found in the Phe-treated roots. Accordingly, reduced concentrations of NH4+, NO3- and total N, and enhanced N-use efficiencies are detected in Phe-supplied poplars. The mRNA levels of nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase 2, NADH-dependent glutamate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase and asparagine synthetase 2 are downexpressed in Phe-treated roots and/or leaves 1.4.3.14 L-lysine oxidase agriculture the enzyme inhibits the growth of highly infectious bacterium Erwinia amylovora (causative agent of fire blight) 1.4.3.14 L-lysine oxidase agriculture the enzyme is active towards pathogenic microorganisms, fungi, and nematodes. It exhibits inhibitory effect towards extremely hazardous Acidovorax citrulli bacterium (that causes seedling blight and bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits) 1.5.3.14 polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) agriculture under drought stress, expression of polyamine oxidase genes PAO1, PAO2, PAO3, PAO4,PAO5, PAO6 and activity of enzymatic polyamine oxidation is increased in both relatively tolerant (Karoon) and sensitive (260) maize cultivars. The enhancement in PAO gene expression and enzyme activity is more prominent in Karoon cultivar compared to 260 1.5.99.12 cytokinin dehydrogenase agriculture reduced expression of OsCKX2 causes cytokinin accumulation in inflorescence meristems and increases the number of reproductive organs, resulting in enhanced grain yield. Quantitative trait loci pyramiding to combine loci for grain number and plant heigh in the same genetic background generates lines exhibiting both beneficial traits. The results provide a strategy for tailormade crop improvement 1.6.3.1 NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) agriculture both genes coding for NAD(P)H oxidases, Nox1 and Nox2, are independently required for pathogenicity of Magnaporthe grisea. Mutants lacking either nox1 or nox2 are incapable of causing plant disease because of unability to bring about appresorium-mediated cuticle penetration 1.6.3.1 NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) agriculture infection by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans results in a radical burst mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades MEK2-SIPK/NTF4 and MEK1-NTF6. Silencing of the NAD(P)H oxidase Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog B, RBOHB eliminates generation of reactive oxygen speicies. INF1 elicitin, produced by the pathogen, regulates reactive oxygen species generation through mitogen-activiated protein kinase cascades 1.6.3.1 NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) agriculture an approximately twofold increase in NADPH oxidase in radicles and epicotyls is observed with Cr(VI) treatment. Cr(VI) elicits H2O2 production in plants, which is suppressed by NaHS and also by an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX). These effects are correlated with relative changes in carbomyl and thiol groups 1.6.5.4 monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH) agriculture MDHAR knockdown results in improved wheat resistance to wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, at the seedling stage. Knockdown has no influence on 1136-P3 and PN-2013 microRNA expression. MDHAR knockdown results in a much greater H2O2 accumulation and lower ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities together with higher expression in several plant resistance genes 1.6.5.4 monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH) agriculture whole plant MDHAR activity is necessary to maintain yield in cherry tomato 1.7.2.4 nitrous-oxide reductase agriculture expression of both the senzyme-coding gene nosZ and the mega-cassette of five coding sequences nosFLZDY in Nicotiana tabacum leads to active recombinant N2OR. Extracts from both types of transgenic plants exhibit N2O-reducing activity. The single-gene strategy produces higher reductase capability than the whole-operon approach. Bacterial nitrous oxide reductase expressed in plants could convert N2O into inert N2 without involvement of other Nos proteins 1.8.1.9 thioredoxin-disulfide reductase agriculture under cadmium stress conditions, NTR activity and thioredoxin h3 and thioredoxin h4 expression are stimulated 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase agriculture over-expression in tobacco plants enhances their tolerance to sulfite stress. The plants show much less damage, less sulfite accumulation, but greater amounts of sulfate. H2O2 accumulation levels by histochemical detection and quantitative determination in the overexpressing plants are much less than those in the wild-type upon sulfite stress. Reductions of catalase levels detected in the overexpressing lines are considerably less than in the wild-type plants 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase agriculture ZmSO might be a promising target for genetic improvement of crops tolerant to acid rain in molecular breeding programs. Sulfite oxidase is essential for timely germination of maize seeds upon sulfite exposure 1.8.5.1 glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) agriculture development of overexpressing rice plants under the regulation of a maize ubiquitin promoter. Enzyme overexpression in seven independent homologous transgenic plants, as compared to wild-type plants, increases photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities under paddy field conditions, which leads to an improved ascorbate pool and redox homeostasis. Overexpression significantly improves grain yield and biomass due to the increase of culm and root weights and enhance panicles and spikelet numbers 1.8.5.1 glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) agriculture study on single chromosome substitution lines of cv. Chinese Spring carrying separate chromosomes from the donor Synthetic 6x, an artificial hexaploid combining the genomes of the two wild species, Triticum dicoccoides, AABB, and Aegilops tauschii, DD. The lines carrying a synthetic hexaploid homologous pair of chromosomes 1B, 1D, 2D, 3D or 4D all express a low constitutive level of dehydroascorbate reductase and the lines carrying chromosomes 3B, 1D, 2D and 3D a low constitutive level of catalyse. All are able to increase this level by fourfold for dehydroascorbate reductase and by 1.5-fold for catalyase in response to stress caused by water deficit. When challenged by drought stress, these lines tend to be the most effective in retaining the water status of the leaves and preventing the grain yield components from being compromised 1.8.99.2 adenylyl-sulfate reductase agriculture coexpression of Escherichia coli aspartate kinase AKIII and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adenylylsulfate reductase in Medicago sativa. Compared to the wild-type alfalfa, the content of cysteine increases by 30% and that of methionine increases by 60%. A substantial increase in the abundance of essential amino acids, such as aspartate and lysine, is found. The total amino acid content and the forage biomass tested show no significant changes in the transgenic plants 1.10.3.1 catechol oxidase agriculture could help pawpaw growers and food processors to develop proper storage and processing methods to avoid the undesirable color changes 1.10.3.1 catechol oxidase agriculture quality loss of fruits, the major enzyme responsible for the browning reaction is polyphenol oxidase 1.10.3.3 L-ascorbate oxidase agriculture expression of enzyme gene in sense and antisense orientation, no significant differences in phenotype except for a delay in flowering time in antisense palnts. At high salinity, increase in percentage of germination, photosynthetic activity and seed yield in antisense plants. Sense plants show a very low redox state of apoplastic ascorbate and increased hydrogen peroxide contents in symplastic and apoplastic spaces 1.10.3.3 L-ascorbate oxidase agriculture expression of enzyme in sense- and antisense-orientations, enhanced enzyme activity oxidizes the apoplastic ascorbate pool, decreased enzyme activity increases the amount of ascorbate compared with dehydroascorbate. In sense and antisense plants, enzyme transcript levels are no longer subject to light/dark regulation. Relationship between enzyme activity and plant height and biomass 1.10.3.3 L-ascorbate oxidase agriculture up to 380fold increase in enzyme activity of leaf of transgenic plants, no change in total ascorbate content of apoplast, but redox state of ascorbate is reduced to below the threshold while that of glutathione is increased. Overexpressing plants show substantial increase in foliar injury and greater decline in CO2 assimilation upon exposure to ozone 1.10.3.3 L-ascorbate oxidase agriculture when sprayed on sugar beet the enzyme works as an effective systemic defense priming agent against cyst nematode infection by Heterodera schachtii, through activation of multiple basal plant defense pathways 1.11.1.6 catalase agriculture amendment of sterilized soils with wild-type Pseudomonas putida restores the rate of degradation of peracetic acid to a higher level than observed in the soils amended with the catalase A-deficient mutant. The association of the bacteria with the plant roots results in protection of the wild-type as well as the catalyse-deficient mutant from killing by peracetic acid 1.11.1.7 peroxidase agriculture quality loss of fruits, oxidoreductase enzyme involved in enzymatic browning, because diphenols may function as reducing substrates in its reaction 1.11.1.7 peroxidase agriculture rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear 1.11.1.11 L-ascorbate peroxidase agriculture the results suggest that HvAPX1 plays an important role in zinc and cadmium tolerance, and might be a candidate gene for developing high-biomass tolerant plants for phytoremediation of zinc- and cadmium-polluted environments 1.11.1.11 L-ascorbate peroxidase agriculture the transgenic plants show enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress, salt and drought, PpAPX does not play a significant role under normal growing conditions, but do ameliorate oxidative injury under abiotic stress, the Ad29 promoter shoul be used as an inducible promoter in transgenic works 1.11.1.11 L-ascorbate peroxidase agriculture enzyme expression markedly increases in leaves of plants subjected to conditions of long-term treatment with salinity, whereas Apx transcript levels remain unaffected in detached leaves during short-term salt treatment 1.11.1.11 L-ascorbate peroxidase agriculture expression increases under drought stress, with maximum levels attained 5-days after imposition of stress 1.11.1.11 L-ascorbate peroxidase agriculture under flooding stress, Apx enzyme activity decreases and expression is not detected in 5- and 9-day-old seedlings treated with flooding. Under drought stress Apx activity gradually increases from 5-day-old till 9-day-old seedlings. The expression of Apx also increases from 5-day-old till 9-day-old soybean seedlings. Trends in Apx expressions both in hypocotyl and root of drought treated soybean seedlings are similar 1.11.1.16 versatile peroxidase agriculture overproducing the VP gene in plants increases significantly their biomass and the abiotic stress tolerance. The versatile peroxidase enzyme is an effective biotechnological tool to protect organisms against ROS. In transgenic tobacco plants, it improves drought, salt, and oxidative stress tolerance. Thus, the versatile peroxidase gene represents a great potential for obtaining stress-tolerant crops. The enzyme from Bjerkandera adusta can mitigate oxidative stress induced by paraquat, salt- (NaCl), drought- and osmotic-stress (sorbitol) 1.11.1.16 versatile peroxidase agriculture use of versatile peroxidase in enhancing the digestibility of straws is substantiated through proximate and in vitro digestibility analysis, use of versatile peroxidase in increasing the in vitro degradation of straws for enhancing feed utilization in ruminants. Usage of commonly available crop residues such as paddy straw, finger millet straw, foxtail millet straw, little millet straw, and barnyard millet straw (milled to 1 to 2 cm length and dried at a constant temperature of 70°C) in biodegradation studies 1.11.1.16 versatile peroxidase agriculture use of versatile peroxidase in increasing the in vitro degradation of straws for enhancing feed utilization in ruminants 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase agriculture overexpression of enzyme in Nicotiana tabacum, transgenic plants have a 10-fold higher resistance to the bleaching herbicide sulcotrione, transgenic seeds have an up to two-fold enhanced level of vitamin E without change in the ratio of gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol. Level of plastoquinone is enhanced in leaves of transgenic lines during leaf senescence 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase agriculture 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is one of the most promising target sites for herbicide discovery 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase agriculture plant 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is the molecular target of a range of commercial synthetic beta-triketone herbicides Their mode of action is based on an irreversible inhibition of HPPD 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase agriculture the enzyme is a target for herbicides, e.g. triketone inhibitors 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase agriculture 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modified at position 336 (HPPD W336) is expressed in MST-FGO72-2 soybean to confer tolerance to 4-benzoyl isoxazole and triketone type of herbicides. No relevant sequence homologies are found with known allergens or toxins, and the absence of hemolytic activity of HPPD W336 is demonstrated in vitro. HPPD W336 degrades rapidly in simulated gastric fluid. Expression of HPPD W336 does not change aromatic amino acid, homogentisate and tocochromanol levels in soybean seed 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase agriculture analysis of two waterhemp populations resistant to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate-dioxygenase herbicides shows that the HPPD-resistance trait is polygenic. The number of genes involved with the herbicide resistance increase at higher herbicide rates, indicating at least one dominant allele at each major locus is required to confer HPPD herbicide resistance in waterhemp 1.13.11.51 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase agriculture it is possible to manipulate abscisic acid levels in plants by overexpressing the key regulatory gene in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Stress tolerance can be improved by increasing abscisic acid level 1.13.11.71 carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase agriculture a nonsense mutation c.196C>T in the beta-carotene oxygenase 2 gene is found to strongly associate with the yellow fat phenotype in sheep. The existence of individuals lacking this mutation, but still demonstrating yellow fat, suggests that additional mutations may cause a similar phenotype in this population. Animals homozygous for the mutation are not reported to suffer from any negative health or development traits, pointing towards a minor role of BCO2 in vitamin A formation 1.13.12.19 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (ethene-forming) agriculture introduction of a gene encoding a chimeric protein consisting of EFE and beta-glucuronidase GUS into the tobacco genome using a binary vector which directs expression of the EFE-beta-glucuronidase fusion protein under the control of constitutive promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA. Transgenic plants produce ethylene at consistently higher rates than the untransformed plant, and their beta-glucuronidase activities are expressed in different tissues. A significant dwarf morphology observed in the transgenic tobacco displaying the highest ethylene production resembles the phenotype of a wild-type plant exposed to excess ethylene 1.14.11.9 flavanone 3-dioxygenase agriculture basis for further research on the control of berry skin color and wine quality 1.14.11.9 flavanone 3-dioxygenase agriculture the aim is to identify the soybean mosaic virus resistance associated single nucleotide polymorphism in the IFS1, IFS2 and F3H gene by association mapping in order to develop valuable genetic markers for future soybean mosaic virus resistance breeding efforts in soybean 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture creation of dwarf plants 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture cryptochromes are required for the transient induction of GA2ox1 expression in etiolated seedlings exposed to blue light, for the sustained elevation of GA2ox1 expression in seedlings grown in continuous blue light, and for maintaining a high amplitude of the circadian rhythm of GA2ox1 expression in seedlings grown in long-day photoperiods 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture ectopic expression of gibberllin 2-oxidase in wheat decreases the content of bioactive gibberellins and produces a range of dwarf plants with different degrees of severity. The dwarf phenotype is stably inherited over at least four generations and includes dark-green leaves, increasing tillering and, in severe cases, a prostrate growth habit. Expression of gibberlic acid biosynthesis genens TaGA20ox1 and TaGA3ox2 is up-regulated ant that of two alpha-amylase genes down-regulated in scutella of semi-dwarf lines. The phenotypes are restored to normal by application of gibberellin 3 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture expression of isoform PcGA2ox1 in Solanum melanocerasum and Solanum nigrum results in transgenic plants with a range of dwarf phenotypes associated with a severe reduction in the concentrations of biologically active gibberellins 1 and 4. Flowering and fruit development are unaffected. Transgenic plants contain greater concentrations of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, although chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents are reduced 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture breeding plants with reduced height, increased root biomass, normal flowering and seed production by overexpression of C20 gibberellin 2-oxidases: first overexpression of GA2ox9ACT mutant generates semidwarf rice with only slightly reduced grain weight and fertility, increased tiller number (by 22%) compared to wild-type, second overexpression of C20 GA2oxs with defective motif III, such as GA2ox5delta335-341ACT mutant, generates a semidwarf rice variety with reduced grain weight (by 16%) and fertility (by 12%) and twofold increased tiller number, third overexpression of a selected C20 GA2ox gene, such as GA2ox6 with less effect on plant growth under the control of a weak promoter could be beneficial without sacrificing seed production 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture applications of the SBI(SV14) allele in rice breeding are an efficient strategy to develop elite rice varieties with improved lodging resistance and increased yield 1.14.11.13 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase agriculture the enzyme (BnGA2ox2) is a new candidate gene for breeding dwarf varieties of rapeseed 1.14.11.60 scopoletin 8-hydroxylase agriculture ectopic expression of the peptides IRONMAN (IMA1 and IMA2) improves growth on calcareous soil by inducing biosynthesis and secretion of the catecholic coumarin 7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (fraxetin) via increased expression of MYB72 and scopoletin 8-hydrxylase. The response is strictly dependent on elevated environmental pH 1.14.11.61 feruloyl-CoA 6-hydroxylase agriculture four of the seven feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase genes are expressed in the storage root. A RNA interference construct, designed to a highly conserved region of these genes, significantly reduces feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase gene expression, scopoletin accumulation and rapid post-harvest physiological deterioration development 1.14.13.212 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid 5-monooxygenase agriculture treatment of coffee waste with caffeine-degrading microorganisms (either wild type or recombinant) may transform the waste into a valuable by-product, rather than a waste stream, because a caffeine concentration in the waste greater than 1% makes it unsuitable as animal feed or as a biofuel feedstock 1.14.13.235 indole-3-acetate monooxygenase agriculture coinoculation of roots with strain 1290 and 1 mM of indole-3-acetic acid has a positive effect on root development. In coinoculation experiments on radish roots, strain 1290 is partially able to alleviate the inhibitory effect of bacteria that in culture overproduce indole-3-acetic acid 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase agriculture enzyme expressed in Oryza sativa results in high tolerance to herbicides mefenacet, pyributicarb, amiprofos-methyl, trifluralin, pendimethalin, norflurazon, chlorotoluron and five chloroacetamides 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase agriculture cytochrome P450 monooxygenase as a tool for metabolizing of herbicides in plants 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase agriculture the enzyme is of great importance commercially not only from the point of view of herbicide resistance but also in terms of ecotoxicology 1.14.14.3 bacterial luciferase agriculture engineering of broad-host-range Erwinia amylovora virus Y2 to enhance its killing activity and for use as a luciferase reporter phage. The reporter phage Y2::luxAB transduces bacterial luciferase into host cells and induces synthesis of large amounts of a LuxAB luciferase fusion. After the addition of aldehyde substrate, bioluminescence can be monitored, and enables rapid and specific detection of low numbers of viable bacteria 1.14.14.3 bacterial luciferase agriculture optimization of fused luxAB expression, quantum yield and application as a reporter gene in plant protoplasts. Luciferase activity is dramatically increased upon use of the optimized gene and the 35S promoter compared to the original luxAB in Arabidopsis and maize cells 1.14.14.B11 nicotine demethylase agriculture while the nornicotine content of most commercial burley tobacco is low, a process termed conversion can bestow considerably increased nornicotine levels in a portion of the plants within the population. Transcript accumulation of isoform CYP82E4 is enhanced as much as 80fold in converter vs nonconverter tobacco. An optimized RNAi construct 82E4Ri298 suppresses nicotine to nornicotine conversion from 98% to as low as 0.8% in a strong converter tobacco line, a rate of nornicotine production that is about 3.6fold lower than typically detected in commercial varieties. Greenhouse-grown transgenic plants transformed with the RNAi construct are morphologically indistinguishable from the empty vector or wild-type controls 1.14.14.36 tyrosine N-monooxygenase agriculture simultaneous expression of the two multifunctional Sorghum cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis leads to cyanogenic plants. In transgenic plants expressing CYP79A1 as well as CYP71E1, the activity of CYP79A1 is higher than that of CYP71E1, resulting in the accumulation of several 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime-derived products in the addition to those derived from 4-hydroxymandelonitrile. Transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants expressing only CYP79A1 accumulate the same 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime-derived products as transgenic plants expressing both sorghum cytochrome P450 enzymes. The transgenic CYP79A1 Arabidopsis plants accumulate large amounts of 4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate 1.14.14.36 tyrosine N-monooxygenase agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing CYP79A1, CYP71E1, and UGT85B1 from Sorghum bicolor, i.e. the entire biosynthetic pathway for the tyrosine-derived cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, accumulate 4% dry-weight dhurrin with marginal inadvertent effects on plant morphology, free amino acid pools, transcriptome, and metabolome. Plants expressing only CYP79A1 accumulate 3% dry weight of the tyrosine-derived glucosinolate, 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate with no morphological pleitropic effects. Insertion of CYP79A1 plus CYP71E1 results in stunted plants, transcriptome alterations, accumulation of numerous glucosides derived from detoxification of intermediates in the dhurrin pathway, and in loss of the brassicaceae-specific UV protectants sinapoyl glucose and sinapoyl malate and kaempferol glucosides. The