1.1.1.21 aldose reductase diagnostics AKR1B10 may have a potential role as a tumor marker 1.1.1.25 shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP+) diagnostics shikimate dehydrogenase alleles can act as potential markers for flowering phenology in Pinus sylvestris. The ShDH A locus might be considered as isoenzymatic marker that differentiates these flowering groups of Scots pine clones. At several isozyme and DNA loci, the presence of private alleles in each group of pines is observed, but these alleles cannot serve as markers of Scots pine flowering time because of their low frequencies 1.1.1.26 glyoxylate reductase diagnostics enzyme glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase is a prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection. Patients with negative GRHPR both in tumor tissues and nontumoral tissues have a significantly shorter survival time than those with positive GRHPR. Multivariate analysis establishes that GRHPR is detected in nontumoral tissues as an independent prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, overview 1.1.1.27 L-lactate dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme is useful as marker for endometrial carcinoma 1.1.1.27 L-lactate dehydrogenase diagnostics LDH levels might serve as a significant prognostic factor in high-risk patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a predictive factor associated with the response and survival benefit of the mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) inhibitor temsirolimus. LDH is one of the risk factors included in the international prognostic index (IPI) and it is considered a strong predictor of survival of patients with aggressive lymphoid cancers. Serum LDH level inversely correlates with the survival of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and allows the selection of very high-risk patients. Serum LDH might be a useful marker for predicting global clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (sorafenib). The determination of serum LDH levels appears to be a helpful clinical tool also in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and in the control of androgenic treatment 1.1.1.27 L-lactate dehydrogenase diagnostics low LDH affinity kinetics can be a diagnostic parameter for human breast cancer 1.1.1.28 D-lactate dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme is useful for selective determination of D,L-lactic acid in wines using peroxidase-based biosensors, method optimization, overview 1.1.1.30 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme is a useful marker in the assay of diabetes mellitus and/or ketoacidosis 1.1.1.35 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme can be used as marker for early immunonological detection of infection by Leptospira in urine and of leptospirosis, a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira 1.1.1.37 malate dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme can be used in a biosensor for malic acid detection in fruit juices, based on malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in a powder vitreous carbon, carbon nanotubes and mineral oil, composite matrix 1.1.1.41 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) diagnostics enzyme NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase cann act as a mitochondrial marker in asthenozoospermia 1.1.1.42 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) diagnostics IDH1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. IDH1 mutation predicts outcome in grade 2, 3, and 4 gliomas 1.1.1.42 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) diagnostics IDH1 mutational analysis can serve as a useful diagnostic marker of a glioma 1.1.1.47 glucose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] diagnostics enzyme can be used for glucose determination 1.1.1.47 glucose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] diagnostics usage for quantitative determination of glucose in clinical tests and in the food industry 1.1.1.47 glucose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] diagnostics the enzyme can be a potential diagnostic reagent for blood glucose measurement 1.1.1.51 3(or 17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase diagnostics a high HSD17B1 to HSD17B2 ratio, as well as high HSD17B1 on its own is associated with worse prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in patients with ERalpha-positive tumors. An increased copy number of the HSD17B1 gene is correlated with decreased breast cancer survival 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics 17beta-HSD1 is highly expressed in breast and ovary tissues and represents a prognostic marker for the tumor progression and survival of patients with breast cancer and other estrogen-dependent tumors 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics a high HSD17B1 to HSD17B2 ratio, as well as high HSD17B1 on its own is associated with worse prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in patients with ERalpha-positive tumors. An increased copy number of the HSD17B1 gene is correlated with decreased breast cancer survival 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics the expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1 and 2 alone and in combination predicts outcome of patients with breast cancer 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics the mouse monoclonal antibody for AKR1C3, 10B10, is highly specific and sensitive for detecting AKR1C3 expression including patient samples. The proper detection of AKR1C3 expression is critical for therapeutics targeting AKR1C3, 10B10 will be a valuable tool in clinic for AKR1C3 precision therapy. 10B10 is specific to AKR1C3 protein and has a very low cross-activity against other AKR1 proteins 1.1.1.64 testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) diagnostics evaluation of 17beta-HSD3 enzymatic activity using androgen receptor-mediated transactivation is important for understanding and diagnosing the 46,XY disorder of sexual development caused by mutations of HSD17B3 genes which results in low testosterone production. A method is adapted that easily evaluates enzymatic activity of 17beta-HSD3 by quantifying the conversion from androstenedione to trestosterone using androgen receptor-mediated transactivation 1.1.1.79 glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) diagnostics enzyme glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase is a prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection. Patients with negative GRHPR both in tumor tissues and nontumoral tissues have a significantly shorter survival time than those with positive GRHPR. Multivariate analysis establishes that GRHPR is detected in nontumoral tissues as an independent prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, overview 1.1.1.80 isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP+) diagnostics characterization of adrenal and gonadal tissue 1.1.1.108 carnitine 3-dehydrogenase diagnostics the L-carnitine oxidation step can be exploited for spectroscopic L-carnitine determination in biological fluids 1.1.1.122 D-threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase diagnostics the purified alpha1,2-fucosidase and L-fucose dehydrogenase have sufficiently high activities in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) at 37 °C, making it possible to develop a one-pot method for the quantitative determination of 2'-fucosyllactose in fermentation samples. The application of this method is more convenient for quantifying 2'-fucosyllactose in a variety of samples that may be obtained from different phases of the biotechnological production of this oligosaccharide. The method is useful for simple and rapid screening of active variants during the development of any industrially important microbial strain producing 2'-fucosyllactose 1.1.1.145 3beta-hydroxy-DELTA5-steroid dehydrogenase diagnostics HSD3B1 mRNA levels may be able to identify oocytes capable of producing euploid embryos 1.1.1.184 carbonyl reductase (NADPH) diagnostics expression of CBR mRNA is a significant prognostic factor in non–small-cell lung cancer and is inversely associated with tumor progression and angiogenesis 1.1.1.205 IMP dehydrogenase diagnostics IMPDH activity is measured in adults without thiopurine treatment as well as in adult and paediatric patients treated with thiopurines. A wide interindividual variability in IMPDH activity in erythrocytes is observed. No difference in IMPDH activity is found between untreated subjects and adult and paediatric patients on thiopurine therapy. The method described is useful in the determination of IMPDH phenotype from patients on thiopurine therapy and in the investigation of the potential relationship between IMPDH activity in erythrocytes and the occurrence of adverse events and drug response variability 1.1.1.211 long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase diagnostics 3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-carnitine and other hydroxylated long chain acylcarnitines are markers of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) and/or trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency, while heptadecanoylcarnitine is a biomarker specific for propionic acidemia (PA) or methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) patients able to detect propionate disorders during expanded newborn screening 1.1.1.213 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Re-specific) diagnostics co-immobilization of the enzyme with diaphorase of Clostridum sp. onto alkylamine glass beads through glutaraldehyde coupling for determination of bile acids in serum and bile in a cost-effective colorimetric assay 1.1.1.255 mannitol dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme is a major food allergen and its occurance in food, e.g. in celery sticks, celeriac, celery powder, or celery seeds, is required to be labeled, development of a quantitative PCR-based DNA detection method for use in food samples, overview 1.1.1.284 S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme is useful for determination of formaldehyde in consumers goods and environment 1.1.1.336 UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase diagnostics the wecC gene may represent a useful method for detecting the human type of Edwardsiella tarda, which may have the ability to cause human infection 1.1.2.3 L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) diagnostics a mediatorless biosensor is developed that is based on flavocytochrome b2 immobilized onto gold nanoclusters for non-invasive L-lactate analysis of human liquids 1.1.2.B5 PQQ-dependent quinohemoprotein pyranose dehydrogenase diagnostics bioelectrochemical