accumulation of glucosides in the plants expressing CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 is not accompanied by induction of glycosyltransferases 1.14.14.37 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase agriculture simultaneous expression of the two multifunctional sorghum cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 in tobacco and Arabidopsis leads to cyanogenic plants. In transgenic plants expressing CYP79A1 as well as CYP71E1, the activity of CYP79A1 is higher than that of CYP71E1, resulting in the accumulation of several 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime-derived products in the addition to those derived from 4-hydroxymandelonitrile. In transgenic Arabidopsis expressing CYP71E1, this enzyme and the enzymes of the pre-existing glucosinolate pathway compete for the 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime as substrate, resulting in the formation of small amounts of 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate 1.14.14.37 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing CYP79A1, CYP71E1, and UGT85B1 from Sorghum bicolor, i.e. the entire biosynthetic pathway for the tyrosine-derived cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, accumulate 4% dry-weight dhurrin with marginal inadvertent effects on plant morphology, free amino acid pools, transcriptome, and metabolome. Plants expressing only CYP79A1 accumulate 3% dry weight of the tyrosine-derived glucosinolate, 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate with no morphological pleitropic effects. Insertion of CYP79A1 plus CYP71E1 results in stunted plants, transcriptome alterations, accumulation of numerous glucosides derived from detoxification of intermediates in the dhurrin pathway, and in loss of the brassicaceae-specific UV protectants sinapoyl glucose and sinapoyl malate and kaempferol glucosides. The accumulation of glucosides in the plants expressing CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 is not accompanied by induction of glycosyltransferases 1.14.14.38 valine N-monooxygenase agriculture expression of CYP79D2 from cassava in Arabidopsis thaliana results in the production of valine- and isoleucine-derived glucosinolates not normally found in this ecotype. The transgenic lines show no morphological phenotype, and the level of endogenous glucosinolates is not affected. The novel glucosinolates constitute up to 35% of the total glucosinolate content in mature rosette leaves and up to 48% in old leaves. At increased concentrations of these glucosinolates, the proportion of Val-derived glucosinolates decreases. As the isothiocyanates produced from the Val- and isoleucine-derived glucosinolates are volatile, metabolically engineered plants producing these glucosinolates have acquired novel properties with great potential for improvement of resistance to herbivorous insects and for biofumigation 1.14.14.43 (methylsulfanyl)alkanaldoxime N-monooxygenase agriculture loss of CYP83A1 function leads to dramatically reduced parasitic growth of the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum on Arabidopsis thaliana 1.14.14.82 flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase agriculture enzyme expression is under control of pericarp color1, P1. The P1 controlled 3-deoxyanthocyanidin and C-glycosyl flavone defence compounds accumulate at significantly higher levels in Pr1 silks as compared to pr1 silks. By virtue of increased maysin synthesis in Pr1 plants, corn ear worm larvae fed on Pr1/P1 silks show slower growth as compared to pr1/P1 silks 1.14.14.99 (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase agriculture cosuppression of limonene-3-hydroxylase in peppermint promotes accumulation of limonene in the essential oil. Pathway engineering can be employed to significantly alter essential oil composition without adverse metabolic consequences 1.14.14.127 methyl farnesoate epoxidase agriculture the enzyme may be useful in the design and screening of selective insect control agents 1.14.14.137 (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase agriculture introduction of drought tolerance in apple seedlings, the 3R-isomer of the abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase inhibitor abscinazole-F1 (3R-(E)-6-tert-butyl-5-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-6,8-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-8-ol) has no growth-retardant effect on apple seedlings but induces stomatal closure and drought tolerance during dehydration at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 microM (spray treatment) 1.14.14.143 (+)-menthofuran synthase agriculture increasing Cd level in the soil is followed by a reduction in the expression of menthone reductase and pulegone reductase genes, while an increase in the expression of menthofuran synthase is observed 1.14.14.154 sterol 14alpha-demethylase agriculture target enzyme for azole antifungal agents. These specific inhibitors are of great importance as plant growth regulators, fungicides and herbicides in the agricultural and medical fields 1.14.14.154 sterol 14alpha-demethylase agriculture all known functional sterols lack a 14alpha-methyl group, and therefore the 14alpha-demethylation reaction has received much attention from the pharmaceutical and agriculture-chemical industry as a possible means to specifically control and inhibit sterol biosynthesis in mammals, fungi, and plant 1.14.14.154 sterol 14alpha-demethylase agriculture target of important agrochemicals such as fungicides, plant growth regulators and herbicides 1.14.14.154 sterol 14alpha-demethylase agriculture silencing of enzyme by potato virus X::Nt CYP51-1 transcripts, accumulation of obtusifoliol and other 14alpha-methyl sterols 1.14.14.154 sterol 14alpha-demethylase agriculture the enzyme is a target for antifungal inhibitors in protection of crops against fungal pathogens 1.14.14.178 steroid 22S-hydroxylase agriculture it will be possible to control plant growth by engineering DWF4 transcription in plants 1.14.14.179 brassinosteroid 6-oxygenase agriculture overexpression in seeds increases the levels of castasterone and brassinolide in seeds. Compared to the wild type, the overexpressing strains produces substantially larger seeds with a high concentration of nutrients due to an enhancement in brassinosteroids signaling. Additionally, it exhibits superior seed germination, seedling and rosette plant growth, and flower and silique formation 1.14.14.180 brassinolide synthase agriculture overexpression in seeds increases the levels of castasterone and brassinolide in seeds. Compared to the wild type, the overexpressing strains produces substantially larger seeds with a high concentration of nutrients due to an enhancement in brassinosteroids signaling. Additionally, it exhibits superior seed germination, seedling and rosette plant growth, and flower and silique formation 1.14.15.7 choline monooxygenase agriculture enhancing glycine betaine synthesis is one of the most promising ways to improve salt tolerance in cotton 1.14.17.4 aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase agriculture plants transformed with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1 and 2 antisense constructs show a significantly reduced post-harvest ethylene production 1.14.17.4 aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase agriculture plants transformed with an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase antisense constructs show reduced ethylene production and a delayed senescence 1.14.18.1 tyrosinase agriculture application of boron at high concentrations (10 and 20 mM) to maize seeds or even application very near to the seeds is not advisable 1.14.18.9 4alpha-methylsterol monooxygenase agriculture enzyme is an antifungal target 1.14.19.1 stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase agriculture disease resistance 1.14.19.1 stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase agriculture higher enzymic acitivity in Jersey-sired cattle than in Limousin-sired cattle, positive relationship between adipose tissue beta-carotene and desaturation 1.14.19.2 stearoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] 9-desaturase agriculture mutant strain showing contents of up to 20% of unusual acyl chains such as 16:1DELTA9, 16:2DDELTA9,12, 18:1DELTA11, increase of enzyme activity in mutant 1.14.19.22 acyl-lipid omega-6 desaturase (cytochrome b5) agriculture mutation Ol greatly increases oleic acid and is correlated with greatly reduced expression of enzyme isoform FAD2-1. FAD2-1 gene is duplicated in Ol mutants. Development of dominant INDEL markers diagnostic for presence or absence of the Ol mutation 1.14.19.30 acyl-lipid (8-3)-desaturase agriculture DELTA-5 and DELTA-6 desaturase are candidate genes for use in aquaculture, to enhance both disease resistance and fish oil production 1.14.19.35 sn-2 acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (ferredoxin) agriculture potential of exploiting FAD overexpression as a tool to ameliorate drought tolerance in plants 1.14.19.47 acyl-lipid (9-3)-desaturase agriculture DELTA-5 and DELTA-6 desaturase are candidate genes for use in aquaculture, to enhance both disease resistance and fish oil production 1.14.20.4 anthocyanidin synthase agriculture basis work for molecular directional breeding of sweet potato 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase agriculture enzyme is a biochemical marker sufficient to identify a trypanosomatid isolated from a plant as belonging to the genus Phytomonas 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase agriculture soaking fish larva in enzyme solution protects fish from 100 ppm paraquat-induced oxidative injury 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase agriculture concomitant expression of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in potato chloroplast results in enhanced tolerance of plants to 0.25 mM methyl viologen, and visible damage in transgenic plants is one-fourth that of control. In addition, transgenic plants are more resistant to elevated temperatures 1.15.1.2 superoxide reductase agriculture expression in Nicotiana tabacum as fusion protein with green fluorescent protein. Enzyme construct localizes to cytosol and nucleus. Enzyme retains its function and heat stability. Plant cells expressing the enzyme show enhanced survival at high temperatures 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture increase in ethylene production is accompanied by increase in enzyme activity. Salicylic acid, methionine and ethephon enhance ethylene production, AgNO3 inhibits. Induction of enzyme activity is accompanied by increase in iron, zinc and phosphorus concentration of explants 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture lower enzyme activity in leaves of seedlings grown on 0.002 mM iron than in plants grown on 0.022 or 0.045 mM iron, lack of iron decreases the leaf chlorophyll index and iron concentration in recently matured leaves. Iron level in nutrient solution has no effect on fresh and dry weight 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture lower enzyme activity in leaves of seedlings grown on 0.002 mM iron than in plants grown on 0.022 or 0.045 mM iron, leaves of plants grown without iron become chlorotic within 6 weeks, lack of iron decreases the leaf chlorophyll index and iron concentration in recently matured leaves 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture main reason for iron deficiency chlorosis of plants grown on calcareous soils is the inhibition of FeIII reduction in the apoplast and hence Fe2+ uptake into the cytosol 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture Vaccinium corymbosum is less efficient in acquiring nitrate than Vaccinium arboreum, possibly due to decreased enzyme activity. This may partially explain the wider soil adaptation of Vaccinium arboreum 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture bicarbonate induced deficiency in iron may cause more severe oxidative stress in the rootstocks, than the absence of iron. Additionally to inhibition of iron-chelate reductase, growth in presence of bicarbonate may lead to decreased activities of peroxidase and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, depending on the subspecies of plant 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture heterologous expression of isoform AtFRO2 in Glycine max significantly enhances Fe3+ reduction in roots and leaves. Root ferric reductase activity is up to tenfold higher in transgenic plants than in control and is not subject to post-transcriptional regulation. In leaves, enzyme activity is threefold higher than in control. Enhanced ferric reductase activity leads to reduced chlorosis, increased chlorophyll concentration and a lessening in biomass loss. However, constitutive heterologous expression of AtFRO2 under non-iron stress conditions may result in decrease in plant productivity 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture enhancing the Fe3+ chelate reductase activity of rice plants that normally have low endogenous levels confers resistance to Fe deficiency 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture ferric reductase oxidase 7 is a chloroplast Fe(III) chelate reductase required for survival under ironlimiting conditions, for efficient photosynthesis, and for proper chloroplast iron acquisition in young seedlings 1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) agriculture virus-induced gene silencing is used to silence the ferric chelate reductase, virus-induced gene silencing system can be employed to investigate gene function associated with plant nutrient uptake in roots 1.17.1.4 xanthine dehydrogenase agriculture treatment of normal fruit in linear phase of growth with enzyme inhibitors allopurinol or adenine arrests fruit growth 1.17.1.8 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase agriculture potential herbicide target, leads for herbicide development are inhibitors: dipicolinic acid, isophthalic acid, and DELTA3-tetrahydroisophthalic acid 1.18.1.2 ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase agriculture heterologous expression of enzyme in Nicotiana tabacum shows transgenic protein distribution between thylakoid membranes and chloroplast stroma. Thylakoids of transgenic plants with 5fold increase in enzyme protein show only about 20% increase in electron transport from water to NADP+. transgenic plants fail to show significant differences in CO2 assimilation rates but show enhanced tolerance to photooxidative damage and redox-cycling herbicides 1.18.1.2 ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase agriculture design of an in vivo system to optimize flavodoxin reduction and NADP+ regeneration under stress using a version of cyanobacterial ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase without the thylakoid-binding domain. Co-expression of the two soluble flavoproteins in the chloroplast stroma of Nicotiana tabacum results in lines displaying maximal tolerance to redox-cycling oxidants, lower damage and decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation 1.18.1.2 ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase agriculture expression of full-length cDNA of leaf-type ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase leads to altered chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Overexpression of isoform LFNR1 affects the nitrogen assimilation pathway without inhibition of photosynthesis under normal conditions. The endogenous protein level of Oryz sativa LFNR is suppressed in LFNR1 overexpressing rice plants, leading to changes in the stoichiometry of the two LFNR isoforms within the thylakoid and soluble fractions 1.18.1.2 ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase agriculture expression of full-length cDNA of leaf-type ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase leads to altered chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Overexpression of isoform LFNR2 leads to the impairment of photosynthetic linear electron transport as well as ferredoxin-dependent cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. The endogenous protein level of Oryza sativa LFNR is suppressed in LFNR2 overexpressing rice plants, leading to changes in the stoichiometry of the two LFNR isoforms within the thylakoid and soluble fractions 1.18.6.1 nitrogenase agriculture enzyme activity increases with increasing concentration of O2 in the root zone. Photosynthetic rate, plant dry mass, leaf N content, and nodule fresh mass are maximal in plants maintained with 15-25% O2 in the root zone 1.19.6.1 nitrogenase (flavodoxin) agriculture nitrogenase activity decline due to salinity stress is significantly lower and delayed in plants nodulated by flavodoxin-expressing bacteria than after nodulation by wild-type bacteria. After 3 days of stress, this decrease is approximately 60% for nodules elicited by wild-type bacteria and only 40% for flavodoxin-expressing nodules. Overexpression of flavodoxin in bacteroids has a protective effect on the function and structure of alfalfa nodules subjected to salinity stress conditions 1.21.3.6 aureusidin synthase agriculture coexpression of enzyme and chalcone 4’-O-glucosyltransferase is sufficient for accumulation of aureusidin 6-O-glucoside in transgenic flowers. Additional down-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by RNAi results in yellow flowers 1.21.99.5 tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase agriculture degradation of lipophilic solvent tetrachloroethene, one of the most abundant halogenated xenobiotic pollutants in the environment 1.21.99.5 tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase agriculture uesd to decontaminate environment polluntant, tetrachloroethene, by tetrachloroethene bioremediation 1.21.99.5 tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase agriculture suitable for tetrachloroethene bioremediation 1.21.99.5 tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase agriculture can play important role in breakdown of perchloroethene and other chlorinated aliphatic compounds in sites contaminated with mixtures of halogenated substances 1.21.99.5 tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase agriculture bioremediation of chloroethylenes, multiple chlorinated aliphatic molecules, in contaminated sites and water, anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of toxic xenobiotic 2.1.1.41 sterol 24-C-methyltransferase agriculture construction of transgenic plants with modified sterol profile via recombinant sterol 24-C-methyltransferase shall protect crops against damage by insect infestation 2.1.1.101 macrocin O-methyltransferase agriculture tylosin is used in the swine industry as a growth promotant 2.1.1.104 caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase agriculture antisense repression of the enzyme ia an efficient means for genetic engineering of trees with low lignin content 2.1.1.141 jasmonate O-methyltransferase agriculture genetic introduction of methyljasmonate-producing gene can be used to achieve fortified resistance of plants against various pathogens 2.1.1.156 glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase agriculture enzyme can be used in betaine production for improvement of stress tolerance of commercially important microbes in agriculture and industry, and for nutritial improvement of transgenic crop plants, that do not produce betaine naturally 2.1.1.157 sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase agriculture enzyme can be used in betaine production for improvement of stress tolerance of commercially important microbes in agriculture and industry, and for nutritial improvement of transgenic crop plants, that do not produce betaine naturally 2.1.1.158 7-methylxanthosine synthase agriculture expression of the caffeine biosynthesis enzymes in transgenic crop plants amay protect against the crop damaging larvae of pests 2.1.1.159 theobromine synthase agriculture expression of the caffeine biosynthesis enzymes in transgenic crop plants may protect against the crop damaging larvae of pests 2.1.1.160 caffeine synthase agriculture expression of the caffeine biosynthesis enzymes in transgenic crop plants may protect against the crop damaging larvae of pests 2.1.1.280 selenocysteine Se-methyltransferase agriculture transgenic expression in arabidopsis thaliana. After high zinc stress, the transgenic plants over-expressing SmtA show higher survival rate than the wild type. Over-expression of SmtA in Arabidopsis increases the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, and enhances the tolerance to zinc stress 2.1.1.280 selenocysteine Se-methyltransferase agriculture transgenic expression in Nicotiana tabacum. When plants are watered with 200 microM selenate, overexpression of a selenocysteine methyltransferase transgene causes a 2- to 4fold increase in Se accumulation resulting in increased numbers of leaf lesions and areas of necrosis, production of methylselenocysteine up to 20% of total Se and generation of volatile dimethyl diselenide derived directly from methylselenocysteine. Despite the greatly increased accumulation of total Se, this does not result in increased Se toxicity effects on growth. Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase does not increase Se accumulation from selenate. Lines overexpressing both ATP sulfurylase and selenocysteine methyltransferase do not show a further increase in total Se accumulation or in leaf toxicity symptoms relative to overexpression of selenocysteine methyltransferase alone, but direct a greater proportion of Se into methylselenocysteine 2.1.1.280 selenocysteine Se-methyltransferase agriculture Brassica juncea SMT demonstrates its potential applications in crop MeSeCys biofortification and phytoremediation of Se pollution 2.1.1.295 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone methyltransferase agriculture constitutive expression in Zea mays leads to transgenic kernels containing up to 3-times as much gamma-tocopherol as their wild type counterparts whereas other tocopherol isomers remain undetectable 2.1.1.295 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone methyltransferase agriculture seed-specific expression of 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase VTE3 in transgenic soybean reduces seed delta-tocopherol from 20 to 2%. When VTE3 is coexpressed with VTE4, i.e. gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase, in soybean, the seed accumulates to more than 95% alpha-tocopherol, from the normal 10%, resulting in a greater than eightfold increase of alpha-tocopherol and an up to fivefold increase in seed vitamin E activity 2.2.1.6 acetolactate synthase agriculture inhibitor ZJ0273, i.e. propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate at 100 mg/l is the optimal dose of herbicide for rapeseed field 2.2.1.6 acetolactate synthase agriculture Nicotiana tabacum plants with transplastomic expression of mutants G121A, A122V, or P197S are specifically tolerant to pyrimidinylcarboxylate, imidazolinon, and sulfonylurea/pyrimidinylcarboxylate herbicides, respectively 2.2.1.6 acetolactate synthase agriculture use of two-point mutated gene of acetolactate synthase from herbicide-resistant rice callus as a selectable marker gene in production of transgenic soybeans. T1 soybeans grown from one regenerated plant after selection of the acetolactate synthase targeting pyrimidinyl-carboxy herbicide bispyribacsodium exhibit herbicide resistance, and the introduction and expression of the gene is confirmed by genetic analysis. The selective culturing is applicable to the production of transgenic soybeans 2.2.1.7 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase agriculture in mature poplar leaves, isoprene emission is the main metabolic sink of plastidic isoprenoid intermediates. Consequently, there is lower enzymic activity in non-isoprene-emitting lines of poplar than in emitting plants as indicator of a lower demand of metabolic flux within the MEP pathway 2.2.1.7 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase agriculture single nucleotide polymorphism K284N is significantly associated with Muscat-flavoured varieties. Substitution influences the enzyme kinetics by increasing the catalytic efficiency and also dramatically affects monoterpene levels upon heterologous expression 2.3.1.16 acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase agriculture a single nucleotide substitution, a T to C transition located in the 3' untranslated region of the ACAA2 gene is significantly associated with total lactation production and milk protein percentage, with respective additive effects of 6.81 kg and -0.05%. A significant dominance effect of 0.46 kg is detected for milk fat yield. Homozygous TT and heterozygous CT animals exhibit higher milk yield compared with homozygous CC animals. mRNA expression of the ACAA2 gene from TT animals is 2.8- and 11.8fold higher in liver and mammary gland, respectively. The T allele is expressed at an average of 18% more compared with the C allele in the udder of randomly selected ewes 2.3.1.30 serine O-acetyltransferase agriculture metabolic engineering, i.e. construction of transgenic plants, of Solanum tuberosum to enhance the endogenous content of sulfur-containing compounds 2.3.1.37 5-aminolevulinate synthase agriculture with high irradiance, transgenic rice lines P5 and P14 expressing 5-aminolevulinate synthase show a decrease in contents of chlorophyll and the chloroplast-encoded gene psbA mRNA, whereas a decrease in light-harvesting Chl-binding proteins is observed only in P14. These effects are not observed in the wild-type or all of the lines treated with low irradiance. High irradiance results in a greater decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem 2 and a greater increase in nonphotochemical quenching in the transgenic lines, particularly in P14. Photoprotective zeaxanthin contents increase at high irradiance, even though carotenoid contents are lower in the transgenic lines. When exposed to high irradiance, superoxide dismutase greatly increased in transgenic lines P5 and P14, but peroxidase and glutathione reductase increases only in P14, in which more photodynamic damage occurrs 2.3.1.47 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase agriculture possible target for design of inhibitors as herbicides and antibacterial agents 2.3.1.47 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase agriculture 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase triazolyl phenyl disulfide inhibitors as potential herbicides, overview 2.3.1.64 agmatine N4-coumaroyltransferase agriculture enzyme expression in Torenia hybrida leads to accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids, predominantly p-coumaroylagmatine, in transgenic plants, and the hydroxycinnamic acids are isomerized from the trans-form to the cis-form in planta. The transgenic line which accumulates the highest amount of endogenous hydroxycinnamic acids, i.e. total hydroxycinnamic acids at 47.5 mM, is resistant to the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. The transformants are not significantly resistant to three representative herbivores, Frankliniella occidentalis, Aphis gossypii, and Tetranychus ludeni 2.3.1.74 chalcone synthase agriculture upon infection with hop stunt viroid, expression of chalcone synthase decreases up to 40fold with concomittant decrease in the expression of HlbHLH2 and an increase in the expression of HlMyb3 encoding transcription factors that form a ternary complex with WDR1 for CHS_H1 promoter activation 2.3.1.75 long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase agriculture transgenic plants expressing the enzyme allow the production of long-chain liquid waxes at reasonable cost for use in commercial applications 2.3.1.91 sinapoylglucose-choline O-sinapoyltransferase agriculture targeted metabolic engineering, designed to generate low-sinapate ester lines of Brassica napus, because sinaoate esters hamper to use of Brassica napus as animal feeding crop 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture Carica papaya is transformed with Vitis vinifera stilbene synthase construct pVst1, containing the Vst1 gene and its pathogen-inducible promoter. RNA transcripts of stilbene synthase and resveratrol glycoside are induced in plant lines transformed with the grapevine pVst1 construct shortly after pathogen inoculation, and the transformed papaya lines exhibit increased resistance to Phytophthora palmivora 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture accumulation of endogenous resveratrol and stilbene synthase mRNA occurrs rapidly and significantly in response to UV-C irradiation. Applying resveratrol before UV-C irradiation mitigates rusty spots and wilting of peanut leaves, and inhibition of resveratrol by applying 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid worsens UV-C damage 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture cultures expressing plant oncogene rolB of Agrobacterium rhizogenes show an 1.3- to 3.8fold increase in expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and stilbene synthase, resulting in increased resveratrol production 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture expression of the NS-Vitis3 gene encoding stilbene synthase in Fragaria3ananassa results in increased accumulation of cinnamate, coumarate, and ferulate derivatives concomitantly with a decrease in the levels of flavonols, while the anticipated resveratrol or its derivatives are not detected. Changes in the levels of phenolic compounds lead to increased susceptibility of the transgenic strawberry to grey mould fungus 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture expression of the Vitis vinifera cDNA encoding stilbene synthase in Lycopersicon esculentum leads to accumulation of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid, in particular in the skin of the mature fruits. Transgenic fruits contain low levels of trans-resveratrol, their the total antioxidant capability and ascorbate content increases significantly 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture transfer of Vitis pseudoreticulata stilbene synthase gene into Vitis vinifera via Agrobacterium tumenfaciens-mediated transformation leads to 5.5fold increase in resveratrol concentration in the transgenic plants 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture expression of Arachis hypogaea resveratrol synthase in Oryza sativa. Compared to the wild-type rice, in which trans-resveratrol is undetectable, in transgenic rice, the trans-resveratrol achieves up to 0.697 microg/g fresh weigt in seedlings and 3.053 microg/g dry weight in seeds. The concentration of trans-resveratrol in transgenic rice seedlings can be induced up to eight or fourfold higher by ultraviolet or dark, respectively. Simultaneously, the endogenous increase of resveratrol protects the host plant from UV-C caused damage or dark-induced senescence 2.3.1.95 trihydroxystilbene synthase agriculture overexpression of isoform STS6 from Chinese wild type Vitis quinquangularis in vitis vinifera Thompson. The resistance to powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is particularly enhanced in lines most highly expressing STS6. Compared with the non-transformed controls, trans-resveratrol and other stilbene compounds are significantly increased in the transgenic lines 2.3.1.99 quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase agriculture overexpression of the enzyme in tomato causes plants to accumulate higher levels of chlorogenic acid, with no side-effects on the levels of other soluble phenolics. Plants show improved antioxidant capacity and resistance to infection by bacterial pathogens. Tomatoes with elevated levels of chlorogenic acid could be used in foods with specific benefits for human health 2.3.1.107 deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase agriculture treatment with cold plasma upregulates the expressions of deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase gene by an average of 7.8 times. Plasma priming induces activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, catalase (about twofold) and peroxidase (31%). The plasma-treated seedlings contain higher concentrations of alkaloids 2.3.1.133 shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase agriculture HCT is evaluated as a target for forage quality improvement 2.3.1.133 shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase agriculture reduction of content and improvement of biomass saccharification can be achieved by engineering transgenic lines that overproduce non-canonical substrates 3-hydroxybenzoate, gentisate, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, protocatechuate, 3-aminobenzoate, 3-hydroxyanthranilate, 5-hydroxyanthranilate, catechol or hydroquinone 2.3.1.133 shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase agriculture downregulation of key genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, such as hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), through terminator-less constructs to reduce lignin content. T1 transgenic rice plants show 36-86% transcript reduction in HCT lines. Down-regulated lines show significant reduction in total lignin content with lignin reduction ranging from 4.6 to 10.8% 2.3.1.138 putrescine N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase agriculture transcript abundances of genes that catalyze the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, such as 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, tyrosine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, and putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, are higher in the genotypes resistant to late blight induced by Phytophthora infestans 2.3.1.146 pinosylvin synthase agriculture even though pinosylvin, due to its high antifungal activity, could offer new possibilities in engineering disease resistance, its synthesis in heterologous plants may be restricted by factors related to 4-coumarate:CoA ligase-substrate specificity, or metabolic channelling. Cotransformation of pinosylvin-forming stilbene synthase and cinnamate-specific 4-coumarate:CoA ligase could offer a feasible tool to avoid these restrictions 2.3.1.146 pinosylvin synthase agriculture the promoter-stilbene synthase construct may be useful for the ablation of pollen formation in coniferous gymnosperms and male sterility may potentially be viewed as a prerequisite for the commercial use of transgenic conifers 2.3.1.168 dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase agriculture mutation of promoter binding protein SPL16/GW8 leads to upregulation of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. SPL16 mutations have the potential to boost the grain yield of rice 2.3.1.171 anthocyanin 6''-O-malonyltransferase agriculture the enzyme may serve as a tool for the metabolic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis leading to the accumulation of cinerarin in flowers, which results in the coloration of blue flowers 2.3.1.171 anthocyanin 6''-O-malonyltransferase agriculture the gene for anthocyanin malonyltransferase should be useful in the stabilization of anthocyanin pigments, which enable flower color modification in transgenic plants 2.3.1.172 anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside 6'''-O-malonyltransferase agriculture Ss5MaT1 cDNA may be an important tool for controlling flower colors by metabolic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis 2.3.1.176 propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase agriculture sterol carrier protein-2 is a validated target for development of novel insecticides due to its divergent protein structure and function from the vertebrate SCP-2. HaSCP-2 is important for normal development and fertility in Helicoverpa armigera. Chemical inhibitors of HaSCP-2 through a structure-based virtual screening are discovered. Bioassay indicates that H1 (N2,N7-di(1-naphthyl)-9H-2,7-fluorenedisulfonamide) and H14 (2,2'-diphenyl-4H,4'H-[6,6'-bibenzo[d][1,3]oxazine]-4,4'-dione) have inhibitory effect on the growth of Helicoverpa armigera larvae. H1 and H14 are promising as useful lead compounds for further optimization and development of novel SCP-2-specific pesticides 2.3.1.183 phosphinothricin acetyltransferase agriculture since the presence of the PAT gene confers resistance to the host harboring it, this gene has been used extensively as a selectable marker for the transformation of a wide range of plants 2.3.1.183 phosphinothricin acetyltransferase agriculture creation of herbicide resistant plants 2.3.1.183 phosphinothricin acetyltransferase agriculture expression of PAT gene in Oryza sativa japonica variety Zhonghua11, results in a large number of independent T0 transgenic plants, most of which grow normally under high-concentration glufosinate treatment. The expression of PAT has no adverse effect on the agronomic performance of the T2 progenies. Definite glufosinate resistance of the selected transgenic plants is related to the expression of PAT. The inheritance and expression of PAT in two transgenic plants is stable. The agronomic performance of the transgenic plant is not affected by high dosage of glufosinate (5000 g per ha) 2.3.1.183 phosphinothricin acetyltransferase agriculture use of the bar gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase as selectable marker in barley. Enzyme activities vary in eight near isogenic lines that show a range of phenotypes (apparently normal to abnormal and nonviable) when homozygous for bar. Fitness of plants is clearly and negatively correlated with phosphinothricin acetyltransferase activity 2.3.1.188 omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase agriculture rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear 2.3.2.8 arginyltransferase agriculture plant cysteine oxidases (PCOs) and enzyme ATE1 may be viable intervention targets to stabilize N-end rule substrates, including ERF-VIIs, to enhance submergence tolerance in agriculture 2.3.2.13 protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase agriculture physiological role of MsTGase and the potential impact of its regulation on MsTGase-associated pest management 2.3.2.15 glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase agriculture reduction of the level of arsenic (As) in rice grains is an important challenge for agriculture. Phytochelatin synthase OsPCS1 plays a crucial role in reducing arsenic levels in rice grains. Transgenic plants highly expressing OsPCS1 show significantly lower As levels in grains compared to wild-type plants. PCS1 is a good candidate tool to reduce As levels in rice grains 2.3.3.5 2-methylcitrate synthase agriculture implications for propionate as an antifungal agent 2.3.3.9 malate synthase agriculture enzyme is required for pathogenicity of the fungal phytopathogen 2.3.3.10 hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase agriculture overexpression of Brassica juncea wild-type and mutant (S359A) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase in Solanum lycopersicum, causes an accumulation of mevalonate-derived squalene and phytosterols, as well as methylerythritol phosphate (methylerythritol phosphate)-derived alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and carotenoids. Genes associated with the biosyntheses of C10, C15 and C20 universal precursors of isoprenoids, phytosterols, brassino-steroids, dolichols, methylerythritol phosphate, carotenoid and vitamin E are upregulated. In S359A tomato fruits, increased squalene and phytosterol contents over wild-type fruits are attributed to heightened SlHMGR2, SlFPS1, SlSQS and SlCYP710A11 expression. In both tomato wild-type and S359A fruits, the up-regulation of SlGPS and SlGGPPS1 in the mevalonate pathway that leads to alpha-tocopherol and carotenoid accumulation indicates cross-talk between the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways. The manipulation of Brassica juncea 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 1 (HMGS1) represents a promising strategy to simultaneously elevate health-promoting squalene, phytosterols, alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids in tomato, an edible fruit 2.3.3.13 2-isopropylmalate synthase agriculture overexpression of enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana results in plants with an aberrant phenotype. Plants have both perturbed amino acid metabolism and enhanced levels of glucosinolates. Overexpression causes upregulation of the genes for methionine-derived glucosinolate biosynthesis, and downregulation of genes involved in leucine catabolism 2.3.3.13 2-isopropylmalate synthase agriculture the OsIPMS1 might be used as a biomarker to determine the best stop time-point of seed priming in rice 2.3.3.16 citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) agriculture - 2.3.3.16 citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) agriculture overexpression of Daucus carota enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana plant mitochondria improves the ability of the plants to grow in phosphorus limited soil due to enhanced citrate excretion from the roots 2.3.3.16 citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) agriculture citrate synthase deletion mutant is highly attenuated in virulence. The mutant has lost all its enzymic activity and shows a 10fold reduction in vir gene expression. The mutation results in only a minor reduction in growth rate in a glucose-salts medium, and the reduced growth rate is not responsible for the attenuated virulence 2.3.3.16 citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) agriculture construction of mutants with reduced enzymic activity by localized random PCR mutagenesis. In symbiosis with alfalfa, alfalfa plants form fully effective nodules when infected with Sinorhizobium meliloti mutants having as low as 7% of citrate synthase activity. Mutants with about 3% of wild-type citrate synthase activity form nodules with lower nitrogenase activity and a mutant with 0.5% of wild-type activity forms Fix-nodules 2.4.1.1 glycogen phosphorylase agriculture phosphorylase activity is induced during ripening and is associated with the onset of starch degradation. Regulation is mainly dependent on gene expression, and the absence of ethylene perception by 1-methylcyclopropane has a positive effect 2.4.1.10 levansucrase agriculture the presence of distinct 6G-FFT sequence variants appears to be associated with the capacity of high sugar-content grasses to accumulate higher fructan levels particularly at warmer temperatures 2.4.1.13 sucrose synthase agriculture sucrose synthase is a good physiological indicator for use in breeding for improved seed size in chickpea 2.4.1.14 sucrose-phosphate synthase agriculture sucrose phosphate synthase gene SPS is a suitable endogenous reference gene for genetically modified rice detection, method development and validation of the SPS gene as an endogenous reference gene and its optimized qualitative and quantitative PCR systems, overview 2.4.1.15 alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) agriculture a new strategy to increase drought tolerance and yield in legumes by overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium etli is shown 2.4.1.15 alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) agriculture improvement of drought tolerance of potato plants 2.4.1.15 alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) agriculture the results demonstrate that engineering trehalose metabolism with a yeast TPS-TPP bifunctional enzyme confers multiple stress protection in plants, comprising a potential tool to improve stress-tolerance in crops 2.4.1.16 chitin synthase agriculture enzyme inhibitors can be useful as potential pesticidal agents 2.4.1.16 chitin synthase agriculture enzyme deletion mutants are unable to form appressoria on artificial surfaces, except following the application of the exogenous inducers 1,16-hexadecanediol and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Mutants are significantly reduced in their ability to enter rice plants, but growth in planta is not affected 2.4.1.16 chitin synthase agriculture gene disruption mutant is not significantly affected in either growth characteristics or pathogenicity on tomato leaves. Mutant exhibits a 31% increase in its chitin content and displays increased sensitivity to Caclofluor White and slightly enhanced tolerance to cell-wall disturbing substances and osmosis regulators 2.4.1.16 chitin synthase agriculture specific disruption of the CHS1 gene results in a 58% reduction of chitin synthase activity, accompanied by decreases of 35% in chitin content, 22% in conidiation, and 16% in macroconidium length. The mutant displays significantly reduced pathogenicity on wheat spikes and seedlings 2.4.1.16 chitin synthase agriculture the enzyme is a specific target of insecticides 2.4.1.19 cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase agriculture cyclodextrin production, agriculture chemistry 2.4.1.21 starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) agriculture activity of starch synthase in the grains follows single-peak curves with the peaks on 24-31 days after pollination. The accumulation rates of starch and its components reach their peaks on 25-32 days after pollination. There is significant positive correlation between adenosine diphosphoglucose diphosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch granule-bound synthase activities 2.4.1.21 starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) agriculture in a cultivar with a high starch content, the starch accumulation rate and activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose dihosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme are significantly higher than those in a cultivar with a low starch content. Plants of the cultivar with a high starch content maintain the higher starch accumulation rate and greater activities of related enzymes during mid and late grain filling stages 2.4.1.21 starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) agriculture incubation of excised developing grains of ambient grown plants at 15°C, 25°C, 35°C and 45°C. Elevated temperature does not lead to a decrease in grain growth. High temperature tolerance is associated with higher catalytic efficiency of soluble starch synthase at elevated temperature and higher content of HSP 100 2.4.1.21 starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) agriculture incubation of excised developing grains of ambient grown plants at 15°C, 25°C, 35°C and 45°C. Elevated temperature leads to a significant decrease in grain growth 2.4.1.34 1,3-beta-glucan synthase agriculture silencing of enzyme genes GSL5, GSL6, GSL11 with RNAi: both wound callose and papillary callose are absent in lines transformed with GSL5 dsRNAi, but unaffected in GSL6 and GSL11 RNAi lines. Absence of callose in palpillae or haustorial complexes correlates with effective growth cessation of several normally virulent powdery mildew species and of Peronospora parasitica 2.4.1.82 galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase agriculture development of an F2 population with 168 individuals by crossing lineages PI603452, PI283327, PI200508 and NA5909. A three base pair deletion in raffinose synthase 2 gene (GmRS2-Glyma.06G179200) on PI200508 accession explains 69.61%, 51.81% and 31.96% of stachyose, raffinose and sucrose variation, respectively, and soybean with average stachyose content of 0.18% can be produced. The mutation can be used to increase sucrose and reduce raffinose and stachyose content without major changes in oil and protein 2.4.1.82 galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase agriculture in seeds of the galactinol synthase GS1/GS2 and raffinose synthase RFS5 mutant the timing of desiccation tolerance acquisition is delayed as compared to wild type. Seeds from GS1/GS2 overexpressing plants with high levels of galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose, and RS5 overexpressing plants possess more raffinose and stachyose but less galactinol compared to wild type. These lines show greater germination percentage and shorter time to 50% germination after desiccation treatment at 11 and 15 days after flower. The role of raffinose family oligosaccharides is time limited and mainly affects the middle stage of seed development by enhancing seed viability and the ratio of GSH to GSSH in cells, but there is no significant difference in desiccation tolerance of mature seeds 2.4.1.82 galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase agriculture significant environmental effects exist on sucrose and the raffinose family of oligosaccharies for both commodity-type soybeans and lines with altered carbohydrate profiles. Altered carbohydrate soybeans can produce a high sucrose ( above 8% dry weight) and low raffinose family of oligosaccharies (less than 1% total raffinose and stachyose) phenotype across different locations when plants have the appropriate maturity. The carbohydrate profile is affected by the environment, and cooler temperatures during the later pod-filling stages strongly correlate with increased sucrose and decreased stachyose, the desired profile changes 2.4.1.85 cyanohydrin beta-glucosyltransferase agriculture it is possible to engineer plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) which express the high flux pathway for dhurrin synthesis 2.4.1.99 sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase agriculture acitivity is inhibited by water stress, and negatively correlates with the remobilization of carbon reserves 2.4.1.99 sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase agriculture the presence of distinct 6G-FFT sequence variants appears to be associated with the capacity of high sugar-content grasses to accumulate higher fructan levels particularly at warmer temperatures 2.4.1.100 2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase agriculture effect of temperature and storage time of plant on enzyme activity 2.4.1.100 2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase agriculture introduction of the high DP 1-FFT gene in chicory, a crop widely used for inulin extraction, could lead to an increase in degree of polymerization which is useful for a number of specific industrial applications 2.4.1.109 dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase agriculture Ustilago maydis enzyme homologs are not found in plants and may be a new target for fungal control strategies, research into mechanisms of fungal plant penetration 2.4.1.120 sinapate 1-glucosyltransferase agriculture the genes encoding this enzyme are considered as potential targets for molecular breeding of low sinapine oilseed rape 2.4.1.123 inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase agriculture transgenic plants show constitutive resistance against fungal and bacterial pathogens and an increased tolerance to drought and high salinity stresses 2.4.1.195 N-hydroxythioamide S-beta-glucosyltransferase agriculture glucosinolates have antinutritional properties and causes acute and chronic diseases, particularly monogastrics, in domestic animals, great nutritional and therefore economic concern, since the meal fraction is directed to animal feed markets as a protein source, presence of glucosinolates in the meal precludes its use as a feed for nonruminants, this results in a worldwide effort to breed low glucosinolate varieties of rapeseed, beside traditional plant breeding there are molecular genetic studies and modification of these pathways 2.4.1.203 trans-zeatin O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase agriculture impact of constitutive and senescence-induced ZOG1 over-expression using the 35S and SAG12 promoters on cytokinin levels, indolyl-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid content during the onset and progression of water deficit in tobacco plants and during the early stages of their recovery following rehydration is investigated 2.4.1.210 limonoid glucosyltransferase agriculture whether the CitLGT-2 is present or not, is a useful molecular indicator for predetermining the levels of accumulation of non-bitter limonoid glucosides at the early- to mid-developmental stages of Satsuma mandarin and navel orange fruits. These molecular indicators will make it possible to characterize fruit traits at the seedling stage, resulting in the marker-assisted selection of hybrid progenies to predetermine whether they will accumulate non-bitter limonoid glucosides 2.4.1.210 limonoid glucosyltransferase agriculture gene sequence of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in citrus fruits with different bitterness do not vary but the pattern of expression, delayed bitterness is related to delay in expression of the limonoid glucosyltransferase gene 2.4.1.236 flavanone 7-O-glucoside 2''-O-beta-L-rhamnosyltransferase agriculture the study provides the basis for potentially improving the taste in citrus fruit through manipulation of the network by knocking-out 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase or by enhancing the expression of flavonoid-7-O-di-glucosyltransferases using genetic transformation 2.4.1.238 delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside 3'-O-glucosyltransferase agriculture 3'GT cDNA is a useful molecular tool for modification of flower color using genetic engineering, production of blue anthocyanins 2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase agriculture the RNAi is an effective method to inhibit the gene expression in the starch metabolic pathway and be useful technology for genetic improvement of crops 2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase agriculture analysis of 352 Vietnamese rice cultivars reveals a wide range of variation in apparent amylose content and the expression level of granule-bound starch synthase I. Alleles can be classified into seven groups that reflect differences in apparent amylose content. The very low and low apparent amylose content levels are tightly associated with a G to T in the first intron whereas intermediate and high amylose is associated with a T genotype at a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 10. The correlation between the combination of T genotype at single-nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron, C in exon 6, or C in exon 10 is predominant among low amylose rice varieties. The low amylose properties of Vietnamese local rice germplasm are attributable to spontaneous mutations at exons, and not at the splicing donor site 2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase agriculture grain composition, amylose concentration, amylopectin unit-chain length distribution, and starch granule size distribution vary with the loss of functional granule-bound starch synthase GBSSI. Amylose concentration is more severely affected in genotypes with GBSSI missing from two genomes (double nulls) than from one genome (single nulls). Unit glucan chains (DP 6-8) of amylopectin are reduced with the complete loss of GBSSI as compared to wheat starch with a full complement of GBSSI. Alleles Wx-A and Wx-B have an additive effect toward short-chain phenotype of waxy amylopectin. Loss of Wx-D isoprotein alone significantly reduces the C-type starch granules. The absence of Wx-D in combination with Wx-A or Wx-B increases the B-type and C-type starch granules but decreases the volume of A-type starch granules. The rate of in vitro starch enzymatic hydrolysis is highest in completely waxy grain meal and purified starch 2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase agriculture in wheat grains at 3–30 days post anthesis, amylose concentration increases throughout grain development in non-waxy (7.2-30.5%) and partial waxy genotypes (6.0-26.8%) defective for granule-bound starch synthase I. Completely waxy genotypes show 7.0% amylose at 3 and 6 days post anthesis, which declines during development and reaches non-detectable quantities by 30 days post anthesis. Amylopectin structure has a higher content of short chains at 3 days post anthesis,which decreases continuously until 12 days post anthesis, after which there are only minor changes in amylopectin chain length distribution. Similarly, the average degree of polymerization increased from 3 days post anthesis (12.3) to 12 days post anthesis (15.0), and then does not differ significantly up to 30 days post anthesis(15.0), suggesting the formation of basic amylopectin architecture in wheat by 12 days post anthesis. Waxy isoproteins display differential effects on amylopectin structure formation 2.4.1.243 6G-fructosyltransferase agriculture the presence of distinct 6G-FFT sequence variants appears to be associated with the capacity of high sugar-content grasses to accumulate higher fructan levels particularly at warmer temperatures 2.4.2.31 NAD+-protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase agriculture engineering strategy for the creation of a plant-tolerated, zymogen-like form of an otherwise toxic protein. Engineering of a random propeptide library at the C-terminal end of ADP-ribosyltranferase Vip2 and selecting for malfunctional enzyme variants in yeast leads to a proenzyme proVip2 which possesses reduced enzymatic activity as compared with the wild-type Vip2 protein, but remains a potent toxin toward rootworm larvae. The zymogenized Vip2 can be proteolytically activated by rootworm digestive enzyme machinery 2.4.2.31 NAD+-protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase agriculture the enzyme is used as insectizide 2.5.1.19 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase agriculture Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants expressing mutant E145G/N163H/N267S/P318R/M377V/M425T/P438L grow well in presence of 0.75 mM glyphosate, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing wild-type enzyme grow only in presence of 0.25 mM glyphosate 2.5.1.19 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the enzyme from Bacillus cereus germinate well in presence of 1 mM glyphosate, while control plants do not germinate at 0.2 mM 2.5.1.19 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the enzyme from Halothermothrix orenii are more resistant to glyphosate exposure than transgenic plants expressing the Escherichia coli enzyme and control plants 2.5.1.19 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens are more resistant to glyphosate exposure compared with wild-type 2.5.1.19 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the enzyme from Rahnella aquatilis are more resistant to glyphosate exposure than plants expressing the Escherichia coli enzyme 2.5.1.21 squalene synthase agriculture squalene synthase is an antifungal target 2.5.1.22 spermine synthase agriculture OsSPMS1 knockout mutant show an increase in grain yield per plant in a high-yield variety, Suken118 suggesting that OsSPMS1 is an important target for yield enhancement in rice 2.5.1.29 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase agriculture enzyme GGPS expression in crop plants may yield desirable agronomic traits, including enhanced growth of shoots and roots, early flowering, greater numbers of seed pods and/or higher seed yield with potential applications for fast production of plant biomass that provides commercially valuable biomaterials or bioenergy 2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthase agriculture Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing Salicornia europea phytoene synthase gene show higher tolerance to salt stress than wild-type by increased photosynthesis efficiency and antioxidative capacity 2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthase agriculture creation of marker-free transgenic plants 2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthase agriculture psy gene of tea cultivars is closely correlated to accumulation of carotenoids which are precursors of tea flavour volatiles, thus the expression strength of psy gene can be used as an indicator for screening quality of tea cultivars 2.5.1.43 nicotianamine synthase agriculture the nicotianamine synthase gene may be a suitable candidate for making a transgenic plant tolerant to Fe-deficiency 2.5.1.43 nicotianamine synthase agriculture increasing the nicotianamine concentration of sweet potato by overexpression of the enzyme (HvNAS1) can significantly improve agricultural productivity and energy source. The transgenic sweet potato contains increased levels of Fe, Zn and nicotianamine, in the leaves 2.5.1.43 nicotianamine synthase agriculture overexpression of the nicotianamine synthase gene enhances nicotianamine levels in several crops, including crops in which endogenous nicotianamine is already high, such as soybean and sweet potato. Additionally, nicotianamine synthase overexpression enhances the Fe and Zn concentrations and confers tolerance to Fe deficiency in calcareous soil 2.5.1.43 nicotianamine synthase agriculture rice nicotinamine synthase 2 expression improves dietary iron and zinc levels in wheat. Wheat lines expressing rice nicotianamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2) and bean FERRITIN (PvFERRITIN) as single genes as well as in combination are devekopedgenes. Wheat lines expressing OsNAS2 greatly surpass the HarvestPlus recommended target level of 30% dietary estimated average requirement for iron, and 40 % of EAR for zinc, with lines containing 0.0931 mg/g of iron and 0.1406 mg/g of zinc in the grains. These wheat lines with dietary significant levels of iron and zinc represent useful germplasm for breeding new wheat varieties that can reduce micronutrient deficiencies in affected populations 2.5.1.43 nicotianamine synthase agriculture the 21 Triticum aestivum nicotianamine synthase genes represent a valuable resource for plant breeders working to improve the growth, yield and nutritional value of bread wheat. Iron toxicity often occurs when wheat plants are cultivated under waterlogged conditions, while Fe deficiency can occur in plants grown on calcareous soil. These abiotic stresses frequently lead to early leaf senescence and negatively impact on grain yield and quality. Altered expression of specific Triticum aestivum nicotianamine synthase genes can either increase or suppress the Fe deficiency response and thereby facilitate the development of bread wheat cultivars adapted to Fe-rich or Fe-poor growth conditions. Increased activity of Triticum aestivum nicotianamine synthase genes with expression within the wheat varieties containing enhanced concentrations of bioavailable grain Fe 2.5.1.47 cysteine synthase agriculture dehydration stress enhances the activity of enzyme OASTL, as well as Cys content by 20.0% and 25.6%, respectively. The treatment of NaHS plus dehydration stress enhances OASTL activity and Cys content by 20.7% and 22.9%, respectively, compared with the stressed plants. The inclusion of H2S scavenger hypotaurine slows down the activity of OASTL by 27.9. A similar inhibitory effect of hypotaurine is also noticed on Cys content, which exhibits a 31.9% lower value than the stressed seedlings 2.5.1.54 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase agriculture isozyme DS-Co is a possible target for the herbicide glyphosate, i.e. N-[phosphomonomethyl]glycine 2.5.1.54 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase agriculture expression of wild-type enzyme and phenylalanine-feedback insensitive mutant L175Q in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants have comparable phenotypes and are fully fertile. The levels of shikimate, prephenate and Phe are higher in the different lines expressing the mutant enzyme than in the lines expressing the natural feedback-sensitive bacterial enzyme, and the control plants. Results imply that the bacterial enzyme is active in the transgenic plants and, similar to its operation in bacteria, the feedback insensitivity trait of the mutant enzyme is fundamental for enhancement of the flow of primary carbon metabolites via the shikimate pathway into the production of aromatic amino acids also in the plant 2.5.1.62 chlorophyll synthase agriculture enzyme inhibitors are potential herbicides 2.5.1.62 chlorophyll synthase agriculture magnesium deficiency leads to decrease of chlorophyll contents in maize leaves, with concomitant decrease in the expression levels of magnesium chelatase, magnesium-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase, and chlorophyll synthase. Magnesium deficiency significantly inhibits the transformation from coproporphyrinogen III or protoporphyrin IX to chlorophyll. Cerium addition significantly relieves the inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis in maize caused by magnesium deficiency and increases chlorophyll content 2.5.1.75 tRNA dimethylallyltransferase agriculture production of ornamental crops with large flowers and crop species with larger fruit 2.5.1.115 homogentisate phytyltransferase agriculture stress-induced expression of VTE2 can be used to increase the vitamin E content and to diminish detrimental effects of environmental stress in plants 2.5.1.115 homogentisate phytyltransferase agriculture the transient expression of the enzyme gene enhances the vitamin E levels in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum leaves. The stable expression of the enzyme gene is an efficient strategy to enhance vitamin E biosynthesis in agricultural crop breeding 2.6.1.2 alanine transaminase agriculture expression of AlaAT variants from diverse sources and different subcellular locations, in the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 background and alaat1, alaat2 knockout background under various conditions. Both the physical and physiological properties of AlaAT over-expressing transgenic plants demonstrate significant differences between plants expressing the different AlaAT enzymes under different external conditions. Plants over-expressing Mus musculus AlaAT1 and Hordeum vulgare AlaAT constitutively show increased leaf area.Pyrococcus furiosus AlaAT over-expressing cells take-up external leucine and alanine more effectively 2.6.1.2 alanine transaminase agriculture constitutive expression of the enzyme translates to elevation in wheat grain yield under field conditions 2.6.1.13 ornithine aminotransferase agriculture expression of enzyme in Oryza sativa, transgenic plants are significantly taller than control, and more resistant to high salinity and drought 2.6.1.45 serine-glyoxylate transaminase agriculture overexpression in Lemna minor results in increased enzymic activity and decreased endogenous serine levels under salt stress, leading to enhanced protection against root abscission, higher maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, increased defense from cell damage as a result of improved cell membrane integrity, a decrease of reactive oxygen species accumulation, and a strengthened antioxidant system 2.6.1.80 nicotianamine aminotransferase agriculture production of biofortified rice via introduction of the soybean ferritin gene (Soyfer H2) driven by two endosperm-specific promoters, along with the barley nicotianamine synthase gene NAS1, two nicotianamine aminotransferase genes Naat-A and Naat-B, and a mugineic acid synthase gene IDS3 to enhance mugineic acid production in rice plants. Lines expressing both ferritin and mugineic acid biosynthetic genes show signs of iron-deficiency tolerance in calcareous soil. The iron concentration in polished T3 seeds is increased by 4- and 2.5times, respectively 2.6.1.80 nicotianamine aminotransferase agriculture the TaNAAT1, TaNAAT2 and TaDMAS1 genes provides a valuable genetic resource for improving bread wheat growth on Fe deficient soils and enhancing grain Fe nutrition 2.7.1.23 NAD+ kinase agriculture an excess of the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent isoforms could by a marker of stress or lethal conditions 2.7.1.35 pyridoxal kinase agriculture plants lacking enzyme activity display chlorosis and reduced plant size, and hypersensitivity to NaCl and sucrose. Mutant has higher level of pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Mutant shows higher activity of pyridoxine/pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase as well as of the vitamin B6 de novo pathway enzyme Pdx1 and increased total vitamin B6 levels 2.7.1.39 homoserine kinase agriculture expression of Escherichia coli homoserine kinase in Solanum tuberosum plants with targeting to chloroplast and cytosol. Both approaches result in up to 11fold increase in total enzyme activity. Transgenic plants exhibit reduced homoserine levels while methionine and threonine do not accumulate significantly. Plants with elevated levels of cytosolic enzyme exhibit a reduction in transcript levels of the endogenous homoserine kinase, as well as of threonine synthase, cystathionine beta-lyase, and methionine synthase. In all plants, cystathionine gamma-synthase expression remains unchanged, while S-adenosylmethionine synthetase expression increases. Excess of plastidial localized homoserine kinase does not influence the de novo synthesis of methionine and threonine 2.7.1.107 diacylglycerol kinase (ATP) agriculture generation of transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing rice diacylglycerol kinase. Overexpression results in enhanced resistance against infection by tobacco mosaic virus and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae 2.7.1.134 inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase agriculture OsITPK6 can be a desirable target of mutagenesis for breeding yield-competitive lpa rice 2.7.1.145 deoxynucleoside kinase agriculture multifunctional deoxynucleoside kinase of insect cells is a target for development of new highly selective insecticidial drugs 2.7.1.151 inositol-polyphosphate multikinase agriculture transgenic tomato plants show increased tolerance to drought, cold and oxidative stress 2.7.1.159 inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase agriculture OsITPK6 can be a desirable target of mutagenesis for breeding yield-competitive lpa rice 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase agriculture enzyme does not exist in animals, good target for conception of new pesticides controlling weeds, fungi and bacteria 2.7.7.4 sulfate adenylyltransferase agriculture overexpression of ATP sulfurylase may be a promising approach to create plants with enhanced phytoextraction capacity for mixtures of metals 2.7.7.4 sulfate adenylyltransferase agriculture ATPS may potentially be used as an enzymatic marker for biological sulfate reduction in sulfate-rich wastewaters and natural environments consisting of anaerobic systems such as soils and sediments found in freshwater and marine systems 2.7.7.4 sulfate adenylyltransferase agriculture increasing the expression level of this key enzyme during soybean seed development could lead to an increase in the availability of sulfur amino acids, thereby enhancing the nutritional value of the crop 2.7.7.9 UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase agriculture overexpression of sucrose synthase and of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Single transgenic plants show significant increases in the height growth. Double-transgene plants demonstrate an additive effect and are even taller than single-transgene parents. Double-transgene plants may show increases in soluble sugar content. Both enzymes may be markers for sink strength 2.7.7.9 UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase agriculture grafting alters UGPase gene expression. Annona cherimola Mill. x Annona squamosa grafted onto Annona emarginata shows higher levels of gene expression during the early stages of grafting development. No significant differences are detected in UGPase enzyme activity between different graft combinations 2.7.7.9 UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase agriculture grafting alters UGPase gene expression. Atemoya grafted onto araticum-de-terra-fria shows higher levels of gene expression during the early stages of grafting development. No significant differences are detected in UGPase enzyme activity between different graft combinations 2.7.7.13 mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase agriculture over-expression of isoform Gmp3 increases total L-ascorbic acid contents and enhances the tolerance to oxidative stress in tomato. Knock-down of Gmp3 significantly decreases L-ascorbic acid contents below the threshold level and alters the phenotype of tomato plants with lesions and further senescence 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture genetic manipulation of enzyme to enhance rice seed yield and plant biomass 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture expression of gene in maize under control of an endosperm-specific promoter. Developing seeds show 2-4fold higher levels of enzyme activity in the presence of 5 mM phosphate. Under phosphate-inhibitory conditions, transgenic plants show increases in seed weight over the control. In transgenic plants, the seeds are fully filled, and the seed number has no significant difference from untransformed control 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture expression of maize Sh2r6hs transgene, a modified maize Sh2 cDNA coding sequence with alterations conferring reduced sensitivity to phosphate inhibition and greater heat stability, in Triticum aestivum results in increased photosynthetic rates under high light but not low light conditions, peaking at 7 days after flowering. Transgenic plants show increases in levels of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in flag leaves at 7 and 14 days after flowering 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture generation of transgenic plants bearing antisense DNA of enzyme small subunit FagpS. Most transgenic fruit do not show differences in weight and hardness, but starch content in fruit is decreased to 27-47% and total soluble sugar content is increased to 16-37% compared to control. Sugar contents are particularly higher in the red stage of fruit. In other tissues, FagpS expression level is similar to wild-type 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture raising sugar levels in plants is accompanied by increases in the level of trehalose 6-phosphate, redox activation of glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase and the stimulation of starch synthesis in vivo. trehalose 6-phopshate acts as a signalling metabolite of sugar status 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture tomato plants