applications (an amperometric biosensor) in electrochemical devices, based on direct electron transfer reactions. Development of a biosensor to detect urinary L-fucose 1.1.3.2 L-lactate oxidase diagnostics an improved amperometric L-lactate biosensor was constructed based on covalent immobilization of lactate oxidase from Pediococcus species onto carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT)/copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)/polyaniline (PANI) hybrid film electrodeposited on the surface of a pencil graphite electrode. The biosensor shows maximum response within 5 s at pH 8.0 in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer and 37°C, when operated at 20 mV/s. The biosensor has a detection limit of 0.00025 mM with a wide working range between 0.001-2.5 mM. The biosensor is employed for measurement of L-lactic acid level in plasma of apparently healthy and diseased persons. Analytical recovery of added lactic acid in plasma is 95.5%. The working enzyme electrode is used 180 times over a period of 140 days, when stored at 4°C 1.1.3.2 L-lactate oxidase diagnostics an integrated tear lactate sensor using Schirmer test strip and engineered lactate oxidase is developed. The sensor is insensitive to ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and uric acid, which are common interfering compounds in tears, and show no sign of degradation after 8 weeks of shelf life study. The proposed sensor exhibits potential usefulness in providing an alternative noninvasive method of measuring lactate and in calibrating the continuous lactate contact lens 1.1.3.2 L-lactate oxidase diagnostics L-lactate oxidase based lactate sensors are widely used for clinical diagnostics, sports medicine, and food quality control. Rational engineering of Aerococcus viridans L-lactate oxidase for the mediator modification to achieve quasi-direct electron transfer type lactate sensor 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics glucose oxidase can be used in various immunoassays and/or staining procedures as well as removal of excess glucose, in real-time fluorescent microscopy for biological samples, glucose oxidase/catalase is often used for oxygen scavenging to reduce photodamage 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics used in an automatic glucose assay kit in conjunction with catalase and chiefly in biosensors for the detection and estimation of glucose in industrial solutions and in body fluids such as blood and urine 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics the enzyme is used as a molecular diagnostic and analytical tool in the medical industry for the control of diabetes 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics the enzyme is used for the manufacture of glucose biosensors and in particular sensor strips used to measure glucose levels in serum 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics glucose biosensor 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is modified with carbon nanochips (CNCs), and glucose oxidase (GOx) is immobilized on the modified electrode surface. Chitosan (CS) is employed to fix the GOx/CNCs tightly to the surface of the GCE. Characterization of the modified electrode shows that glucose oxidase remains in its native structure when immobilized in CNC film. Application in glucose biosensing and biofuel cells 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase diagnostics the enzyme is used for a number of applications in biotechnology and clinical diagnostics 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase diagnostics the enzyme is used for a kinetic cholesterol assay for determination of cholesterol content in human serum, overview, the enzyme from Streptomyces is more effective than the enzyme from Brevibacterium 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase diagnostics analytic tool for determining cholesterol in various samples 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase diagnostics the enzyme is used to determine cholesterol in food and blood serum by coupling of the enzyme with peroxidase 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase diagnostics determination of cholesterol, by rapid, cheap and reliable methods, is very important in clinical diagnosis because its level in blood is closely related to human health. A reproducible cholesterol biosensors is prepared based on the direct adsorption of ChOx onto gold substrates (ChOx-Au) 1.1.3.6 cholesterol oxidase diagnostics the enzyme is an important biotechnological tool for clinical diagnostics. It is also used for tracking intracellular cholesterol. Its utility is limited by the lack of an efficient temporal control of its activity. A rapamycin-inducible fluorescent cholesterol oxidase from Chromobacterium sp. DS-1 (split GFP-COase) is engineered. Induction by rapamycin allows temporal control over enzyme activity and rapidly leads to an efficient reduction of intracellular cholesterol. It is proposed that this drug-inducible split GFP-COase is a new tool to manipulate the cellular cholesterol content and gain insights into cholesterol-dependent proteins and cholesterol-related cell pathologies 1.1.3.9 galactose oxidase diagnostics determination of galactose or lactose concentration in complex biological fluids by immobilized galactose oxidase 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase diagnostics lactate biosensor (FIA amperometric detection), tested with beer samples, detection limit: 0.84 micromol/l, three-electrode cell with AG/AGCl, NaCl reference electrode, platinum wire, glassy carbon electrode, the latter layered with Prussian Blue film of K3Fe(CN)6, Fe(III), KCl, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, pH 1.7 maintained with HCl, lactate oxidase immobilized onto the Prussian Blue-modified glassy carbon electrode, enzyme layer covered by a Nafion-ethanol solution, storage in phosphate buffer, pH 6.9 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase diagnostics lactate biosensor development based on an enzymatic recognition system using lactate oxidase and a transduction system based on laminol, peroxidase from Arthromyces ramosus and metallic aluminum, immobilized in a plastic support by a polyion complex membrane prepared from poly-L-lysine hydrobromide and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase diagnostics the metabolic gene HAO2 is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and predicts metastasis and poor survival. Dysregulation of HAO2 is a very early event in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and it may represent a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for human hepatocellular carcinoma 1.1.5.2 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (PQQ, quinone) diagnostics enzyme is industrially used as glucose sensor with high catalytic activity and insensitivity to oxygen 1.1.5.2 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (PQQ, quinone) diagnostics purified enzyme is immobilized on carbon electrodes modified with 4-ferrocenylphenol, 4-(4-ferrocenylimino-methyl)-phenol, or 4-ferrocenylnitrophenol, for use as glucose biosensors, kinetic behaviour during immobilization 1.1.5.2 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (PQQ, quinone) diagnostics purified enzyme is immobilized on carbon electrodes modified with 4-ferrocenylphenol, 4-(4-ferrocenylimino-methyl)phenol, or 4-ferrocenylnitrophenol, for use as glucose biosensors, kinetic behaviour during immobilization 1.1.5.2 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (PQQ, quinone) diagnostics the enzyme is attractive for application in glucose detection in clinic diagnosis and industrial bioprocess controls 1.1.5.9 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (FAD, quinone) diagnostics glucose sensor/glucose determination 1.1.5.9 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (FAD, quinone) diagnostics the enzyme can be used as O2-independent biosensor for glucoe detection 1.1.5.9 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (FAD, quinone) diagnostics an oxygen insensitive glucose biosensor is developed which comprises FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase, dichlorophenol indophenol or 2,3-dichloro-naphthoquinone as redox mediators and polydopamine as a constraining layer. It shows long term bioelectrocatalytic activity for at least 3 days without any additional coating or treatment. The system shows great reproducibility, as well as an easy fabrication methodology that should allow low-cost manufacturing 1.1.99.1 choline dehydrogenase diagnostics study of prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer identifies the expression of CHD among three human genes controlled by estrogens, and shows that this is a strong predictor of the outcome of treatment with tamoxifen in early-stage (ER)-positive breast cancer patients 1.1.99.6 D-lactate dehydrogenase (acceptor) diagnostics D-lactate content is of great interest for clinical diagnosis. A D-lactate sensing system using a thermostable dye-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase (Dye-DLDH) is developed. The electrode for detection of D-lactate is prepared by immobilizing the thermostable Dye-DLDH and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) within Nafion membrane. The electrocatalytic response of the electrode is clearly observed upon exposure to D-lactate. The electrode response to D-lactate is linear within the concentration range of 0.03-2.5 mM, and it shows little reduction in responsiveness after 50 days 1.1.99.18 cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor) diagnostics key enzyme in biosensors 1.1.99.18 cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor) diagnostics the enzyme can be used for constructing biosensors 1.1.99.18 cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor) diagnostics the enzyme is used in amperometric biosensor 1.1.99.24 hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase diagnostics AHDFE1 mRNA expression and DNA methylation can potentially be used as diagnostic markers in cancer and might be of great value in predicting the survival of patients with cancer. High expression of ADHFE1 is positively associated with favorable patient prognosis in breast, colon, and gastric cancers 1.1.99.35 soluble quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase diagnostics biosensor 1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase diagnostics ALDH1A1 is rapidly gaining importance as a stem cell marker 1.2.1.47 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase diagnostics detection of anti-TMABA-DH autoantibody is a potential strategy for a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease, usefulness of the anti-TMABA-DH