harboring the gene AgpL1 for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit from wild species Solanum habrochaites show an increase in enzyme activity correlating with a prolonged expression of the L1 protein. The small subunit also remains for an extended period of fruit development due to prolonged stability of the heterotetramer in presence of the L1 protein. Mature fruit show an increased starch content and higher soluble solids 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture highly significant correlation of enzyme activity with starch accumulation and grain growth in wheat under normal sowing, but not so under late sowing. Genotypic differences in the sensitivity to allosteric effectors are observed 2.7.7.27 glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase agriculture the transcripts of both subunits of the enzyme accumulate comparably during the initial phase of grain development suggesting their coordinated expression and dropped after 15 days post-anthesis in all the varieties. AGPase protein level remains unchanged after reaching the maximum in variety CoRH2 and continues to increase up to 20 days post-anthesis in the other four varieties, i.e. Jaya, GEB24 (indica), BSI 115 (japonica), Mahsuri 2.7.7.38 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase agriculture CMP-KDO synthetase inhibitors attract great interest owing to their potential as selective bactericides 2.7.7.43 N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase agriculture this approach enables plant cells to produce glycoproteins with mammalian-type N-glycans 2.7.7.47 streptomycin 3''-adenylyltransferase agriculture aminoglycoside 3''-adenylyltransferase confers resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin 2.7.8.11 CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase agriculture transgenic cotton plants in which the expression of cotton phosphatidylinositol synthase gene PIS is controlled by the fiber-specific SCFP promoter element, show the specific up-regulation of PIS during cotton fiber development. Phosphatidylinositol content is significantly enhanced in transgenic cotton fibers and the elevated level of phosphatidylinositol stimulates the expression of genes involved in phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation as well as promoting lignin/lignin-like phenolic biosynthesis. Fiber length, strength and fineness are also improved in the transgenic plants as compared to the wild-type cotton, with no loss in overall fiber yield 2.7.8.23 carboxyvinyl-carboxyphosphonate phosphorylmutase agriculture formation of one of the two C-P bonds in the tripeptide antibiotic bialaphos, a potent herbicide isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF1293, enzyme is produced in large amounts by high producer strain HP5-29, enzyme may contribute to improvement of bialphos production 2.7.9.1 pyruvate, phosphate dikinase agriculture modification of the cold sensitivity of a C4 photosynthetic enzyme by employing cereal transformation technology. A significant improvement in the cold stability of PPDK can be achieved when a suffcient quantity of cold-tolerant subunits is expressed in transgenic maize leaves 2.7.9.1 pyruvate, phosphate dikinase agriculture PPDK function during early cereal seed development, seed metabolism 2.7.9.1 pyruvate, phosphate dikinase agriculture to improve the cold stability of the PPDK enzyme, studies on cold tolerance in plants 2.7.11.20 elongation factor 2 kinase agriculture manipulation of TaGCN2 gene expression can be used to reduce free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain and the risk of acrylamide formation in wheat products 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase agriculture quantitative trait locus Qsd2-AK at SD2 is the single major determinant explaining the difference in seed dormancy between the dormant cultivar Azumamugi (Az) and the nondormant cultivar Kanto Nakate Gold (KNG). The dormant Az allele of MKK3 is recessive, the N260T substitution in this allele decreases MKK3 kinase activity and appears to be causal for Qsd2-AK. The N260T substitution occurs in the immediate ancestor allele of the dormant allele, and the established dormant allele became prevalent in barley cultivars grown in East Asia, where the rainy season and harvest season often overlap 2.8.1.9 molybdenum cofactor sulfurtransferase agriculture overexpression in Sesamum indicum. Under severe drought conditions, transgenic plants show less reduction in height compared to azygous non-transgenic plants. Increase in total extractable soluble proteins, elevation in proline accumulation, and a reduction in MDA levels are recorded in transgenic lines. Under non-stressed conditions, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity levels increase by 25%, 23%, 210% and 75%, respectively, compared to azygous non-transgenic plants 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase agriculture analysis of alpha- and beta-esterase polymorphisms in different cultivars. alpha-Carboxylesterase EST-3 is absent in 61.7% of vines 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase agriculture simultaneous expression of carboxylesterase B1 and organophosphorus hydrolase EC 3.1.8.1 in Escherichia coli and use of vacuum dried cells for decontamination of vegetables sprayed with organophosphate pesticides. Activities of enzymes remain stable in dried cells for at least 5 months. Crude enzymes in 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer are able to degrade 97% of the organophosphates sprayed on cabbage to virtually nontoxic products 3.1.1.B12 zearalenone hydrolase agriculture enzymic detoxification offers a practical and efficient method of ZEN decontamination. Zhd101 can be a promising genetic resource for in planta detoxification of the mycotoxin in important crops 3.1.1.B12 zearalenone hydrolase agriculture occurrence of mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives is a severe global threat to food and animals. In addition to the chemical and physical degradation methods, a powerful biocatalyst is urgently required for the detoxification of ZEN, the efficient ZEN-degrading lactonase from Gliocladium roseum, named ZENG, can be the biocatalyst 3.1.1.B12 zearalenone hydrolase agriculture the recombinant enzyme ZENC (800 U) applied into three different kinds of animal feed, i.e. distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), maize by-products and corn bran (25 g), reduces the concentration of zearalenone by 70.9%, 88.9% and 94.7% respectively. ZENC is promising for applications in the animal feed and food industries 3.1.1.14 chlorophyllase agriculture manipulation of chlorophyll degradation 3.1.1.14 chlorophyllase agriculture removal of green pigments from canola oil 3.1.1.20 tannase agriculture the enzyme is a food processing enzyme used in food, brewing, and feed industry 3.1.1.20 tannase agriculture hydrolysable tannins, the derivatives of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxyl benzoic acid) are toxic when taken in excess, leading to significant economic losses by morbidity and mortality in animals. The bacterium from rumen microbium producing tannase which catalyses degradation of hydrolysable tannins, and concurrently degrading euptox A, may have potential as microbial feed additives to increase utilization of plant biomass containing antinutritional phytometabolites 3.1.1.73 feruloyl esterase agriculture it is possible to genetically modify the phenolic composition and digestibility of monocot cell walls by vacuolar targeting of a fungal ferulic acid esterase in plants 3.1.1.73 feruloyl esterase agriculture targeted FAEA expression is an effective strategy for improving wall digestibility in Festuca and, potentially, other grass species used for fodder or cellulosic ethanol production 3.1.1.81 quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase agriculture zwittermicin A, a hybrid polyketidepeptide antibiotic, and N-acyl -homoserine-lactonase, as quorum-quenching enzyme, have the potential to prevent the virulence of Erwinia carotovora, which is a major pathogen of soft rot 3.1.1.81 quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase agriculture potential of Lysinibacillus sp. Gs50 as a preventive and curative biocontrol agent. Lysinibacillus sp. Gs50 can degrade acyl homoserine lactones produced by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a common cause of soft rot. This quorum quenching activity causes a decrease in production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and attenuates symptoms of soft rot in experimental infection of potato, carrot and cucumber 3.1.1.88 pyrethroid hydrolase agriculture agricultural soils are often co-contaminated with different types of pesticides. For example, organophosphates and pyrethroids usually are applied together for pest control. So far, microorganisms with both OP- and pyrethroid-degrading activity have not been isolated from natural environments. Alternatively, construction of engineered microbes with broad-spectrum pesticide-degrading activity may be a promising strategy for bioremediation of mixed pesticides-contaminated soil. To construct multifunctional pesticide degrading microorganisms, the co-expression of multiple degrading enzymes in a host strain may be a feasible approach. Both MPH and PytH are coexpressed in a soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, resulting in an engineered strain with the capability to simultaneously degrade OPs and pyrethroids. Six pesticides (methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, fenopropathrin, cypermethrin) can be effectively degraded by the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Therefore, the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 could potentially be applied for in situ bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with organophosphates and pyrethroids 3.1.2.6 hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase agriculture the multistress response of OsglyII gene documents its future utility in developing tolerance to various stresses in crop plants 3.1.2.14 oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase agriculture the new MbFatB gene isolated from Madhuca butyracea can be used in future for transgenic development of oil-seed Brassica, a widely cultivated crop that expresses predominantly oleoyl-ACP thioesterase (FatA) in its seed tissue and has high amount of unwanted erucic acid in edible oil in order to alter the fatty acid profile in a desirable way 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase agriculture analysis of non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity can be used to analyze the phosphate status of the ambient environment 3.1.3.2 acid phosphatase agriculture transgenic expression of phytase in Solanum tuberosum leads to stable expression levels over several cycles of propagation. Field tests show that tuber size, number and yield increase in transgenic potato. Improved phosphorus acquisition when phytate is provided as a sole phosphorus source and enhanced microtuber formation in cultured transgenic potato seedlings when phytate is provided as an additional phosphorus source are observed. The potato-produced phytase supplement is as effective as a commercially available microbial phytase in increasing the availability of phytate-phosphorus to weanling pigs 3.1.3.2 acid phosphatase agriculture the activity of intracellular and extracellular acid phosphatases is significantly enhanced under phosphate deficiency in the non-cluster roots and cluster roots at different developmental stages. The activity of extracellular acid phosphatase increases steadily with cluster root development from meristematic, juvenile, mature to senescent stages under phosphate deficiency. In comparison, phosphate deficiency-induced increase in the activity of intracellular acid phosphatase remains relatively constant during cluster root development. Increased activity of intracellular and extracellular acid phosphatases is associated with enhanced expression of SAP1 encoding intracellular acid phosphatase and SAP2 encoding extracellular acid phosphatase. The expression levels of these two genes are significantly higher at transcriptional level in both mature and senescent cluster roots 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture a 20fold increase in total root phytase activity in transgenic lines expressing Aspergillus niger phytase results in improved phosphorus nutrition, such that the growth and phosphorus content of the plants is equivalent to control plants supplied with inorganic phosphate. Use of gene technology to improve the ability of plants to utilize accumulated forms of soil organic phosphorus 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture about two-third of phosphorus of feedstuffs of plant origin is present as phytic acid in form of phytate. Under most dietary conditions, phytate phosphate is unavailable to poultry. Addition of phytase to feed can fully replace phosphorus supplementation. Phytase can increase the use of low-cost plant meals in the aquaculture industry and maintains acceptable phosphorus levels in the water 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture enzyme is used in animal feed to reduce phosphate pollution 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture since monogastric animals virtually lack phytase activity in their digestive tract, phytic acid phosphorus is metabolically unavailable to these animals. The problem can be circumvented by supplementation of the feed with a recombinantly produced phytase that has a pH activity profile ideally suited for maximal activity in the digestive tract of either pigs or poultry 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the enzyme is suitable for supplementing animal feeds to improve the availability of phosphate from phytate 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture feedstuffs studied contains only small amounts of soluble protein-phytate complexes. Insoluble protein-phytate complexes are formed at low pH, as found in the stomach of monogastric animals. Dietary phytase supplementation prevents the formation of protein-phytate complexes or aids in dissolving them faster. Therefore, phytase may improve protein digestibility 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the ability of the enzyme to liberate phytate-phosphate is similar when included in low Ca2+ and nonphytate phosphorus diets for broilers. Either source can be fed to commercial broilers to aid improving phytate-bound phosphate use 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture over-expression of phyA2 gene in maize seeds using a construct driven by the maize embryo-specific globulin-1 promoter. Phytase activity in transgenic maize seeds reaches approximately 2,200 units per kg seed, about a 50fold increase compared to non-transgenic maize seeds. The phytase expression is stable across four generations. The transgenic seeds germinate normally 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the dry weight and inorganic phosphate contents of wheat plants are high when supplemented with phytase or fungal spores. The plants provided with 5 mg phytate per plant exhibit enhanced growth and inorganic phosphate. With increase in the dosage of phytase, there is an increase in growth and inorganic phosphate of plants, the highest being at 20 U per plant. The compost made employing the combined native microflora of the wheat straw and Sporotrichum. Thermophile promots growth of the plants. The plant-growth-promoting effect is higher with the compost made using Sporotricum thermophile than that from only the native microflora 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the presence of rhizosphere microorganisms reduces the dependence of plants on extracellular secretion of phytase from roots when grown in a phosphate-deficient soil. The expression of phytase in transgenic plants has little or no impact on the microbial community structure as compared with control plant lines, whereas soil treatments, such as the addition of phosphate, has large effects. Soil microorganisms are explicitly involved in the availability of phosphate to plants and the microbial community in the rhizosphere appears to be resistant to the impacts of single-gene changes in plants designed to alter rhizosphere biochemistry and nutrient cycling 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture transgenic expression of phytase in Solanum tuberosum leads to stable expression levels over several cycles of propagation. Field tests show that tuber size, number and yield increase in transgenic potato. Improved phosphorus acquisition when phytate is provided as a sole phosphorus source and enhanced microtuber formation in cultured transgenic potato seedlings when phytate is provided as an additional phosphorus source are observed. The potato-produced phytase supplement is as effective as a commercially available microbial phytase in increasing the availability of phytate-phosphorus to weanling pigs 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the phytase has the potential to be useful as an animal feed supplement 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture seed-specific overexpression of Aspergillus niger phytase in corn leads to transgenic corn with bioavailable phosphate. Maximal phytase activity of 125 FTU/g kernels can be obtained, 1000fold above that of the wild type, with 1000 g of kernels containing up to 67 times the feed industry requirement. An animal feeding trial demonstrated that the recombinant enzyme has similar nutritional effects on broiler chickens to a commercially available phytase product in terms of reducing inorganic phosphorus addition to feed and phosphate excretion in animal manure 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture enzyme PHY US42 can be used as feed additive in combination with an acid phytase for monogastric animals 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture enzyme rSt-Phy is useful in the dephytinization of broiler feeds efficiently in simulated gut conditions of chick leading to the liberation of soluble inorganic phosphate with concomitant mitigation in anti-nutrient effects of phytates 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture neutral phytase is used as a feed additive for degradation of anti-nutritional phytate in aquatic feed industry. Mutant phytases D148E and S197E with increased activities and thermostabilities have application potential as additives in aquaculture feed 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture phytase is used as a feed additive for degradation of anti-nutritional phytate, the phytase from Wickerhamomyces anomalus has adequate thermostability for its applicability as a food and feed additive 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture since the enzyme degrades phytate in feed materials efficiently under low temperature and weak acidic conditions, which are common for aquacultural application, it might be a promising candidate as a feed additive enzyme 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture supplementation of phytases into the monogastric animals feed can reduce the phosphorus excretion and result in improved availability of trace elements, minerals, amino acids, and energy. The enzyme has great potential for feed applications, especially in aquaculture 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the phytase has the potential to be useful as an animal feed supplement. Among all the feed samples, mustard oil cake is dephytinized more efficiently than other feed samples 3.1.3.8 3-phytase agriculture the RPHY1 gene mined from rumen proves its promising candidature as a feed supplement enzyme in animal farming 3.1.3.12 trehalose-phosphatase agriculture possible use of OsTPP1 in abiotic stress engineering of crops 3.1.3.22 mannitol-1-phosphatase agriculture the enzyme is a target for engineering to produce salt-tolerant transgenic horticultural crop plants 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture a 20fold increase in total root phytase activity in transgenic lines expressing Aspergillus niger phytase results in improved phosphorus nutrition, such that the growth and phosphorus content of the plants is equivalent to control plants supplied with inorganic phosphate. Use of gene technology to improve the ability of plants to utilize accumulated forms of soil organic phosphorus 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture about two-third of phosphorus of feedstuffs of plant origin is present as phytic acid in form of phytate. Under most dietary conditions, phytate phosphate is unavailable to poultry. Addition of phytase to feed can fully replace phosphorus supplementation. Phytase can increase the use of low-cost plant meals in the aquaculture industry and maintains acceptable phosphorus levels in the water 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture enzyme is used in animal feed to reduce phosphate pollution 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture since monogastric animals virtually lack phytase activity in their digestive tract, phytic acid phosphorus is metabolically unavailable to these animals. The problem can be circumvented by supplementation of the feed with a recombinantly produced phytase that has a pH activity profile ideally suited for maximal activity in the digestive tract of either pigs or poultry 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture the enzyme is suitable for supplementing animal feeds to improve the availability of phosphate from phytate 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture actopic expressing of phytase during seed development offers an effective strategy for improving phosphorus availability in seeds. The ability to reduce the amount of phytate in seed will improve nutrient availability for animal feed 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture the ability of the enzyme to liberate phytate-phosphate is similar when included in low Ca2+ and nonphytate phosphorus diets for broilers. Either source can be fed to commercial broilers to aid improving phytate-bound phosphate use 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture supplementation of phytases into the monogastric animals feed can reduce the phosphorus excretion and result in improved availability of trace elements, minerals, amino acids, and energy. The enzyme has great potential for feed applications, especially in aquaculture 3.1.3.26 4-phytase agriculture the RPHY1 gene mined from rumen proves its promising candidature as a feed supplement enzyme in animal farming 3.1.3.46 fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase agriculture FK2P in rice is encoded by two genes OsF2KP1 and OsF2KP2, both are involved in the regulation of primary carbon metabolism in rice leaves during the light period 3.1.3.72 5-phytase agriculture partially purified enzyme shows properties that are suitable for animal feed applications 3.1.3.72 5-phytase agriculture useful as food and animal feed supplement 3.1.4.4 phospholipase D agriculture PLD gene expression may be useful as a tool in germplasm screening for drought tolerance 3.1.4.4 phospholipase D agriculture chilling injury of fruit assessed as chilling injury index and electrolyte leakage occurrs initially in the top area near calyx of fruits, and develops toward the bottom near stalk. This spatial development is in parallel with the gradients of phospholipase and lipoxygenase activities and phospholipase mRNA levels. Alleviation of chilling injury by pre-warming treatment is related with increased content of membrane-associated Ca2+, suppressed expression of phospholipase mRNA, and reduced activities of PLD and lipoxygenase 3.1.8.1 aryldialkylphosphatase agriculture agricultural soils are often co-contaminated with different types of pesticides. For example, organophosphates and pyrethroids usually are applied together for pest control. So far, microorganisms with both OP- and pyrethroid-degrading activity have not been isolated from natural environments. Alternatively, construction of engineered microbes with broad-spectrum pesticide-degrading activity may be a promising strategy for bioremediation of mixed pesticides-contaminated soil. To construct multifunctional pesticide degrading microorganisms, the co-expression of multiple degrading enzymes in a host strain may be a feasible approach. Both MPH and PytH are coexpressed in a soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, resulting in an engineered strain with the capability to simultaneously degrade OPs and pyrethroids. Six pesticides (methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, fenopropathrin, cypermethrin) can be effectively degraded by the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Therefore, the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 could potentially be applied for in situ bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with organophosphates and pyrethroids 3.2.1.1 alpha-amylase agriculture possilbe target in mite control 3.2.1.4 cellulase agriculture in the treatment of agricultural waste at high temperature and low pH. Utilization in the biofuel industry after thermal pre-treatment in an acidic environment (e.g., steam explosion) of corncob, sugarcane bagasse and several types of agricultural waste to hydrolyze them down to fermentable sugars 3.2.1.6 endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase agriculture synergistic effect with fungicide Fongarid 3.2.1.6 endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase agriculture disease protection of plants because of antimycotic activity in combination with chitinases 3.2.1.6 endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase agriculture Streptomyces sp. 9X166 culture filtrate shows hydrolytic activity toward Phytophthora sp. Solutions with beta-1,3-glucanase activity are able to degrade both freeze-dried and living mycelium 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase agriculture unprocessed Xyn2, supplemented to a xylan-containing diet for weaned pigs, results an average body-weight gain increased by 16.9% with added Xyn2 at a concentration of 500 U/kg diet 3.2.1.11 dextranase agriculture sugar manufacture 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture improved Carica papaya tolerance to carmine spider mite by the expression of Manduca sexta chitinase transgene 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture the enzyme of Bomby mori can acts as a biopesticide in insects 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture due to the potential of broad-spectrum antifungal activity barley chitinase gene can be used to enhance fungal-resistance in crop plants such as rice, tobacco, tea and clover 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture expression of Bacillus pumilus SG2 chitinase gene and its truncated form lacking chitin binding and fibronectin type III domains in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The two enzyme forms show almost equal hydrolytic activity toward colloidal chitin. Recombinant enzyme in plant protein extracts displays a high inhibitory effect on spore germination and radial growth of hyphae in Alternaria brassicicola, Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea, while the activity of the truncated enzyme is strongly abolished 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture expression of enzyme in cotton plants leads to endochitinase activity in various tissues and in the medium surrounding the roots of tranformants. transgenic plants show rapid and greater induction of reactive oxygen species, expression of several defense-related genes, and activation of some pathogenesis-related enzymes and the terpenoid pathway. Even in the absence of a challenge from the pathogen, the basal activities of some of the defense-related genes and enzymes are higher in the endochitinase-expressing cotton plants 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture expression of enzyme in tobacco. The highest chitinase activities are found in plants harboring two copies of chitinase inserts at different loci. Copy number has observable effects neither on plant growth nor development, but substantial heterogeneity concerning production of the recombinant chitinase, and both general and specific chitinolytic activities are detected in leaf extracts from primary transformants. Transformants show a stable inheritance pattern, with transgene segregation following a mendelian dihybrid ratio. Selected plants expressing high levels of CHIT42 are consistently resistant to the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture chitin and chitinolytic bacteria addition can reduce the population of fungal plant pathogens in soil and enhance the growth of plants. In this biocontrol and environmental bioremediation, communities of soil bacteria and the addition of chitinous materials play an important role 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture the enzyme is a good candidate for application in bio-control of fungal phytopathogens 3.2.1.14 chitinase agriculture the enzyme might be used in biotechnological strategies of insect management for stored cowpeas 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture MDG1 is dispensable in the pathogenicity on rice 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG plants exhibit enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and have constitutively activated defense responses by releasing oligogalacturonides 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG1 causes chlorosis and the development of yellow or brown patches scattered over the infiltrated area of the leaf 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG2 causes the most severe symptoms like necrosis and tissue collapse as compared to other PGs 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG3 cause no symptoms 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG4 causes chlorosis and the development of yellow or brown patches scattered over the infiltrated area of the leaf similar to PG1 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG5 causes chlorosis and the development of yellow or brown patches scattered over the infiltrated area of the leaf similar to PG1 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase agriculture PG6 cause no symptoms 3.2.1.17 lysozyme agriculture Lys411H is the first lysozyme active against both Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This suggests that Lys411 can be a candidate to be developed into a therapeutic agent for treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections, in addition to the potential use in control of the plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas 3.2.1.20 alpha-glucosidase agriculture possilbe target in mite control 3.2.1.26 beta-fructofuranosidase agriculture cell wall isozyme CIN2 and the abscisic acid antagonism is a potential intervention point for breeding exsertion during or after drought stress at heading 3.2.1.26 beta-fructofuranosidase agriculture the enzymes invertase, diphosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, show distinct activity patterns during development and may affect sugar and acid accumulation and sugar composition of strawberries 3.2.1.26 beta-fructofuranosidase agriculture increased expression of invertases, among other genes involved in sucrose and starch synthesis and degradation, during clubroot disease caused by the obligate biotrophic protist, Plasmodiophora brassicae 3.2.1.28 alpha,alpha-trehalase agriculture trehalase inhibition is a potential insecticidal strategy. Validamycin A is recommended as a prospective value-added ingredient to commercial bio-pesticide formulations 3.2.1.37 xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase agriculture the pretreatment of rice straw with ammonia followed by beta-xylosidase hydrolysis by Weisella cibaria FB069 seems to be a promising method for xylooligosaccharide (prebiotic) production from rice straw 3.2.1.39 glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase agriculture upon infection by Oronbanche crenata, enzyme is differently expressed in cells of a resistant host near the penetration point 3.2.1.39 glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase agriculture BglS27 is a good candidate for utilization in biotechnological applications such as plant protection, feed, and food preservation 3.2.1.39 glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase agriculture protein level and enzymatic activity of beta-1,3-glucanase are substantially increased with considerable decrease in fruit firmness by ethylene treatment and reduced exposure to white light conditions 3.2.1.39 glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase agriculture isoform EGase3 shows strong antimicrobial activity against germinated spores of Plasmopara viticola 3.2.1.48 sucrose alpha-glucosidase agriculture sucrose-metabolizing enzymes are tools in plant science, genes enconding various sucrose-metabolizing enzymes are valuable in genetic engineering of higher plants 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture - 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture bioconversion of lignocellulose material for the improvement of animal feedstock digestibility 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture enzymes capable of acting on arabinoglucuronoxylan have been reported to improve the digestibility of animal feed 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture arabinoxylans are important animal feed components 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture processing of agricultural products like fruit, vegetables and cereals 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture enzyme, in cooperation with xylanase and xylosidase, can completely degrade the hemicellulose xylan, which is abundant in many agricultural wastes, as a renewable natural source and convert the xylans to valuable products 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture arabinose metabolism during fruit ripening 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture simple and low cost saccharification of agricultural residues including waste can be performed under mild conditions and the reducing sugars obtained are useful for bioconversion to valueadded products 3.2.1.55 non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase agriculture transcripts of the genes encoding isoforms Af1 and AF3 are detected under cold storage of apples up to 180 days. Arabinofuranosidase activity increases with rising levels of ethylene and under cold storage. Levels of isoform AF3 transcripts are higher than those of isoform AF1 3.2.1.58 glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase agriculture Paenibacillus ehimensis IB-X-b could serve as a potential wide-range biocontrol agent against pathogenic fungi 3.2.1.65 levanase agriculture - 3.2.1.65 levanase agriculture plant differentiation, growth promoting activities for some enteric bacteria 3.2.1.65 levanase agriculture slime dissolving for more effective penetration of biocides inside the cell wall 3.2.1.73 licheninase agriculture 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase are widely used as a feed additive to help non-ruminant animals digest plant fibers, with potential in increasing nutrition turnover rate and reducing sanitary problems 3.2.1.73 licheninase agriculture overexpression of barley (1->3,1->4)-beta-glucanase isoenzyme EII under the control of a promoter of barley D-Hordein gene Hor3-1 in barley cultivar Golden Promise. The T2 generation of transgenic lines shows increased activity of glucanase in grains. Total beta-glucan content is reduced by more than 95.73% in transgenic grains compared with the wild-type control. Overexpression leads to an increase in 1000-grain weight, which might be due to elevated amounts of starch in the grain 3.2.1.73 licheninase agriculture enzyme shows the ability to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata 3.2.1.78 mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase agriculture fruit ripening and seed germination 3.2.1.78 mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase agriculture 10 U/mg enzyme can hydrolyze more than 90% of 10 mg/ml konjac flour at 50°C in 24 h 3.2.1.78 mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase agriculture when endo-beta-mannanase activity is much reduced by RNAi and antisense RNA strategies, their firmness is higher compared to those of control fruits at the turning and orange-color stages, but at the red-ripe stage firmness is similar between the two fruit-types 3.2.1.78 mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase agriculture the recombinant enzyme can be an additive in the feed for monogastric animals 3.2.1.132 chitosanase agriculture oligochitosan produced with Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 chitosanase is a potential agents for an antifungal activity against phytopathogens in field 3.2.1.132 chitosanase agriculture partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides have various potential applications in agriculture, biomedicine, and pharmaceutics due to their suitable bioactivities. A more promising approach is enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan using chitinases or chitosanases, as the substrate specificity of the enzyme determines the composition of the oligomeric products 3.2.1.147 thioglucosidase agriculture larvae of the sawfly Athalia rosae are highly tolerant to variations in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system of its host Brassica juncea. In plants showing high levels of glucosinolate or of enzyme activity, a significant decrease is observed upon treatment with the larvae, whereas levels of insoluble myrosinases coverge in plant lines with high and low level of activity after feeding of larvae 3.2.1.147 thioglucosidase agriculture spraying exogenous plant hormone methyl jasmonate upon radish sprout decreases the activity of myrosinase and the amount of 4-methylthio-3-butenylisothiocyanate but increases the total phenolic content which results in increased 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity 3.2.1.151 xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase agriculture arbuscular and saprobe fungi increase the enzyme production in root, which results in increase of root and shoot dry weight 3.2.1.151 xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase agriculture enzyme activity during infection by Penicillium expansum Link decreases drastically after 24-48 h which results in changes in xyloglucan structure and may increase fruit softening and wall disassembly 3.2.1.151 xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase agriculture transgenic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to abnormal leaf morphology with twisting and bending along the edges. Leaves show increased numbers of small-sized cells, resulting in disordered, highly populated mesophyll cells in each dorsoventral layer containing a limited amount of starch. Transgenic plants display a markedly improved tolerance to severe water deficit, and to a lesser extent to high salinity in comparison with the wild-type plants 3.2.1.162 lambda-carrageenase agriculture the assemblies of advancement of active enzyme complexes, i.e. of kappa-carrageenase CgkA and delta-carrageenase CglA, will facilitate the commercial production of useful products from red algae biomass whichrepresents inexpensive and sustainable feed-stocks 3.2.1.200 exo-chitinase (non-reducing end) agriculture when applied in combination, a mixture of purified chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC shows a toxic effect similar to that of benzimidazole on ascospore germination of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of black Sigatoka in banana 3.2.1.201 exo-chitinase (reducing end) agriculture when applied in combination, a mixture of purified chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC shows a toxic effect similar to that of benzimidazole on ascospore germination of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of black Sigatoka in banana 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture potato plants expressing antiviral protein exhibit resistance against potato virus X, potato virus Y, and potato leafroll virus 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture antiviral activity toward plant viruses 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture transgenic tobacco expressing trichosanthin is completely resistant against infection by turnip mosaic virus 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture MAP shows antifungal activity 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture PAP can be useful against plant virus infections 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture the enzyme shows antifungal activity 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase agriculture transgenic tobacco plants transfected with the enzyme from barley acquire an increased resistance to Rhizoctonia solani infection. The expression of barley gene in transgenic mulberry displays enhanced tolerance against drought, salinity and cold stress 3.3.2.10 soluble epoxide hydrolase agriculture the isolation of BNSEH1 will facilitate metabolic studies of resistance and seed oil modification in the important oilcrop Brassica napus 3.4.11.5 prolyl aminopeptidase agriculture potential use of the enzyme in the transgenic breeding to improve heavy metal resistance in crop species 3.4.21.1 chymotrypsin agriculture chymotrypsin and potentially other serine proteases could be attractive candidates for the development of biocatalyst for the control of residual pesticides in the environment and on agricultural products 3.4.21.7 plasmin agriculture effect of plasmin on in vitro embryo production. Plasmin added to the 18 h in vitro maturation medium increases the maturation rate of embryos without affecting fertilization or embryo development rates 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La agriculture lon disruption mutants show increased UV sensitivity, and produce higher levels of tabtoxin than the wild-type. Strains with lon disruption elicit the host defense system more rapidly and strongly than the wild-type strain, suggesting that the Lon protease is essential for systemic pathogenesis 3.4.21.72 IgA-specific serine endopeptidase agriculture the beta domain of the IgA1 protease is able to transport alternative proteins to the protease domain of IgA1 protease as N terminal passenger proteins. This technology has been applied to immobilised heavy metals in soil 3.4.21.73 u-Plasminogen activator agriculture effect of urokinase-type plasminogen activator on in vitro embryo production. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator added to the 18 h in vitro maturation medium significantly increases embryo development rates 3.4.21.102 C-terminal processing peptidase agriculture the enzyme is a target for general broad-spectrum herbicides 3.4.21.102 C-terminal processing peptidase agriculture potential target for the discovery of a general broad-spectrum herbicide 3.4.22.32 Stem bromelain agriculture a concentration of 0.0003 mM of bromelain is sufficient for 90% growth inhibition of Fusarium verticillioides. Bromelain also inhibits the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Fuarium proliferatum. The enzyme shows a potential use as an effective agent for crop protection 3.4.22.44 nuclear-inclusion-a endopeptidase agriculture plants transformed with a NIa cistron show a high degree of resistance to potato virus Y 3.4.22.44 nuclear-inclusion-a endopeptidase agriculture induction of pathogen derived resistance to plant viruses 3.4.22.45 helper-component proteinase agriculture functional characterization of plant virus proteins 3.4.22.45 helper-component proteinase agriculture involvement of helper component protease HC-Pro in necrotic symptom expression in broad bean Vicia faba indicated, functional importance for domains of helper component protease HC-Pro determined 3.4.22.45 helper-component proteinase agriculture pentapeptide-insertion scanning mutagenesis shown to be a tool for functional characterization of plant virus proteins 3.4.22.B49 cathepsin L1 agriculture screening of cathepsin L1/cathepsin L2 mimotopes and use of an M13 phage random 12-mers peptide library to evaluate their immunogenicity in sheep. Immunization of sheep with clones showing positive reactivity to rabbit cathepsin L1/L2 antiserum results in decrease in worm burdens after challenge. A significant reduction in worm size and burden is observed for those sheep immunized with clone 1. Animals receiving clone 20, show a significant reduction in egg output. Immunization induces a reduction of egg viability ranging from 58% to 82%. Vaccinated animals produce clone-specific antibodies which are boosted after challenge with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica 3.4.22.B49 cathepsin L1 agriculture vaccination of rats with recombinant zymogen and subsequent challenge with fasciola hepatica metercercariae. Vaccination results in significantly smaller and fewer flukes than in controls 3.4.22.50 V-cath endopeptidase agriculture the introduction of the v-cath gene into the genome of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus improves its insecticidal activity against Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae 3.4.22.B60 cathepsin L2 agriculture screening of cathepsin L1/cathepsin L2 mimotopes and use of an M13 phage random 12-mers peptide library to evaluate their immunogenicity in sheep. Immunization of sheep with clones showing positive reactivity to rabbit cathepsin L1/L2 antiserum results in decrease in worm burdens after challenge. A significant reduction in worm size and burden is observed for those sheep immunized with clone 1. Animals receiving clone 20, show a significant reduction in egg output. Immunization induces a reduction of egg viability ranging from 58% to 82%. Vaccinated animals produce clone-specific antibodies which are boosted after challenge with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica 3.4.22.B61 cathepsin L5 agriculture vaccination of rats with recombinant zymogen and subsequent challenge with Fasciola hepatica metercercariae. Vaccination results in significantly smaller and fewer flukes than in controls. Maximal protection of 83% is seen in the group vaccinated with cathepsin B and cathepsin L5 in combinantion 3.4.22.B61 cathepsin L5 agriculture Fasciola hepatica infection continues to be a major problem in the agriculture sector, particularly in sheep and cattle. Cathepsin L and B proteases are major components of the excretory/secretory material of the parasite, and their roles in several important aspects of parasite invasion and survival has led to their use as targets in rational vaccine design. Recombinant versions of cathepsin L5 and cathepsin B2 produced in yeast are used in combination in a commercial adjuvant preparation to vaccinate sheep. Intramuscular and intranasal forms of administration are applied, and sheep are subsequently challenged with 150 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. Intramuscular vaccination is able to induce a strong systemic antibody response against both antigens, but fails to confer significant protection. Conversely, no elevated antibody response is detected against the vaccine antigens following nasal vaccination, but a reduction in parasite egg viability (above 92%) and a statistically significant, predominantly adjuvant-mediated reduction in worm burdens is observed 3.4.24.64 mitochondrial processing peptidase agriculture MPP which are specific for the soluble form only present in fungi and animals may work as fungicides or insecticides 3.5.1.28 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase agriculture Bacillus thuringiensis strains targeting cwlC have the potential to become more effective biological control agents in agricultural applications since the crystal inclusion remains encapsulated in the mother cell at the end of sporulation 3.5.1.28 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase agriculture the recombinant thermostable chimeric endolysin can potentially be utilized as a feed additive to control the bacterium Clostridium perfringens during poultry production 3.5.1.41 chitin deacetylase agriculture the enzyme is used as a biocontrol agent against a number of plant parasitic nematodes in food-security crops 3.5.1.84 biuret amidohydrolase agriculture one step in the mineralization of s-triazine compounds, extensive used as herbicides or pesticides in agriculture worldwide, and hence in their complete removal from environment 3.5.1.88 peptide deformylase agriculture the enzyme is a possible target for a new class of broad-spectrum herbicides 3.5.1.88 peptide deformylase agriculture peptide deformylase is a potential broad-spectrum herbicide target 3.5.1.97 acyl-homoserine-lactone acylase agriculture effective in quenching quorum sensing of fish pathogens 3.5.1.97 acyl-homoserine-lactone acylase agriculture may be used to degrade pathogenic biofilms in fish intestines 3.5.2.15 cyanuric acid amidohydrolase agriculture one step in complete mineralization of s-triazines in herbicide-contaminated soils and wastewater 3.5.2.15 cyanuric acid amidohydrolase agriculture cleavage of the s-triazine ring is an important step in the mineralization of s-triazine compounds, extensive used as herbicides or pesticides in agriculture worldwide, and hence in their complete removal from environment 3.5.4.1 cytosine deaminase agriculture CodA can be used as a negative selection