antibody as a diagnostic marker 1.2.1.63 6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase diagnostics development of a biosensor for detection of caprolactam oligomers in aqueous media 1.3.1.20 trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase diagnostics overexpression of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase as a prognostic marker in resected gastric cancer patients, patients with DDH overexpression have a significantly higher incidence of early tumor recurrence and distant metastasis 1.3.1.21 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase diagnostics enzyme activity measurement can be a tool for prognosis of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 1.3.1.21 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase diagnostics enzyme activity measurement is useful for distinguishing Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome from carrier or unaffected cells, diagnosis of atypical cases, overview 1.3.1.21 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase diagnostics enzyme is a key marker of early Leydig cell steroidogenesis, using the technique of differential display RT-PCR 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase diagnostics antiapoptotic effect of the enzyme in cancers portens strategies for developing novel biomarkers and effective treatment ways for cancer patients 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase diagnostics peripheral biomarker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease 1.3.1.91 tRNA-dihydrouridine20 synthase [NAD(P)+] diagnostics the enzyme defined as an independent prognostic factor for the development of non-small cell lung cancer cells 1.3.1.124 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing] diagnostics the enzyme is a clinically relevant biomarker for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase diagnostics detection of the naturally occuring 1082-1083insC mutation in the PPOX gene is a genetic marker for variegate porphyria in humans 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase diagnostics BOD is used for diagnostic analysis of bilirubin in serum 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase diagnostics the BOD activity catalyzing the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin can be used for the diagnosis of jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia 1.3.5.1 succinate dehydrogenase diagnostics mutations of SDH subunit encoding genes are good markers for paraganglioma 1.3.5.1 succinate dehydrogenase diagnostics SDHB mutations are a marker for a prognostic risk of patients with pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas 1.3.5.1 succinate dehydrogenase diagnostics succinate dehydrogenase subunits may be candidate susceptibility genes for some phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN, tumor suppressor) mutation-negative individuals with Cowden syndrome-like cancers. To address this hypothesis, germline succinate dehydrogenase subunits SDHB-D mutation analysis in 375 PTEN mutation-negative Cowden syndrome /Cowden syndrome -like individuals is performed, followed by functional analysis of identified SDH mutations/variants. Germline SDH mutations/variants occur in a subset of PTEN mutation-negative Cowden syndrome /Cowden syndrome -like individuals and are associated with increased frequencies of breast, thyroid, and renal cancers beyond those conferred by germline PTEN mutations. SDH testing should be considered for germline PTEN mutation-negative Cowden syndrome /Cowden syndrome -like -like individuals, especially in the setting of breast, thyroid, and/or renal cancers 1.3.8.4 isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase diagnostics enzyme activity assay development for determination of isovaleric acidemia in newborn disorder screening 1.3.8.9 very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase diagnostics maternal riboflavin deficiency in combination with decreased VLCAD activity can result in false-positive VLCADD neonatal screening results with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency-like biochemistry 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase diagnostics GDH electrophoretic type (ETs) and sequence types may serve as useful markers in predicting the pathogenic behavior of strains of this serotype and that the molecular basis for the observed differences in the ETs is amino acid substitutions and not deletion, insertion, or processing uniqueness 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase diagnostics GLDH, gama-glutamyltransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase and erythrocyte mean cell volume are assessed in 238 alcoholics admitted to hospital: on admission, after 24 h and after 7 days. All the values are significantly higher than those in healthy persons. The fastest activity decrease is seen in GLDH. The kinetics of GLDH and aspartate-aminotranferase are more applicable than gama-glutamyltransferase kinetics after a week, but GLDH kinetics are most reliable. GLDH is the most specific laboratory marker with almost 90% specificity. The sensitivity of combination erythrocyte mean cell volume and GLDH kinetics after 1 week of abstinence is pathognomonic by 97.2%. GLDH is an equally accurate marker of alcoholism in comparison to others 1.4.1.20 phenylalanine dehydrogenase diagnostics the immobilized enzyme is useful for establishing an analytical spectrophotometric determination method of L-Phe in the diagnostics of phenyketonuria, an inborn error of amino acid metabolism in which the conversion of L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine is impaired and can cause profound mental retardation if not detected and treated soon after birth. Early quantitative measurement of the plasma L-Phe is essential for the diagnosis of phenylketonuria and the control of dietary therapy of the patients. The conversion efficiency of the reactor with immobillized enzyme is 100% in the range of 0.005-0.6 mM Phe at 9 mM NAD+ with a total flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. The reactor is used for the analyses of 30 samples each for 3 h per day. The half-life period of the reactor is 15 days, method evaluation, overview 1.4.3.3 D-amino-acid oxidase diagnostics th enzyme is useful for measurement of D-serine contents in the brain via an implantable D-serine biosensor for in vivo monitoring 1.4.3.10 putrescine oxidase diagnostics enzyme can be used as biosensor for putrescine using dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes as ultra-microelectrodes ensuring a good electron transfer from the enzyme, method optimization, overview 1.4.3.10 putrescine oxidase diagnostics diagnostic tool for the detection of biogenic amines such as putrescine and cadaverine. In body fluids, increased levels of these biogenic amines reflect tumor growth rates and thus can be used as tumor biomarkers. The enzyme is also used to monitor food freshness by detecting polyamines in spoiling food. The use of PutOx engineered with a peptide tag (self-assembled enzyme PutOx-AuBP bound to gold nanoparticles) offers a precise assembly while securing the enzyme function in a single step and can be adapted easily as a promising strategy for designing immobilized enzyme biocatalysts in multicomponent systems 1.4.3.10 putrescine oxidase diagnostics in order to determine total biogenic amines in fermented foods, the combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of a monoamine oxidase and a putrescine oxidase (combi-CLEAs) are prepared. The combined cross-linked enzyme aggregate of monoamine oxidase and putrescine oxidase is a promising catalyst with the improved stability and the same optimum pH for dual activities in enzymatic determination of biogenic amines in foods 1.4.3.11 L-glutamate oxidase diagnostics the R305E mutant enzyme is suitable for the determination of L-arginine. L-Arginine can be a medical biomarker because patients with argininemia or cancer show unusual concentrations of L-arginine in the blood 1.4.3.13 protein-lysine 6-oxidase diagnostics LOX can serve as a predictive marker of lymph node metastasis and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Overall survival rates of the patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with high LOX expression are significantly lower than those of the patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with low LOX expression 1.4.3.13 protein-lysine 6-oxidase diagnostics co-overexpression of SP1 and LOXL2 significantly correlates with poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer 1.4.3.19 glycine oxidase diagnostics a rapid and simple glycine analysis method is developed using a stable glycine oxidase mutant (T42 A/C245 S/L301V). Glycine analysis is important in research fields such as physiology and healthcare because the concentration of glycine in human plasma has been reported to change with various disorders 1.4.3.22 diamine oxidase diagnostics clinical impact of a commercial radioimmunoassay for determination of DAO activity for the diagnosis of histamine intolerance is evaluated in a prospective, multicentre study in 207 adult patients. No correlation between diamine oxidase serum levels and clinical status is be found 1.4.3.22 diamine oxidase diagnostics a research prototype ELISA is able to reliably and accurately quantify the human enzyme in different biological fluids. The potential of diamine oxidase as biomarker in various diseases can be evaluated 1.4.3.25 L-arginine oxidase diagnostics the R305E mutant enzyme is suitable for the determination of L-arginine. L-Arginine can be a medical biomarker because patients with argininemia or cancer show unusual concentrations of L-arginine in the blood 1.4.4.2 glycine dehydrogenase (aminomethyl-transferring) diagnostics expression of HIF-1alpha and glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) are associated with shorter tumor-related survival, although not independent from each other. The combination of GLDC and HIF-1alpha expression emerges as an independent prognostic factor in in early-stage lung non-small cell cancer (NSCC) 1.4.4.2 glycine dehydrogenase (aminomethyl-transferring) diagnostics high glycine decarboxylase expression is associated with poor prognosis and advanced stages of neuroblastoma. MYCN amplification is a biomarker for glycine decarboxylase-based therapeutic strategies against high-risk neuroblastoma 1.5.1.5 methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) diagnostics prognostic significance of MTHFD1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as well as the association between MTHFD1 and immune cell infiltration. MTHFD1 overexpression is closely correlated with unfavorable prognosis of HNSCC, and it might play an important role in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment 1.5.1.17 alanopine dehydrogenase diagnostics the significant positive relationship between exposure length and enzyme activity of ADH and strombine dehydrogenase, SDH, in Montipora capitata supports the implementation of these enzymes as biomarkers for rapid analysis of hypoxia-induced stress in corals 1.5.1.22 Strombine dehydrogenase diagnostics the significant positive relationship between exposure length and enzyme activity of alanopine dehydrogenase, ADH, and SDH in Montipora capitata supports the implementation of these enzymes as biomarkers for rapid analysis of hypoxia-induced stress in corals 1.5.3.1 sarcosine oxidase (formaldehyde-forming) diagnostics a photobioelectrochemical sensor based on CdSe/ZnS quantum dot and sarcosine oxidase is developed to determine sarcosine concentrations. The linear range is from 0.1 mM to 1 mM and the sensitivity depends on the number of immobilised enzyme layers.It is demonstrated that the [SOD/PAH]6-layer system is well suited for sensitive sarcosine detection. Sarcosine is an intermediate in the enzymatic analysis of creatinine, and thus, a sarcosine sensor can be beneficial for the diagnosis of kidney diseases 1.5.3.1 sarcosine oxidase (formaldehyde-forming) diagnostics developement of a simple and low cost electrochemical enzymatic biosensor for the determination of sarcosine in urine, based on the covalent immobilization of sarcosine oxidase, using N-ethyl-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide, on the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode.The biosensor presents high analytical performance features, such as large concentration linear range (10-100 nM), low detection limit (16 nM) and large storage stability (60 days). The biosensor is successfully applied to the analysis of sarcosine in synthetic urine samples 1.5.3.1 sarcosine oxidase (formaldehyde-forming) diagnostics sarcosine oxidase is an important diagnostic enzyme in the renal function examination 1.5.8.4 dimethylglycine dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme may be a valuable biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis 1.6.2.2 cytochrome-b5 reductase diagnostics potential use of the enzyme in diagnostic areas 1.7.2.7 hydrazine synthase diagnostics gene hzsA, encoding hydrazine synthase, is used as a biomarker for differentiation of biofilms and suspension, lab scale nitritation-anammox reactor with Kaldnes K1 carriers. Discrimination between Candidatus Brocadia fulgida and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis based on hydrazine synthase subunit A (hzsA) 1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase diagnostics Bacillus sphaericus DLD-diaphorase exhibits considerable potential to be used as a component of diagnostic tests for the quantification of metabolites 1.8.3.2 thiol oxidase diagnostics QSOX1 is a potential prognostic marker which may prove of use in the staging of breast tumours and the stratification of breast cancer patients 1.8.3.2 thiol oxidase diagnostics the expression of QSOX1 in neuroblastoma tumors may influence its clinical course because this protein is involved in processes such as the maturation of the extracellular matrix and the induction of apoptosis in these tumors. The enzyme can be used as a prognostic biomarker to help better discriminate among risk groups 1.8.98.2 sulfiredoxin diagnostics the lung cancer patients with high Srx levels have significantly shorter survival and those with high TXNDC5 levels have longer survival. Cellular levels of Srx and TXNDC5 may be useful as biomarkers to predict the survival of individuals with lung cancer 1.11.1.B2 chloride peroxidase (vanadium-containing) diagnostics the observed bactericidal and virucidal activity of the alkalophilic P395D/L241V/T343A mutant of vanadium chloroperoxidase is an important step forward in the application of this robust enzyme as a component in disinfection formulations 1.11.1.6 catalase diagnostics catalase activity is significantly higher in patients with renal cell carcinoma than in controls. The marker catalase might be potentially important as an additional biochemical tool for diagnosing renal cell carcinoma 1.13.11.5 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase diagnostics crude enzyme preparations can be used for a spectrophotometric method for routine, sensitive determination of homogentisate in human urine 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase diagnostics the enzyme can be used for enzyme-based sensors for monitoring herbicides used in agriculture, i.e. mesotrione. Compared to the standard sensors, biosensors have assorted advantages, such as practicality, quick response, low cost, and high sensitivity. A nanobiosensor is developed based on HPPD for mesotrione detection 1.13.11.63 beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase diagnostics genotyping AI rams for c.196C-T can be used in selection against the yellow fat trait 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase diagnostics Renilla Luciferase (RLuc) is a blue light emitter protein which can be applied as a valuable tool in medical diagnosis 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase diagnostics the split Renilla luciferase complementation assay (SRLCA) is one of the techniques that detect protein-protein interactions. The SRLCA is based on the complementation of the LN and LC non-functional halves of Renilla luciferase fused to possibly interacting proteins which after interaction form a functional enzyme and emit luminescence. The SRLCA can specifically detect the BGLF4/Hsp90 interaction and provide a reference to develop inhibitors that disrupt the Epstein-Barr virus kinase BGLF4 and heat shock protein Hsp90 interaction 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase diagnostics the enzyme is a good research tool as a reporter protein and bioimaging probes, yielding blue light using the substrate coelenterazine. However the applications are limited since RLuc is unstable under various conditions 1.13.12.6 Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase diagnostics Cypridina luciferase is used as bioluminescence reporter enzyme in yeast, bacterial, and mammalian cell-based assays, enzyme activity is measured with a luminometer by addition of native or synthetic luciferin, also known as Vargulin, 0.5 microM in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 1.13.12.6 Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase diagnostics far-red luminescence imaging technology to visualize tumor specific antigens on cell surfaces in vitro (human hepato-cellular carcinoma cell line Huh-7) and in living bodies (mice xenografted with human Delta-like protein-positive Huh-7 cells), based on a far-red fluorescent indocyanine derivative conjugated to biotinylated Cypridina luciferase linked to an anti-human Delta-like protein (Dlk-1) monoclonal antibody (embryonic antigens expressed on the surface of many cancer cells) via biotin-avidin interaction 1.13.12.6 Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase diagnostics labeling of prostaglandin E2 with the bioluminescent enzyme Cypridina luciferase linked to monoclonal anti-prostaglandin E2 antibody as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, detection of 7.8-500 pg/ml prostaglandin E2 1.13.99.1 inositol oxygenase diagnostics the kidney-specific protein myo-inositol oxygenase is a potential biomarker of acute kidney injury, AKI 1.14.11.2 procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase diagnostics activation of NF-kappaB is observed in colon cancer. PHD3 appears to be a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer cells that inhibits IKKbeta/NF-kappaB signaling. Determination of PHD3 status could aid targeted therapy selection for patients with colorectal tumors that have increased NF-kappaB activity 1.14.11.2 procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase diagnostics the prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha subunit 2 is a biomarker for breast cancer progression. Increased mRNA levels of P4HA2 correlate with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients, which is independent of estrogen receptor status 1.14.11.4 procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase diagnostics PLOD expression is associated with human breast cancer progression, PLOD2 expression is specifically prognostic in breast cancer 1.14.11.4 procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase diagnostics the expression level of the procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (PLOD) might become a novel biomarker for prognosis and is a potential target for individual treatment decisions in lower-grade glioma (LGG) 1.14.11.16 peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase diagnostics the enzyme may have utility as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer 1.14.11.18 phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase diagnostics assays for Refsum‘s disease should not be based on PAHX activity alone. At least four different types of mutation cause loss of PAHX activity in vivo. Mutations to the peroxisomal targeting sequence do not affect catalytic function but probably affect targeting or degradation of the enzyme. A second group of mutations, including truncation and missense mutations, results in total loss of activity. A third group of mutations results in uncoupling of substrate oxidation from that of 2-oxoglutarate. A fourth group of mutations causes partial inactivation by hindering binding/utilization of the 2-oxoglutarate cosubstrate and/or iron(II) cofactor. From the therapeutic and biochemical view-point the latter two groups are particularly interesting since it may be possible to restore their activity with modified cosubstrates 1.14.11.18 phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase diagnostics the substrate phytanoyl-CoA is difficult to handle because of its amphipathic properties. Commercially available alternative substrates, such as hexadecanoyl-CoA or isovaleryl-CoA are potentially usefull 1.14.13.1 salicylate 1-monooxygenase diagnostics usage of the enzyme in a fluorescence assay that detects 3-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol in the nanomolar range and is more sensitive than the current SHL-dehydrogenase amperometric sensors, making it applicable to the construction of a fiber-optic fluorescence biosensor for clinical diagnostic uses 1.14.13.9 kynurenine 3-monooxygenase diagnostics the upregulation of KMO currently serves as an independent prognostic biomarker to identify certain liver malignancies, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC patients