marker in Glycine max. Wild-type seedlings are not affected by inclusion of 5-fluorcytosine in growth media, whiule transgenic Glycine max plants expressing CodA and grown in the presence of more than 200 microg/ml 5-fluorocytosine exhibit reductions in hypocotyl and tap-root lengths, and severe suppression of lateral root development 3.5.4.1 cytosine deaminase agriculture construction of a fusion protein of fluorocytosine deaminase FCY with the bacterial uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPP) gene. The recombinant protein converts the precursor 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracyl, used in the treatment of a range of cancers. The FCY-UPP gene construct acts in a cell-autonomous manner and can inactivate slow developmental processes like lateral root formation by targeting pericycle cells. The 5-fluorouracil precursor acts systemically the tissular inactivation is reversible, and can be used to synchronize plant responses or to determine cell type-specific functions during different developmental stages 3.5.4.43 hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase agriculture degradation of atrazine to non-phytotoxic metabolites 3.5.4.43 hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase agriculture expression of the atrazine degradation-related gene atzB in coculture treatments (of Arthrobacter sp. DNS10 and Enterobacter sp. P1 is a phosphorus-solubilizing bacterium that releases various kinds of organic acids but lacks the ability to degrade atrazine) is 1.8 times that of the single strain DNS10 culture treatment. This phenomenon is due to metabolite exchange between the two strains. Culturing these two strains together is a biostimulation strategy to enhance the biodegradation of atrazine and the level of available phosphorus in soil by culturing these two strains together 3.5.5.6 bromoxynil nitrilase agriculture recent experiments indicate that expression of this bacterial nitrilase in transgenic plants results in high levels of resistance to the herbicide bromoxynil 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture - 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture in presence of enzyme-containing bacteria, growth of canola seedlings is enhanced and the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid levels in these roots are lowered 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture increase of root elongation by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid using bacteria depends significantly on nutrient status of the plant 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture ability of transgenic tomato plants expressing the enzyme under different promoters to grow in the presence of metal ions 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture development of tomato plants with delayed fruit ripening by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transfer of a gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, the enzyme delays fruit ripening by decreasing ethylene synthesis 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture rapid procedure for isolation of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase-containig bacteria 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture Burkholderia phytofirmans sp. nov. isolated from surface-sterilized onion roots, shows high enzyme activity and is able to establish rhizosphere and endophytic populations associated with various plants 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture expression of enzyme in Brassica napus provides the transgenic calona lines with tolerance to the inhibitory effects of salt stress, with the root-specific promoter rolD being the most effective. Improved salt tolerance is most likely due to decreased synthesis of stress ethylene 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture expression of enzyme in Lycopersicon esculentum yields plant showing a very healthy and more productive phenotype compared to wild-type. Transgenic plants have a higher chlorophyll content, and transgenic fruits show higher lycopene and beta-carotene content. Expression using promoters rolD or 35S is most effective, leading to larger roots, higher chlorophyll leaf and protein content, and increased average fruit weight 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture expression of enzyme in Pisum sativum stimulates root growth and increases root and shoot biomass in non-polluted soils, depending on genotype of host plant. No effect in presence of Cd2+ 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture inoculation of Brassica campestris with Methylobacterium fujisawaense results in lower levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate in the tissues of seeds due to bacterial enzyme activity. Activity of plant 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate remains lower in treated seedlings leading to lowered ethylene in plants and preventing ethylene inhibition of root elongation 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture inoculation of Pisum sativum with bacteria expressing enzyme increases shoot biomass in non-polluted soil and root and shoot biomass in non-polluted and Cd-supplemented soils, depending on genotype of host plant 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture inoculation of Pisum sativum with bacteria expressing enzyme stimulates root growth and increases shoot biomass in non-polluted and Cd-supplemented soils, depending on genotype of host plant 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture inoculation of Zea mays or Vigna radiata with isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens showing high enzymic activity results in 1.6fold increase in fresh biomass of seedling, root and shoot growth as well as nodulation are promoted 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture inoculation of Zea mays or Vigna radiata with isolate of Pseudomonas putida showing high enzymic activity results in 2fold increase in fresh biomass of seedling, root and shoot growth as well as nodulation are promoted 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture bacterial strains that contain ACC deaminase confer salt tolerance to plants by lowering salt induced ethylene synthesis 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture Azospirillum lipoferum strain AZm5 containing ACC deaminase activity improves the growth and physiology of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants under a deficiency of and medium doses of nitrogenous fertilizers 3.5.99.7 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase agriculture ACC deaminase containing rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus strain 5C-2 mitigates salt stress by improving water relations, ion homeostasis and photosynthesis of pea plants, and may provide an economic means of promoting growth of plants exposed to salt stress 3.6.1.5 apyrase agriculture expression of enzyme in in Lotus japonicus results in enhanced nodulation that correlates with expression level 3.6.5.5 dynamin GTPase agriculture the edr3 mutant displays enhanced disease resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum and enhanced susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea 3.7.1.1 oxaloacetase agriculture oxalate production by Moniliophthora perniciosa may play a role in the Witches' Broom disease pathogenesis mechanism 3.7.1.24 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol hydrolase agriculture the potent antimicrobial compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is a major determinant of biocontrol activity of plant-beneficial Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 against root diseases caused by fungal pathogens 3.8.1.3 haloacetate dehalogenase agriculture recombinant in rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 3.8.1.3 haloacetate dehalogenase agriculture detoxification of poisonous plants for animal food 3.8.1.5 haloalkane dehalogenase agriculture biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane and 2-chloropropane via modified enzyme 3.8.1.5 haloalkane dehalogenase agriculture biodegradation of pollutant insecticide gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) 3.8.1.5 haloalkane dehalogenase agriculture biocatalyzation and bioremediation of haloalkanes 3.8.1.8 atrazine chlorohydrolase agriculture atrazine metabolites, i.e. alkylamines, are toxic in higher concentrations for the bacteria without buffered milieu due to low pH 3.8.1.8 atrazine chlorohydrolase agriculture degradation of chemically stable and toxic herbicide atrazine in soil and groundwater to non-toxic hydroxyatrazine 3.13.2.1 adenosylhomocysteinase agriculture high priority genes for follow-up biochemical and physiological studies on the mechanisms of Al tolerance in maize are AltSB like ZmASL, aluminum-activated malate transporter ALMT2, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteinase SAHH, and malic enzyme ME 3.13.2.1 adenosylhomocysteinase agriculture quantitative, high-throughput biocontrol assay that can be applied to the screening of large numbers of mutants of strain K84 under conditions that mimic the control of crown gall disease in the field by this widely successful biocontrol agent. The basis for this bioassay relies on the careful optimization of the populations of the biocontrol agent and the challenge pathogen, and gives a reproducible 100% level of infection in the absence of the biocontrol agent and 100% control when strain K84 is introduced 4.1.1.2 oxalate decarboxylase agriculture development of transgenic plants resistant to fungal infection, transgenic tobacco and tomato plants expressing oxalate decarboxylase show remarkable resistance to phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that utilizes oxalic acid during infestation 4.1.1.2 oxalate decarboxylase agriculture control of fungal plant pathogen 4.1.1.2 oxalate decarboxylase agriculture the enzyme represents a potentially source of resistance against oxalate- and Nep1-like protein-producing pathogens such as Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao, Theobroma cacao 4.1.1.19 arginine decarboxylase agriculture generation of stress-resistent plants 4.1.1.25 tyrosine decarboxylase agriculture expression of tyrosine decarboxylase under the control of a methanol-inducible plant tryptophan decarboxylase promoter and generation of transgenic T2 homozygous rice plants. The plants show normal growth phenotypes with slightly increased levels of tyramine in seeds relative to wild type. Upon treatment with 1% methanol, the transgenic rice leaves produce large amounts of tyramine, whereas no increase in tyramine production is observed in wild-type plants. The methanol-induced accumulation of tyramine in the transgenic rice leaves is inversely correlated with the tyrosine level 4.1.1.31 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase agriculture PEPC activated in the Brachiaria hybrid under low-P and low-pH conditions may contribute to the plant’s greater adaptation to tropical acid soils with P-low availability 4.1.1.31 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase agriculture the PEPC gene and photosynthetic characteristics of PEPC transgenic rice can be stably transferred to the hybrid progenies, which might open a new breeding approach to the integration of conventional hybridization and biological technology 4.1.1.37 uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase agriculture first step to establish this enzyme as a possible biomarker for environmental contamination 4.1.1.39 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase agriculture target for increasing agricultural productivity 4.1.1.39 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase agriculture replacment of native wheat Rubisco with Hordeum vulgare enzyme increases photosynthetic performance at 25°C and at 35°C. At 25°C Rubisco from Hordeum vulgare maximally increases the assimilation rate by 22%. Exchange of residue K14Q is the only difference relative to Triticum aestivum cv Cadenza 4.1.1.39 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase agriculture replacment of native wheat Rubisco with the enzyme increases photosynthetic performance at 25°C and at 35°C. At 25°C Rubisco from Aegilops cylindrica maximally increases the assimilation rate by 23% 4.1.1.50 adenosylmethionine decarboxylase agriculture incubation of the cut flower with water increases both enzyme activity and spermine content 2fold, which are followed by ethylene production. Reaction may be a resistance mechanism against fungal and bacterial infection. Overexpression of enzyme may be a tool to improve rose cultivars for the common usage 4.1.1.72 branched-chain-2-oxoacid decarboxylase agriculture plants with enzymic activity show enhanced cold tolerance, role as a protective mechanism for growth of plants under sub optimal temperatures 4.1.1.101 malolactic enzyme agriculture a Saccharomyces cerevisiae peptidic fraction with an apparent molecular masses of 5-10 kDa inhibits the enzyme in synthetic grape juices and in Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah wines. The peptidic fraction is gradually released during the alcoholic fermentation 4.1.1.101 malolactic enzyme agriculture comparison of genomes of 10 indigenous Oenococcus oeni strains isolated from Negroamaro wine. All strains possess 10 genes encoding enzymes such as malolactic enzyme (mleA), esterase (estA), citrate lyase (citD, citE and citF), citrate transporter (maeP), a-acetolactate decarboxylase (alsD), aacetolactate synthase (alsS), S-adenosylmethionine synthase (metK) and cystathionine beta-lyase (metC) and result negative in the detection of genes encoding cystathionine gamma-lyase (metB), ornithine transcarbamylase (arcB) and carbamate kinase (arcC) 4.1.1.101 malolactic enzyme agriculture isolation of strains for malolactic fermantation. Strain JBE60 shows the highest resistance against 10% (v/v) ethanol and lowers the concentration of malic acid to average 43% 4.1.1.101 malolactic enzyme agriculture screening for strains with high malolactic enzyme activites as oenological starter cultures in malolactic fermentation. 2 strains have the capability of growing in wine-like conditions i.e. pH 3.0, ethanol concentration of 14% (v/v) and show malic acid degradation rates of 430.625 mg/l and day and 76.994 mg/l and day, respectively 4.1.2.10 (R)-mandelonitrile lyase agriculture hydroxynitrile lyases are involved in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure cyanohydrins which are important intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The enzyme synthesizes (R)-mandelonitrile in both, batch reaction and fed-batch reaction and can be effectively used in the synthesis of (R)-mandelonitrile 4.1.2.10 (R)-mandelonitrile lyase agriculture the enzyme has very high potential for synthesis of cyanohydrins and can be used for the production of enantiopure cyanohydrins. Cyanohydrins are important intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals 4.1.2.13 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase agriculture transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi expressing Arabidopsis plastid aldolase shows 1.4-1.9fold higher aldolase activities than wild-type, associated with enhanced growth, culminating in increased biomass, particularly under high CO2 concentration where the increase reached 2.2fold relative to wild-type plants. This increase is associated with a 1.5fold elevation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in the transgenic plants. Overexpression results in a decrease in 3-phosphoglycerate and an increase in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and its immediate precursors in the Calvin cycle 4.1.2.13 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase agriculture the enzyme can be utilized as a broad-spectrum vaccine against various pathogenic bacteria of aquaculture in the future 4.1.2.47 (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase agriculture enantiomerically pure cyanohydrins produced by enzyme-catalyzed synthesis are important synthetic intermediates for agrochemicals 4.2.1.69 cyanamide hydratase agriculture due to its innate ability to convert cyanamide to urea and the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of cyanamide, the cah gene can be used to facilitate plant growth promotion and biocontrol of phytopathogens 4.2.1.105 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase agriculture regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis 4.2.1.130 D-lactate dehydratase agriculture Hsp31 is a tool to engineer plants against both biotic and abiotic stresses 4.2.2.2 pectate lyase agriculture during infection controlling of pectate lyase and pectin lyase activities by host sap pH or oligogalacturonides would be the best mechanism to control Fusarium colonization or infection 4.2.2.3 mannuronate-specific alginate lyase agriculture the alginate oligomers prepared by the lyase from Streptomyces sp. A5 show growth-promoting activity on the roots of banana plantlets. Encapsulation method using alginate microbeads to inoculate beneficial streptomycete strains might be beneficial to the root growth of banana plantlets 4.2.2.10 pectin lyase agriculture purified enzyme is able to elicit disease resistance in cucumber seedlings 4.2.2.11 guluronate-specific alginate lyase agriculture oligosaccharides produced by alginase may act as osmoprotective agents during the plant germination process. The relative root length of Brassica campestris L. increases with the addition of oligosaccharides with reduced degrees of polymerization. The oligosaccharides with lower degree of polymerization-values are effective in reducing the effect of salt stress on the activity of the superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase, and oligosaccharides with moderate degree of polymerization-values can reduce the increase in lipid peroxidation activities induced by salt stress 4.2.3.1 threonine synthase agriculture possible herbicide target 4.2.3.1 threonine synthase agriculture as one of the few enzymes that are cross-activated by the product of another pathway, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, it has a potential application as a target for herbicides 4.2.3.8 casbene synthase agriculture - 4.2.3.8 casbene synthase agriculture plant disease resistance macrocyclic diterpene hydrocarbons formed in response to fungal attack, antibiotic properties of phytoalexins as hypersensitive response of plants to invasion by potentially pathogenic microorganisms 4.2.3.13 (+)-delta-cadinene synthase agriculture RNAi is used to disrupt gossypol biosynthesis in cotton seed tissue by interfering with the expression of the delta-cadinene synthase gene during seed development. It is possible to significantly reduce cottonseed-gossypol levels in a stable and heritable manner. The levels of gossypol and related terpenoids in the foliage and floral parts are not diminished, and thus their potential function in plant defense against insects and diseases remains untouched. A targeted genetic modification, applied to an underutilized agricultural byproduct, provides a mechanism to open up a new source of nutrition for hundreds of millions of people 4.2.3.16 (4S)-limonene synthase agriculture putative production of transgenic aromatic plants overexpressing monoterpene synthases 4.2.3.16 (4S)-limonene synthase agriculture UV-B irradiation differentially modulates the expression of genes involved in peppermint essential oil biogenesis and the content of UV-B absorbing flavonoids. Plants grown in field are better adapted to increasing UV-B irradiation than plants cultivated in growth chambers 4.2.3.24 amorpha-4,11-diene synthase agriculture growth of self-pollinated F2 plants under optimized growth conditions, consisting of long day, i.e. 16 h of light, and short day, i.e.9 h of light exposures in a phytotron. The leaves on the main stems exhibit obvious morphological changes, from indented single leaves to odd, pinnately compound leaves. Leaves and flowers form glandular and T-shaped trichomes on their surfaces. The glandular trichome densities increased from the bottom to the top leaves. Leaves, flowers, and young seedlings of F2 plants produce artemisinin. In leaves, the levels of artemisinin increases from the bottom to the top of the plants, showing a positive correlation to the density increase of glandular trichomes. Progeny of self-pollinated plants express the amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 71 AV1 genes 4.2.3.24 amorpha-4,11-diene synthase agriculture overexpression of HMG-Co A reductase gene from Catharanthus roseus G. Don and amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene from Artemisia annua in Artemisia annua L. plants to study their effects on artemisinin yields. The artemisinin contents are up to 7.7fold increased in the transgenics 4.2.3.25 S-linalool synthase agriculture putative relevance for the engineering of indirect plant defence 4.2.3.46 alpha-farnesene synthase agriculture Because diphenylamine treatment leaves unwanted chemical residues on the fruit, restricts export markets, and creates environmental concerns, a long-range molecular genetic strategy for control of scald by reduction of (E,E)-alpha-farnesene synthesis in scald-susceptible apples is searched. The success of this strategy will rely on our ability to identify, clone, and characterize key genes involved in alpha-farnesene biosynthesis and its regulation by ethylene. 4.2.3.47 beta-farnesene synthase agriculture overexpression of isoforms of betaFS1 or betaFS2 in tobacco plants results in the emission of (E)-beta-farnesene ranging from 1.55 to 4.65 ng/day/g fresh tissues. The transgenic tobacco plants are able to repel peach aphids (Myzus persicae), but not as strongly as expected. Transgenic lines exhibit strong and statistically significant attraction to lacewings (Chrysopa septempunctata) thus minimizing aphid infestation 4.2.3.48 (3S,6E)-nerolidol synthase agriculture introduction of the mitochondrial nerolidol synthase gene to Arabidopsis thaliana mediates de novo emission of (E)-nerolidol and linalool. Co-expression of the nerolidol synthase FPS1 and cytosolic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase 1 increases the number of emitting transgenic plants (incidence rate) and the emission rate of both volatiles. No association between the emission rate of transgenic volatiles and their growth inhibitory effect can be established.