who express increased KMO activity are known to have unfavorable clinical outcomes compared to those who do not. The upregulation of KMO also plays a critical role in triple-negative breast cancer progression and metastasis. The pharmacological inhibition of KMO with GSK180 granted therapeutic protection in acute pancreatitis rodent models preventing multiple organ failures 1.14.14.3 bacterial luciferase diagnostics expression of the bacterial luciferase system in mammalian cells for generation of bioreporters for in vivo monitoring and diagnostics technology, method evaluation and optimization, overview 1.14.16.2 tyrosine 3-monooxygenase diagnostics tyrosine hydroxylase is frequently used as a marker of dopaminergic neuronal loss in animal models of Parkinson’s disease 1.14.17.1 dopamine beta-monooxygenase diagnostics genotype-controlled measurement of plasma DBH activity might be used as a potential biological marker of the response to trauma 1.14.19.3 acyl-CoA 6-desaturase diagnostics higher delta-6-desaturase activity is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome 1.14.19.30 acyl-lipid (8-3)-desaturase diagnostics a higher serum concentration of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid and lower DELTA5-desaturase activity are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of BMI, in Japanese adults 1.14.19.30 acyl-lipid (8-3)-desaturase diagnostics higher serum total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid concentrations and delta-5-desaturase activity are associated with a lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome 1.14.99.66 [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine4 FAD-dependent demethylase diagnostics dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 in combination with trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 is associated with an activated transcriptional state. An increase of H3K4diMe in neoplastic tissues is predictive of clinical outcome. In particular, tumor recurrence occurs earlier in low-grade prostate carcinoma patients with low H3K4diMe, independently of other clinical and pathologic parameters. Similarly, in large cell and squamous cell carcinomas, low H3K4diMe expression correlates with short survival 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase diagnostics Cu,Zn-SOD is a urinary marker of hepatic necrosis, but not hepatic fibrosis, overview 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase diagnostics the enzyme might be used to develop a biosensor for the detection of antioxidants and free radical activity 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase diagnostics Cu/Zn-SOD might be used as a bioindicator of the aquatic environmental pollution and cellular stress in pearl oyster 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase diagnostics the SOD in the cosmopolitan sponge Cliona celata is described as a useful biomarker for marine pollution in other marine invertebrates 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase diagnostics the variations of SOD expression pattern in yrtilus. edulis can be used as a tool for the marine environment monitoring 1.16.1.8 [methionine synthase] reductase diagnostics the MTRR A66G polymorphism is a potential biomarker for cancer risk 1.17.3.2 xanthine oxidase diagnostics the enzyme activity detection in sepsis can be used for a negative prognosis in sepsis diagnosis, overview 1.21.1.1 iodotyrosine deiodinase diagnostics improvement of pre-clinical detection of iodotyrosine deiodinase deficiency during the neonatal time 2.1.1.1 nicotinamide N-methyltransferase diagnostics high enzyme expression levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells indicates a favourable prognosis in patients, whereas the absence of NNMT expression constitutes a hallmark of aggressive biological behaviour 2.1.1.1 nicotinamide N-methyltransferase diagnostics NNMT is useful as a biomarker of lung cancer, stages I-III. The sensitivity of the detection in non-small cell lung cancer cells at 90% specficity increases from 25% to 32% when NNMT is used in combination with carcinoembryonic antigen, method development, overview 2.1.1.1 nicotinamide N-methyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme may serve as a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis and a therapeutic target 2.1.1.20 glycine N-methyltransferase diagnostics enzyme level suitable as prognostic marker for human cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma 2.1.1.20 glycine N-methyltransferase diagnostics partially suitable to distinguish between benign and malign tumor forms 2.1.1.63 methylated-DNA-[protein]-cysteine S-methyltransferase diagnostics introduction of the MS-MLPA assay may not only be helpful for predicting response of gliomas to temozolomide, but may also facilitate tailor-made treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents for a variety of tumors 2.1.1.67 thiopurine S-methyltransferase diagnostics the chip-based miniaturization provides a clinically feasible genotyping platform for one-at-a-time testing 2.1.1.67 thiopurine S-methyltransferase diagnostics thiopurine S-methyltransferase genotypes or phenotypes may be a predictive factor for azathioprine-induced toxicities 2.1.1.310 25S rRNA (cytosine2870-C5)-methyltransferase diagnostics whereas protein p120 is almost undetectable in normal tissues, it is overexpressed in virtually all types of cancer cells and is therefore considered to be a predictive cancer marker 2.1.2.2 phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 1 diagnostics GART expression is associated with glioma grade and high GART protein expression might be related to poor outcome 2.1.2.2 phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 1 diagnostics increased expression of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase is associated with a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma 2.1.2.3 phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase diagnostics enzyme variants are used to predict methotrexate response in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, overview 2.1.3.1 methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase diagnostics monitoring propionibacteria population and propionic fermentation in human trials constitutes a crucial step in determining Propionibacterium freudenreichii ability to prevent intestinal disorders 2.1.3.3 ornithine carbamoyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme alone or in combination with other markers is a useful indicator for Kupffer cell activation as well as for mitochondrial damage in hepatic cells 2.1.3.3 ornithine carbamoyltransferase diagnostics ornithine carbamoyltransferase is one promising blood-based biomarker candidate for liver injury examination 2.1.3.3 ornithine carbamoyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme can be used as biomarker for early stage of hepatic injury induced by CCl4, diagnostics values are best in combination with total bile acid and phosphorylase measurements 2.3.1.6 choline O-acetyltransferase diagnostics ChAT is selected as a marker of cholinergicneurons. In the CA1 region of hippocampus of mice, several of the insulin signaling-related proteins are co-located with ChAT, and most double immunoreactive positive cells are pyramidal cells 2.3.1.24 sphingosine N-acyltransferase diagnostics important role for the CerS genes in breast cancer etiology or diagnosis, overview 2.3.1.39 [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase diagnostics coupled enzyme assay can be used in development and optimization of small-molecule inhibitors for antibacterial therapy 2.3.1.B43 protein-lysine desuccinylase (NAD+) diagnostics elevated SIRT5 expression in human breast tumors correlates with poor patient prognosis 2.3.1.61 dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase diagnostics the rSucB may be a candidate antigen for a specific serological diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection 2.3.1.135 phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase diagnostics enzyme might be a prognostic or therapeutic marker in renal cancer 2.3.1.135 phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase diagnostics the Lrat knockout mutant mice may serve as animal model with early onset severe retinal dystrophy and severe retinyl ester deprivation 2.3.1.189 mycothiol synthase diagnostics the enzyme is a potential biomarker for direct diagnosis of tuberculosis using patient serum specimens 2.3.1.261 (4-hydroxyphenyl)alkanoate synthase diagnostics PCR-based enzyme expression analysis method development for the virulence marker gene pks15/1 in clinical isolates from sputum samples, overview 2.3.1.297 very-long-chain ceramide synthase diagnostics important role for the CerS genes in breast cancer etiology or diagnosis, overview 2.3.2.2 gamma-glutamyltransferase diagnostics direct detection of GGT activity can provide critical information for the diagnosis of several pathologies. Elevated serum GGT levels are a general marker of diseases affecting the liver 2.3.2.2 gamma-glutamyltransferase diagnostics the GGT enzyme is known as a diagnostic enzyme for liver and biliary related diseases 2.3.2.13 protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase diagnostics tTG is considered a prognostic marker for Parkinson's disease. tTG antibodies, and crosslinked gliadin, act as diagnostic tools in celiac disease 2.3.2.23 E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme diagnostics ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T is an independent prognostic factor and promotes gastric cancer progression 2.3.2.24 (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme diagnostics high expression of UBE2O is associated with low survival rate of gastric, lung, breast, and prostate cancer patients 2.3.2.25 N-terminal E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme diagnostics UBE2W downregulation promotes cell apoptosis and correlates with hypospermatogenesis, which may be helpful for the diagnosis of male infertility 2.4.1.14 sucrose-phosphate synthase diagnostics sucrose phosphate synthase gene SPS is a suitable endogenous reference gene for genetically modified rice detection, method development and validation of the SPS gene as an endogenous reference gene and its optimized qualitative and quantitative PCR systems, overview 2.4.1.17 glucuronosyltransferase diagnostics 3-epideacetycinobufagin can be used specially to measure the catalytic activity of UGT2B7 in biological samples due to its exclusive substrate specificty for the compound 2.4.1.17 glucuronosyltransferase diagnostics androgen glucuronidation by UGT2B17 is particularly interesting in doping control 2.4.1.87 N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase diagnostics identification of N-acetyllactosamine moiety of glycoproteins and glycolipids by chemiluminescence with mutated enzymes 2.4.1.102 beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics C2GnT1 might become a prognostic factor for endometrial carcinoma. Patients with C2GnT1 overexpression show significantly shorter survival, multivariable analysis also indicate that 2GnT1 overexpression is an independent prognostic factor 2.4.1.102 beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics detection of core2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in post-digital rectal examination urine is a reliable indicator for extracapsular extension of prostate cancer. The number of GCNT1-positive cases is significantly lower in cases of organ-confined disease than in cases of extracapsular extension. GCNT1-negative tumors are a associated with significantly better prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-free survival compared with GCNT1-positive tumors. Multivariate analysis reveals that detection of GCNT1 expression is an independent risk factor for prostate-specific antigen recurrence 2.4.1.102 beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics GCNT1 expression in prostate biopsy specimen is a significant and independent predictor of recurrence after radical prostatectomy, which can be used in pre-treatment decision making for the patient 2.4.1.102 beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics possible role of GCNT3 gene expression as prognostic marker in colon cancer. Low CNT3 expression is a promising prognostic biomarker for colon cancer that could be used to identify early-stage colon cancer patients at high risk of relapse. The enzyme might also constitute a biomarker to monitor tumour response to chemotherapy in cancer patients 2.4.1.102 beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics GCNT3 might be an essential glycosylation-related molecule in colorectal cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer progression, with potential interest as a predictive biomarker of response to chemotherapy. GCNT3 high-expressing Stage III-IV EOC patients have better response to conventional treatment and clinical outcome. Clinical relevance of GCNT3 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), role of GCNT3 as a biomarker for cancer patients, overview 2.4.1.109 dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase diagnostics analysis of fibroblasts to elucidate the phenotypes of POMT1 mutations 2.4.1.122 N-acetylgalactosaminide beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase diagnostics C1GALT1 predicts poor prognosis and is a potential therapeutic target in head and neck cancer 2.4.1.144 beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics GnT-III expression levels are elevated in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma tissues and correlate with reduced survival 2.4.1.149 N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics high expression of B3GNT3 is associated with unfavourable disease-free survival and overall survival in NSCLC patients, suggesting that B3GNT3 might be a potential prognostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). B3GNT3 expression is an independent prognostic factor 2.4.1.150 N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics GCNT2 is a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a candidate prognostic indicator of outcome in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients 2.4.1.150 N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics GCNT3 might be an essential glycosylation-related molecule in colorectal cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer progression, with potential interest as a predictive biomarker of response to chemotherapy. GCNT3 high-expressing Stage III-IV EOC patients have better response to conventional treatment and clinical outcome. Clinical relevance of GCNT3 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), role of GCNT3 as a biomarker for cancer patients, overview 2.4.1.155 alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme is useful as diagnostic marker for gastric adenocarcinomas: low intratumoral MGAT5 density is associated with poor differentiation, N classification, TNM stage, and Kiel stage, and is an independent prognosticator for poor overall survival. The combination of intratumoral MGAT5 expression and TNM or Kiel staging systems has a better predictive power for overall survival. Applying the prognostic value of intratumoral MGAT5 density to TNM stage III+IV and Kiel stage IIIB+IV groups shows a better risk stratification for overall survival in patients with late-stage gastric cancer, overview 2.4.1.175 glucuronosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase diagnostics chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 expression is associated with malignant potential of soft tissue sarcomas with myxoid substance. High expression of CHSY1 is significantly associated with poorer patient outcomes 2.4.1.221 peptide-O-fucosyltransferase diagnostics enzyme POFUT1 may serve as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for oral squamous cell carcinoma cells 2.4.1.221 peptide-O-fucosyltransferase diagnostics Pofut1 overexpression clinically correlates with the unfavorable survival and high disease recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma 2.4.2.3 uridine phosphorylase diagnostics UPP1 may serve as a negative prognosticator in glioma, analysis of the prognostic value of UPP1 for glioma, overview. UPP1 predicts shorter survival for glioma 2.4.2.3 uridine phosphorylase diagnostics upregulation of UPP1 increases lymph node metastasis risk and is useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker in thyroid cancer 2.4.2.8 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase diagnostics there is other evidence of salvage enzymes serving as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to diagnose and monitor cancer development in patient. Evaluation of enzymes, including HPRT, APRT, and DCK, as potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Colorectal cancer cell lines SW-480, SW-620, and HT-29 have statistically significant HPRT expression on the surface of the cells, while Colo-205 cells show no significant increase in the surface presence of HPRT. Analysis within malignant colon samples confirms the variable nature of HPRT surface localization within patients 2.4.2.10 orotate phosphoribosyltransferase diagnostics OPRT activity in tumor tissue is a predictor of prognosis in resectable CRC patients treated by oral 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy, and is useful to pick-up high risk patients independent from known prognosis factors 2.4.2.10 orotate phosphoribosyltransferase diagnostics OPRT and DPD are valuable prognostic markers in gastric cancer 2.4.2.26 protein xylosyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme is a diagnostic marker of an enhanced proteoglycan biosynthesis 2.4.2.28 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase diagnostics methylthioadenosine phosphorylase protein expression may be a predictive marker of interferon therapy resistance in patients with melanoma and disease progression 2.4.2.36 NAD+-diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase diagnostics toxin purification and recognition to enable cost effective toxin free cholera vaccine production, detection minimum 1 ng/ml 2.4.3.8 alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase diagnostics putative prognostic marker in breast cancer, estrogen receptor negative patients with high ceramide kinase expression had a worse prognosis then those with low expression 2.4.3.8 alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase diagnostics enzyme expression predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer 2.5.1.29 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase diagnostics overexpression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase correlates with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma and contributes to metastasis through regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition 2.5.1.61 hydroxymethylbilane synthase diagnostics melting properties of mutant enzymes are used to diagnose acute intermittent porphyria in symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers with the high-resolution melting method 2.5.1.61 hydroxymethylbilane synthase diagnostics molecular analysis of the hydroxymethylbilane synthase confirms risk for acute intermittent porphyria 2.5.1.153 adenosine tuberculosinyltransferase diagnostics the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lipid 1-tuberculosinyladenosine is a target for diagnosing tuberculosis disease 2.6.1.13 ornithine aminotransferase diagnostics the standardization of the enzyme kinetics can be extended to detect enzyme activity in patients of gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia by studying the OAT activity 2.6.1.13 ornithine aminotransferase diagnostics OAT may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and therapeutic outcome monitoring of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Relationship between OAT mRNA expression and clinicopathological features in patients with NSCLC, overview 2.6.1.44 alanine-glyoxylate transaminase diagnostics loss of AGXT expression is correlated with a poor prognosis and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 2.6.1.51 serine-pyruvate transaminase diagnostics loss of AGXT expression is correlated with a poor prognosis and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 2.6.1.52 phosphoserine transaminase diagnostics phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 is associated to poor outcome on tamoxifen therapy in recurrent breast cancer 2.7.1.1 hexokinase diagnostics increased proportion of hexokinase II is used as a marker for brain tumors 2.7.1.15 ribokinase diagnostics ribokinase had good potential for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis 2.7.1.20 adenosine kinase diagnostics a rapid and sensitive colorimetric assay for the determination of adenosine kinase activity is developed 2.7.1.21 thymidine kinase diagnostics combined detection of the three tumor markers, serum alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-fetoprotein and thymidine kinase 1 can play a complementary role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and can significantly improve the sensitivity for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 2.7.1.21 thymidine kinase diagnostics double immunostaining for thymidine kinase-1 (TK1)/CD31 can detect activated tumor vessels more accurately than staining for Ki67/CD31 and potentially could identify tumors that will respond to anti-angiogenic therapy 2.7.1.21 thymidine kinase diagnostics plasma thymidine kinase is a circulating prognostic marker in ER+//HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy and palbociclib 2.7.1.21 thymidine kinase diagnostics serial evaluation of serum thymidine kinase activity is prognostic in women with newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer 2.7.1.30 glycerol kinase diagnostics frameshift mutations in a hypervariable homopolymeric region of the glpK gene are a specific marker of multidrug resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, and these loss-of-function alleles are also enriched in extensively drug-resistant clones. Drug examples are isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB) 2.7.1.32 choline kinase diagnostics choline kinase alpha expression is a new prognostic factor that could be used to help identify patients with earlystage non-small-cell lung cancer who might be at high risk of recurrence, and to identify patients with favourable prognosis who could receive less aggressive treatment options or avoid adjuvant systemic treatment. 2.7.1.32 choline kinase diagnostics prognostic factor in human cancer 2.7.1.36 mevalonate kinase diagnostics mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene cause the hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome, HIDS, and are an appropriate marker for the disease 2.7.1.40 pyruvate kinase diagnostics its presence in human plasma is currently being used as a molecular marker for the diagnosis of various cancers 2.7.1.40 pyruvate kinase diagnostics M2-PK in stool is a screening marker for colorectal cancer. M2-PK in plasma is a marker for follow-up studies during tumor therapy 2.7.1.43 glucuronokinase diagnostics nonradioactive activity measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography 2.7.1.48 uridine/cytidine kinase diagnostics prognostic significance of UCK2 gene in patients with breast cancer. UCK2 is required for chexadmosensitivity 2.7.1.48 uridine/cytidine kinase diagnostics increased UCK2 expression is an independent prognostic indicator of shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival. UCK2 upregulation might serve as an indicator of unfavorable prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 2.7.1.94 acylglycerol kinase diagnostics early-stage cervical squamous cell cancer (CSCC) patients with high AGK expression level had shorter progress-free survival and overall survival time compared with patients with low AGK expression levels, AGK expression level can be an independent prognostic factor for survival of early-stage CSCC patients 2.7.1.94 acylglycerol kinase diagnostics overexpression of acylglycerol kinase is associated with poorer prognosis and lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and thus the enzyme has potential as a prognostic factor for overall survival in in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and for lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma 2.7.1.94 acylglycerol kinase diagnostics the enzyme AGK-based mechanism for constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in solid tumors and may represent a prognostic biomarker. AGK overexpression correlates with progression and poor prognosis in human esophageal squamous cell cancer cells 2.7.1.105 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase diagnostics the level of PFK2 is considered as a marker of glycolytic activation at tissue level 2.7.1.127 inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase diagnostics in lung and breast cancer expression of ITPKA is stimulated by gene body methylation, ITPKA gene body methylation occurs early in tumor development. ITPKA enzyme expression may serve as biomarker for early detection of lung cancer 2.7.1.138 ceramide kinase diagnostics putative prognostic marker in breast cancer, estrogen receptor negative patients with high ceramide kinase expression had a worse prognosis then those with low expression 2.7.1.154 phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase diagnostics PI3KC2gamma is a potential novel biomarker, whose expression levels may predict CRC recurrence and patient survival 2.7.1.158 inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase diagnostics assessing early kidney structural damage in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) via a urine biomarker is an appealing goal, and IPP2K may be a promising candidate 2.7.1.173 nicotinate riboside kinase diagnostics screening of tumors for NRK activity is necessary for the design of efficient NamPRT-targeted antitumor therapy 2.7.3.2 creatine kinase diagnostics enzyme is clinically important as an indicator of myocardial and skeletal muscle disorders and for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction 2.7.3.3 arginine kinase diagnostics development of IgG-ELISA based on antiserum prepared against the recombinant arginine kinase of Toxocara canis. The recombinant-arginine kinase based IgG-ELISA could be applied for immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis 2.7.3.3 arginine kinase diagnostics the enzyme is a possible biomarker for allergic asthma 2.7.4.3 adenylate kinase diagnostics adenylate kinase-specific IFN-gamma production and B-cell responses have high potential for diagnosis of tuberculosis 2.7.4.10 nucleoside-triphosphate-adenylate kinase diagnostics CsAK3, either alone or in combination with other antigens, can be used for improving the clinical diagnosis of clonorchiasis 2.7.4.14 UMP/CMP kinase diagnostics UMP-CMP kinase (CMPK1) as a prognostic marker for triple negative breast cancer. Analysis of 461 breast adenocarcinoma samples, overview. While cytoplasmic CMPK1 does not show any association to metastasis free survival (MFS), nuclear CMPK1 is associated to poor prognosis independently from other prognostic factors in stratified Cox regression analyses 2.7.4.33 AMP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase diagnostics AMP is known to have potential for use as a reliable indicator in hygiene monitoring, the development of a sensitive method for detecting AMP, by using polyphosphate-AMP phosphotransferase and adenylate kinase in conjugation with firefly luciferase, is useful to detect food samples with high sensitivity 2.7.7.6 DNA-directed RNA polymerase diagnostics evaluation of rpo genes as phylogenetic markers on the example of the genus Lamium, Lamiaceae. The most promising phylogenetic marker is the rpoA gene, while the least useful gene appears to be rpoC1 2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase diagnostics rational design approach to creating modulated proofreading DNA polymerases which can be utilized in a highly sensitive long RT/PCR amenable to the clinical diagnostic setting 2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase diagnostics a mutated thermostable DNA polymerase, Taq M1, from Thermus aquaticus, that exhibits an increased reverse transcriptase activity, is therefore designated for one-step PCR pathogen detection using established real-time detection methods 2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase diagnostics the enzyme is useful in DNA amplification and PCR-based applications, particularly in clinical diagnoses using uracil-DNA glycosylase 2.7.7.12 UDP-glucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme activity is measured for determination of galactosaemia using erythrocyte from blood samples, HPLC-based method development, overview 2.7.7.15 choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase diagnostics CCT-alpha status is not predictive of outcome of neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy response in patients with T2-T4 bladder cancer. In the control group with cystectomy only it has prognostic value 2.7.7.47 streptomycin 3''-adenylyltransferase diagnostics studying the antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and the genetic basis of resistance are important epidemiological tools to determine potential sources of infections 2.7.9.1 pyruvate, phosphate dikinase diagnostics the enzyme is a potential diagnostic marker for amoebic liver abscess. Development of a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) test using recombinant PPDK enzyme and evaluation for serodiagnosis of amoebic liver abscess, enzyme detection using mouse anti-human IgG4, directed against the parasite enzyme, conjugated to colloidal gold, overview 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase diagnostics analysis of in situ ERBB signaling networks in conjunction with ex vivo drug response profiling and biochemical dissection of adaptive RTK activities may serve as a valid diagnostic approach to identify tumors sensitive to ERBB network inhibition 2.7.11.15 beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase diagnostics GRK2 levels in heart and peripheral lymphocytes correlate well, therefore the lymphocytic enzyme level might be a very suitable marker for determination for the sympathetic drive to heart failure during clinical course and treatment of human congestive heart failure patients 2.7.11.16 G-protein-coupled receptor kinase diagnostics GRK5 levels in heart and peripheral lymphocytes correlate well, therefore the lymphocytic enzyme level might be a very suitable marker for determining the sympathetic drive to heart failure during clinical course and treatment of human congestive heart failure patients 2.7.11.21 polo kinase diagnostics polo-like kinases are overexpressed in several types of cancer and are a marker of bad prognosis 2.7.11.27 [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] kinase diagnostics strong expression of phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase is an independent prognostic marker for patients with nodepositive of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck 2.7.11.30 receptor protein serine/threonine kinase diagnostics next to the Curaçao criteria, genetic analysis contributes as an essential tool to a reliable diagnosis of clinically affected hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients and clinically unsymptomatic hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients, thus helping to take early preventive measures even before the occurrence of first clinical symptoms, the PCR-SSP technique can facilitate this high task of genetic analysis in routine hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia diagnostics and underlines the importance of using molecular diagnosis for early identification of individuals carrying mutations and being at risk of vascular complications 2.7.12.1 dual-specificity kinase diagnostics DYRK1A is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, enabling detection of the