(E)-Nerolidol is to a large extent metabolized to non-volatile conjugates 4.2.3.51 beta-phellandrene synthase (neryl-diphosphate-cyclizing) agriculture monoterpenes produced in fruits overexpressing both isoform PHS1 and neryl diphsphate synthase NDPS1 contribute to direct plant defense negatively affecting feeding behavior of the herbivore Helicoverpa zea and displaying antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea 4.2.3.57 (-)-beta-caryophyllene synthase agriculture flowers of plant lines lacking (E)-beta-caryophyllene emission show greater bacterial growth on their stigmas than wild-type flowers, and their seeds are lighter and misshapen. Plant lines with ectopic (E)-beta-caryophyllene emission from vegetative parts are more resistant than wild-type plants to pathogen infection of leaves, and show reduced cell damage and higher seed production. (E)-beta-caryophyllene seems to act by direct inhibition of bacterial growth 4.2.3.65 zingiberene synthase agriculture transgenic tomato fruits overexpressing ZIS under the control of the fruit ripening-specific tomato polygalacturonase promoter accumulate high levels of alpha-zingiberene and other sesquiterpenes, such as alpha-bergamotene, 7-epi-sesquithujene, beta-bisabolene and beta-curcumene. The ZIS-transgenic fruits also produce monoterpenes, such as alpha-thujene, alpha-pinene, beta-phellandrene and gamma-terpinene, which are either not detected or are found only in minute concentrations in control fruits. The phenotype of the ZIS-transgenic tomatoes is the same as that for wild-type tomatoes, with regard to plant vigor and shape, but transgenic plants exhibit a small decrease in lycopene content 4.2.3.106 (E)-beta-ocimene synthase agriculture when lima bean plants that have previously been placed downwind of transgenic tobacco plants that are constitutively overexpressing (E)-beta-ocimene synthase are infested by spider mites in an open-flow tunnel, they are more defensive to spider mites and more attractive to predatory mites, in comparison to the infested plants that have been placed downwind of wild-type tobacco plants. Similarly, when the transgenic tobacco-downwind maize plants are infested with Mythimna separata larvae, this results in reduced larval growth and greater attraction of parasitic wasps Cotesia kariyai. In a greenhouse experiment, lima bean plants placed near the transgenic tobacco plants are more attractive when damaged by spider mites, in comparison to the infested plants that have been placed near the wild-type plants. Volatile organic compounds emitted from infested receiver plants affect their conspecific neighboring plants to prime indirect defenses in response to herbivory 4.2.3.142 7-epizingiberene synthase [(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing] agriculture construction of an interspecific cross between Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites PI127826 leads to production of 7-epizingiberene in a range of concentrations up to PI127826 levels in the F2 plants. Plants also accumulate monoterpenes and/or other sesquiterpenes at high concentrations. Data show a correlation between the concentration of 7-epizingiberene on the leaf surface and the defense against whiteflies. Stable expression of short chain cis-prenyltransferase zFPS and 7-epizingiberene synthase in Solanum lycopersicum results in accumulation of 7-epizingiberene. The production of 7-epizingiberene has no repellent effect on spider mites in a choice assay, but has a strong effect on their fecundity. Mites placed on leaf disks of transgenic plants exhibit a 40% higher mortality and, after 4 d, an 81% reduction in the number of eggs 4.2.3.144 geranyllinalool synthase agriculture contrary to wild-type, transgenic Lotus japonicus plants expressing isoform TPS2 produce (E,E)-geranyllinalool and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum expressing isoform TPS2 produces (E,E)-geranyllinalool but not (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. In olfactory assays, the generalist predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus but not the specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis is attracted to uninfested, transgenic Lotus japonicus plants expressing TPS2 over wild-type plants. The specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis is more strongly attracted by the transgenic plants infested with spider mites than by infested wild-type plants 4.2.99.21 isochorismate lyase agriculture expression of a fusion of genes pchA and pchB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which encode isochorismate synthase and isochorismate pyruvate-lyase, in Arabidopsis thaliana, with targeting of the gene product either to the cytosol, c-SAS plants, or to the chloroplast, p-SAS plants. In p-SAS plants, the amount of free and conjugated SA is increased more than 20fold above wild type level. P-SAS plants show a strongly dwarfed phenotype and produce very few seeds. Targeting of SAS to the cytosol causes a slight increase in free salicylic acid and a significant threefold increase in conjugated salicylic acid. The modest increase in total salicylic content does not strongly induce the resistance marker PR-1, but results in enhanced disease resistance towards a virulent isolate of Peronospora parasitica. Increased resistance of c-SAS lines is paralleled with reduced seed production 4.3.1.23 tyrosine ammonia-lyase agriculture tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity is significantly higher in the tissues infected by Glomerella cingulata than in corresponding control and reaches its peak 48 hours after inoculation in the resistant varieties. Defense enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase prevent the infection by Glomerella cingulata in the resistant tea varieties, in a sequential manner. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is induced first, followed by tyrosine ammonia-lyase and then polyphenol oxidase, during biotic stress induced by Glomerella cingulata in tea plants 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture level of enzyme mRNA increases 5 days after the establishment of in vitro callus unions. Enzyme transcription shows a higher level in graft union of incompatible partners and does not result in formation of lignin 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture treatment of plants with Pseudmonas sp. increases shoot length and significantly increases the activity of both peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Treatment may help plants against pathogen invasion by modulating plant peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture treatment of plants with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces enzyme synthesis associated with increased synthesis of phenolic compounds such as tannic, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic and cinnamic acids. Treatment with Sclerotinia slerotiorum does not induce enzyme synthesis 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture during culture of Morinda citrifolia adventitious roots in different strength, i.e. 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 of Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 mg/l indole butyric acid and 30 g/l sucrose, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity shows a positive correlation in relation to salt strength that leads to an increase in phenol biosynthesis in expense of anthraquinone formation. With the increasing salt strength, root growth and anthraquinone accumulation decrease significantly 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture expression of isoform PAL6 is fruit-specific, and increases during fruit ripening in both cultivars along with anthocyanin accumulation. PAL enzyme activity increases at similar rates in both cultivars at early ripening stages, but at the end of ripening PAL activity diminishes in cultivar Toyonoka while it rises markedly in cultivar Camarosa. PAL activity is higher in internal fruit tissue, showing no correlation with anthocyanin level of the same section in both cultivars. The higher FaPAL6 expression and activity detected in Camarosa may be associated to the enhanced anthocyanin accumulation found in this cultivar 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture PAL activity is significantly higher in the tissues infected by Glomerella cingulata than in corresponding control and reaches its peak 24 hours after inoculation in the resistant varieties. Defense enzymes PAL, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase prevent the infection by Glomerella cingulata in the resistant tea varieties, in a sequential manner. PAL is induced first, followed by tyrosine ammonia-lyase and than polyphenol oxidase, during biotic stress induced by Glomerella cingulata in tea plants 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture transgenic roots of Coleus blumei, harbouring the Arabidopsis thaliana PAL1 gene, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, show disparate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities ranging from 67 to 350%, compared to wild-type roots. Growth rates significantly differ, with the lowest in transgenic roots exerting augmented phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Transgenic roots with high phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity have lower growth rates, lower amounts of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, i.e. the major phenolic compound in Coleus blumei and chlorogenic acid, but increased amounts of caffeic acid. There is no increase in total phenolics and rosmarinic acid content after feeding transgenic roots with casein enzymatic hydrolysate and L-tyrosine 4.3.1.24 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase agriculture rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear 4.3.2.10 imidazole glycerol-phosphate synthase agriculture development of allosteric antibiotics, herbicides, and antifungal compounds because the enzyme is absent in mammals but provides an entry point to fundamental biosynthetic pathways in plants, fungi, and bacteria 4.3.3.7 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase agriculture expression of dapA gene of E coli, insensitive to feedback-inhibition by L-lysine 4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase agriculture infection with Pyrenopeziza brassicae led to increased LCD activity 4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase agriculture enzyme is an antibacterial drug-target protein against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the most destructive bacterial disease of rice 4.4.1.9 L-3-cyanoalanine synthase agriculture CAS seems to be useful for screening possible novel plant activators for plant protection against pathogens 4.4.1.9 L-3-cyanoalanine synthase agriculture CAS1 and CAS2 encode Fuji apple beta-CAS homologs, overall nucleotide sequence identity is 89%, whereas coding regions are 93% identical at the nucleotide level and 94% identical at the amino acid level, CAS may play a role in cyanide detoxification in ripening apple fruits 4.4.1.9 L-3-cyanoalanine synthase agriculture enzyme may be responsible for the ability to detoxify cyanide in insect pest and hence responsible for tolerance of the cyanogenic cassava plant, this ability can possibly be compromised by enzyme inhibition, and may lead, in the long term, to the potential use of this enzyme as drug target for pest control 4.4.1.13 cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase agriculture the absence of the enzyme in higher organisms makes it an important target for the development of antibiotics and herbicides 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesises, its mRNA expression is induced by abiotic factors like wounding, treatment with abscisic acid, and CuCl2 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, which is the major plant hormone regulating female sex expression, an additional copy of the Cs-ACS1 gene is linked to the female locus, this female-specific Cs-ACS1G originates from a gene duplication between the branched-chain amino acid transaminase gene and Cs-ACS1 gene 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture ethylene governs both development and stress responses throughout plant development, the mechanism by which plants regulate ethylene biosynthesis is unclear, 14-3-3 proteins are required to cause a change in ACS function after phosphorylation 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture ethylene governs both development and stress responses throughout plant development, the mechanism by which plants regulate ethylene biosynthesis is unclear, ethylene overproducer 1 protein is a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis that inhibits the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and promotes its degradation by a proteasome dependent pathway 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture ethylene is produced in increasing amounts during the germination process, the embryonic axis is the main producer, the abundance of Ca-ACS1 mRNA was highest at the onset of embryogenesis (stage-1), middle (stages 3–6) and low desiccation stages and dry seed, the transcript levels of Ca-ACS1 does not correlate with ACS activity 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture ethylene production in cut carnation flowers cv. Excerea is suppressed by high-temperatures because of inhibition of ACC synthase, no ethylene production detected in flowers kept at 32°C, climacteric ethylene production observed during days 9-12 in flowers kept at 24°C 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture expression of ACC synthase is the rate limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis and is controlled by a multiple regulatory pathway of auxin, brassinosteroid and light in Arabidopsis seedlings 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture expression of CyACS1 is involved in high-temperature induced necrosis of plant tissue 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture the enzyme regulates ethylene production in conifers, ethylene signalling induces chemical defenses against insects or pathogens 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture UV-B radiation influences ethylene biosynthesis by changes in the expression of the ACC synthase 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture ethylene overproduction in protein phosphatase 2A-deficient plants requires isoforms ACS2 and ACS6 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture harvest periods related to soluble solids contents content of Hayward kiwifruit significantly affect 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity, total soluble protein content and protein profile. ACC synthase activity is suppressed, especially in early harvested fruits, by an inhibition of fruit ripening during controlled atmosphere storage 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture identification of compounds inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase 4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase agriculture oligogalacturonic acids promote tomato fruit ripening by inducing ethylene synthesis through the regulation of isoform ACS2 at transcriptional and post-translational levels 4.4.1.16 selenocysteine lyase agriculture Selenium contamination is one of the most serious problems in agriculture in Se-rich regions, cpSL transgenic plants can be used for Se phytoremediation under field conditions. Selenium accumulation is significantly enhanced in the shoots of the cpSL transgenic plants compared to wild typ. cpSL plants are more tolerant to the toxic sediment-soil than the wild type 4.4.1.19 phosphosulfolactate synthase agriculture selenium contamination is one of the most serious problems in agriculture in Se-rich regions, cpSL transgenic plants can be used for Se phytoremediation under field conditions, Selenium accumulation is significantly enhanced in the shoots of the cpSL transgenic plants compared to wild type, cpSL plants are more tolerant to the toxic sediment-soil than the wild type 4.6.1.18 pancreatic ribonuclease agriculture transgenic expression in Nicotiana tabacum as a protection against tobacco mosaic virus. Transgenic plants are characterized by an increased level of enzyme activity in leaf extract and exhibit a significantly higher level of protection against the virus infection than control. Protection is evident by the absence or significant delay of the appearance of typical mosaic symptoms and the retarded accumulation of infectious virus and viral antigen 5.2.1.8 peptidylprolyl isomerase agriculture use of leaf enzyme activity as a marker for water stress tolerance in sorghum 5.3.1.8 mannose-6-phosphate isomerase agriculture expression system based on phosphomannose-isomerase gene as a selectable marker in Agrobacterium-based transformation and mannose as the selective agent for the transformation of apple. Selection of leaf explants on medium supplemented with mannose and sorbitol, integration of transgenes in the apple genome and their activity are confirmed 5.3.1.8 mannose-6-phosphate isomerase agriculture non-antibiotic selection system based on heterologous expression of enzyme in Brassica rapa via Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and screening for cotyledon explants that survive in media containing more than 5 g per l mannose. Presence of gene does not inhibit the growth of transgenic plants 5.3.1.8 mannose-6-phosphate isomerase agriculture selection system for onion using Agrobacterium-based transformation with phosphomannose isomerase as selectable marker. Selection depends on detoxification of mannose 6-phosphate by conversion to fructose 6-phosphate in six-week-old embryonic calli. Transformation rates of 23-27% are obtained 5.3.1.8 mannose-6-phosphate isomerase agriculture use of enzyme as selectable marker for Agrobacterium-medíated transformation of Linum usitatissimum. Transgenic flax plants able to root on mannose-containing medium are obtained on a combination of 20 g per l sucrose and 10 g per l mannose. Mean transformation efficacy is 3.6% 5.3.1.8 mannose-6-phosphate isomerase agriculture use of enzyme as selectable marker in Agrobacterium-based expression of transgenes in Brassica rapa. Supplementation of media with 7 g per l mannose and 2% sucrose provides best conditions for the selection of transformed plants. Transformation rates of 1.4-3% are obtained 5.3.99.6 allene-oxide cyclase agriculture generation of a jasmonic acid-deficient rice line by suppression of allene oxide cyclase using RNAi. The level of resistance to Magnaporthe grisea infection is equal to wild-type and to a strain lacking 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase 5.3.99.6 allene-oxide cyclase agriculture transgenic tobacco expressing Campotheca acuminata allene oxide cyclase displays higher chlorophyll content under salt stress than wild plants and is more resistant to low temperature. Expression of a 5'-truncated Campotheca acuminata allene oxide cyclase in Escherichia coli results in cells that can grow on agar plates containing 400 mM NaCl 5.3.99.8 capsanthin/capsorubin synthase agriculture red peppers accumulate increasing levels of total carotenoids during ripening, whereas non-red peppers accumulate lower levels of total carotenoids of varying composition. The expression levels of the phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase genes are high in peppers with high levels of total carotenoid. The gene of capsanthin-capsorubin synthase is present in two Capsicum varieties whose ripe colour is yellow 5.3.99.12 lachrymatory-factor synthase agriculture the enzyme is an important target gene in onion breeding for both flavor intensity and healthfulness 5.4.4.2 isochorismate synthase agriculture the enzyme can be considered in plant breeding programs for salinity tolerance as well as for pathogen resistance for the oilseed industrial medical plant Carthamus tinctorius 5.4.99.5 chorismate mutase agriculture the widespread presence of chorismate mutases in the specialized sedentary endoparasitic nematode species suggests that this multifunctional enzyme may be a key factor in modulating plant parasitism 5.4.99.B22 multisite-specific tRNA pseudouridine synthase agriculture functional disruption of a chloroplast pseudouridine synthase desensitizes Arabidopsis plants to phosphate starvation 5.5.1.6 chalcone isomerase agriculture transgenic tobacco overexpressing Saussurea medusa enzyme SmCHI produces up to fivefold more total flavonoids than wild-type, mainly due to accumulation of rutin. Transgenic tobacco treated with antisense SmCHI accumulates smaller amounts of flavonoids 6.3.2.2 glutamate-cysteine ligase agriculture comparison of three transgenic poplar lines over-expressing the Escherichia coli gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The three lines differ in their expression levels of the transgene and in the accumulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione in leaves, roots and phloem exudates. The lowest transgene expression level is observed in line Lggs6 which shows an increased growth, an enhanced rate of photosynthesis and a decreased excitation pressure. Line Lggs12 shows the highest transgene expression level, highest gamma-glutamylcysteine accumulation in leaves and highest glutathione enrichment in phloem exudates and roots. This line also exhibits a reduced growth, and after a prolonged growth of 4.5 months, symptoms of leaf injury 6.3.2.2 glutamate-cysteine ligase agriculture expression of GCS via agroinfection in the heavy metal intolerant grass Agrostis palustris. GCS and phytochelatin synthase are up-regulated in the transgenic lines. All the transgenic lines accumulate more Cd2+ and phytochelatins than the wild-type line, and three of five lines grow more effectively than the wild-type after either five or 21 days of Cd2+ stress. Variation among the transgenics is observed for the distribution of Cd2+ in the root, shoot and leaf. The malondialdehyde content of all the transgenic lines is lower than that of the wild type under Cd2+ treatment, while the activity of both superoxide dismutase and peroxidase present in the transgenic lines increases markedly 24 h after Cd2+ stress, and then rapidly declines 6.3.2.2 glutamate-cysteine ligase agriculture transformation of GCS gene via agroinfection into the heavy metal intolerant grass Agrostis palustris results in upregulation of GCS and phytochelatin synthase in the transgenic lines. Transgenic lines accumulate more Cd2+ and phytochelatins than the wild-type line, and three of five lines grow more effectively than the wild-type after either five or 21 d of Cd2+ stress. Variation among the transgenics is observed for the distribution of Cd2+ in the root, shoot and leaf. The malondialdehyde content of all the transgenic lines is lower than that of the wild type under Cd2+ treatment, while the activity of both superoxide dismutase and peroxidase present in the transgenic lines increases markedly 24 h after Cd2+ stress, and then rapidly declines 6.3.4.4 adenylosuccinate synthase agriculture target of herbicides 6.3.5.4 asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) agriculture transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpress CaAS1 exhibit enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Increased CaAS1 expression influences early defense responses in diseased leaves, including increased electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide burst. In CaAS1-silenced pepper and/or CaAS1-overexpressing Arabidopsis, CaAS1-dependent changes in asparagine levels correlate with increased susceptibility or defense responses to microbial pathogens, respectively 6.4.1.2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase agriculture the enzyme is a target for development of herbicides 6.4.1.2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase agriculture in a biotype resistant to five ACCase inhibitor herbicides tested the transcription of ACCase is 3.4-9.3 times higher than in the susceptible biotype. ACCase gene copy number is 5-7 times higher in the resistant compared with the susceptible biotype. ACCase gene overexpression is directly related to the increase of the ACCase gene copy number 6.4.1.4 methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase agriculture MCCase is of significance in comprehending how the mevalonate shunt can divert carbon away from the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, such as cholesterol, which has major implications in the prevention of vascular degenerate diseases 6.6.1.1 magnesium chelatase agriculture use of the CLCrV silencing vector to study gene function in cotton, via replacement of the CLCrV coat protein gene by up to 500 bp of DNA homologous to the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene ChlI. Temperature can have a major impact on the extent of geminivirus-induced gene silencing 7.1.2.1 P-type H+-exporting transporter agriculture addition of magnesium to toxic aluminium treatment helps maintain the tissue magnesium content and the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. These changes enhance the aluminium-dependent efflux of vitrate which provides extra protection from aluminium stress 7.1.2.1 P-type H+-exporting transporter agriculture isoform Vha2 is clearly up-regulated by Al in roots of Al-resistant but not of Al-sensitive plants, whereas the transcription levels of 14-3-3 protein are elevated in a time-dependent manner in both Al-resistant and Al-sensitive roots. Greater citrate exudation is positively correlated with higher activities of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in roots of Al-resistant compared with Al-sensitive plants. Phosphorylation and interaction of Vha2 with the 14-3-3 protein are enhanced in Al-resistant roots but not in Al-sensitive roots with increasing Al treatment time. Fusicoccin or adenosine 5'-monophosphate increase or decrease the interaction between the phosphorylated Vha2 and the 14-3-3 protein, followed by an enhancement or reduction of the H+-ATPase activity and citrate exudation in both cultivars under Al stress conditions, respectively 7.1.2.1 P-type H+-exporting transporter agriculture SEC24 vesicles, along with plasma membrane H+-ATPases stimulate roots formation under iron deficiency by enhancing rhizosphere acidification 7.1.2.1 P-type H+-exporting transporter agriculture there is a positive correlation between graft success and enzyme activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) and pedalai (Artocarpus sericicarpus) 7.2.2.2 ABC-type Cd2+ transporter agriculture improvement of heavy metal, salt or xenobiotic chemical tolerance in plants 7.2.2.10 P-type Ca2+ transporter agriculture the ability to manipulate metal transporters, such as by altering substrate specificity, is an essential step in developing genetically engineered plants that can be used for phytoremediation strategies for specific metals 7.2.2.22 P-type Mn2+ transporter agriculture the ability to manipulate metal transporters, such as by altering substrate specificity, is an essential step in developing genetically engineered plants that can be used for phytoremediation strategies for specific metals