disease prior to the development of behavioural symptoms by analyzing human plasma 2.7.12.1 dual-specificity kinase diagnostics enzyme DYRK2 expression is an independent prognostic factor and can be used as a prognostic biomarker of human colorectal cancer 2.7.12.1 dual-specificity kinase diagnostics the enzyme can act as a bona fide biomarker for liver cancer with prognostic significance in a large cohort of liver cancer patients 2.8.2.2 alcohol sulfotransferase diagnostics EST expression is a prognostic factor in breast cancer 2.8.2.B6 [heparan sulfate]-iuronate 2-sulfotransferase diagnostics specific HS sulfotransferases may serve as molecular markers and targets for cancer treatment 2.8.2.8 [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase diagnostics NDST-2 expression is a late differentiation marker for mast cells 2.8.2.11 galactosylceramide sulfotransferase diagnostics the newly developed system could provide useful basic data for the further analysis of seminolipid metabolism 2.8.2.30 [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3 diagnostics heparan sulfate sulfotransferase 3-OST3A (HS3ST3A) is a tumor regulator and a prognostic marker in breast cancer HER2+ patients for reduced relapse-free survival 2.8.2.30 [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3 diagnostics specific HS sulfotransferases may serve as molecular markers and targets for cancer treatment 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase diagnostics use of enzyme as a more sensitive biomarker for exposure to organophosphate than acetylcholinesterase. Enzyme is not suitable as a biomarker for pyrethroid exposure 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase diagnostics possible use of the enzyme as a protein biomarker and drug target for lung cancer 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase diagnostics development of bacterial carboxylesterase biological recognition elements for cocaine detection 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase diagnostics application in AChE biosensor 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase diagnostics AChE activity can be used as a biomarker of neurotoxic metal elements, such as lead, cadmium and copper 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase diagnostics the enzyme has potential as biomarker of pesticides and metal ions 3.1.1.8 cholinesterase diagnostics BuChE is a possible marker for Alzheimer's disease 3.1.1.8 cholinesterase diagnostics butyrylcholinesterase activity is a sensitive and specific biomarker of Alzheimers disease (AD), BChE-associated amyloid-beta plaques has the potential as an improved AD biomarker. The predictive value of BChE as a biomarker for AD facilitates timely disease diagnosis and management 3.1.1.8 cholinesterase diagnostics O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate (VX) forms phosphorylated adducts with enzyme BChE, inhibiting the enzyme. This adduct in human plasma can serve as a biomarker of exposure to nerve agents. Purification efficiency between the procainamide affinity gel method and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the nerve agent adduct of BChE in plasma is evaluated, the sample preparation is optimized by purifying BChE to measure biomarkers of human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. The purification efficiency of IMS is 5fold greater than that of the procainamide affinity gel method because the antibody conjugate with protein G magnetic beads ensures highly selective capture and high recovery of VX-inhibited BChE from plasma 3.1.1.11 pectinesterase diagnostics pectin methylesterase is an allergenic marker for the sensitization to Russian thistle, Salsola kali pollen 3.1.1.13 sterol esterase diagnostics glutaraldehyde cross-linked and functionalized cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase nanoparticles (ChENPs) can be used as biosensors. The biosensor exhibits optimal response at pH 5.5 and 40°C within 5 s when polarized at +0.25 V versus Ag/AgCl. The working/linear range of the biosensor is 10-700 mg/dl for cholesterol. The sensor shows high sensitivity and measures total cholesterol as low as 0.1 mg/dl. The biosensor is evaluated and employed for total cholesterol determination in sera of apparently healthy and diseased persons. Measurement of total cholesterol level in serum is very important due to its presumed relationship to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, nephritis, myxedema, obstructive jaundice, diabetes mellitus, and cerebral thrombosis 3.1.1.23 acylglycerol lipase diagnostics enzyme MGLL in tumor-associated macrophages predicts the survival of colorectal cancer patients 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics the enzyme is a positive risk factor for coronary disease and measurements of its amount may contribute to the prediction of coronary heart disease risk, especially in individuals with low LDL cholesterol levels 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics the plasma enzyme is an important risk marker for endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics the ratio of the HDL-associated enzyme to total plasma enzyme activity is a useful marker for atherogenicity in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics potential role of PAF-AH and PON1 as prognostic markers of the leptospirosis outcome 3.1.1.56 methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase diagnostics assisting early retinoblastoma diagnosis 3.1.1.56 methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase diagnostics esterase D and gamma 1 actin level might predict results of induction therapy and be used as biomarker in patients with acute myeloid leukemia without and with maturation 3.1.1.79 hormone-sensitive lipase diagnostics monitoring of enzyme mRNA levels in slit-skin smear specimens from patients with lepromatous and borderline leprosy may be a useful indicator of patient prognosis 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics enzyme can be used as a marker to differentiate testicular origin azoospermia or oligospermia from ejaculatory failure, as well as ejaculatory failure and excurrent duct blockages in an inexpensive way 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics the enzyme is a useful marker of the sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics widely used enzyme, e.g. in ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics biosensors 3.1.3.2 acid phosphatase diagnostics the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is a histochemical marker of the osteoclast. It is also characteristic of monohistiocytes, particularly alveolar macrophages, and is associated with diverse pathological conditions, including hairy cell leukemia and AIDS encephalopathy 3.1.3.2 acid phosphatase diagnostics isozyme 5 a is a biomarker for chromic inflammatory disease e.g. rheumatoid arthritis 3.1.3.11 fructose-bisphosphatase diagnostics upregulated FBP1 predicts a good prognosis in breast cancer, while downregulated FBP1 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome 3.1.3.16 protein-serine/threonine phosphatase diagnostics decreased PTPN12 protein level is associated with poor prognosis of several types of cancers 3.1.3.16 protein-serine/threonine phosphatase diagnostics dephosphorylation of AKT by the PP2A phosphatase is known to be an important mechanism in determining the cellular levels of phosphorylated AKT 3.1.3.48 protein-tyrosine-phosphatase diagnostics decreased PTPN12 protein level is associated with poor prognosis of several types of cancers 3.1.3.67 phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase diagnostics putative biomarker, nuclear localization of PTEN is important for intestinal differentiation of gastric carcinomas, the loss of cytoplasmatic PTEN expression is correlated with poor gastric carcinoma prognosis 3.1.4.2 glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase diagnostics increased enzyme activity due to altered phosphatidylcholine metabolism in epithelial ovarian cancer cells can serve as diagnostic marker, overview 3.1.4.12 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase diagnostics the fecal sphingomyelinase activity reflects the human intestinal mucosa enzyme level and represents a new marker for human colorectal adenocarcinoma, mainly taking into account its early appearance in intestinal neoplasms 3.1.4.12 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase diagnostics the extracellular enzyme from cerebrospinal fluid might hava a value as a potential biomarker for disease type, severity, progress or therapeutic success 3.1.4.37 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase diagnostics 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase is a stable marker for in situ detection of canine but not rat olfactory ensheathing cells 3.1.4.38 glycerophosphocholine cholinephosphodiesterase diagnostics the enzyme is a myelin marker enzyme, reflecting the quantity of myelin and mature oligodendrocytes 3.1.4.39 alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase diagnostics lysoPLD assay can be applied to clinical laboratory testing. Serum lysoPLD activity in healthy female subjects is significantly higher than that in male subjects. It seems likely that lysoPLD and its product lysophosphatidic acid participate in female reproductive biology. lysoPLD assay method seems to be promising for laboratory testing because it allows easy handling of the samples 3.1.4.46 glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase diagnostics the enzyme is used for the serological diagnosis of patients with tick-borne relapsing fever because the presence of antibodies against this spirochete has been detected upon infection, and for the setting-up of molecular and serologic techniques for the diagnosis of relapsing fever borreliosis 3.1.4.50 glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D diagnostics the enzyme might be a diagnostic predictive marker for abdominal aortic aneurysm 3.1.6.12 N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase diagnostics altered ARSB immunostaining and reduced activity may be useful indicators of malignant transformation in human colonic tissue 3.1.6.13 iduronate-2-sulfatase diagnostics sulfatases are potential therapeutic biopharmaceuticals 3.1.8.1 aryldialkylphosphatase diagnostics decrease of serum PON1 activities is usually related to many chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancers, migraine, pulmonary tuberculosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, gastroesophageal malignancies, depression, nephritic syndrome, hemodialysis, metabolic syndrome, and liver disease. Determination of PON1 activity has a significant diagnostic value in predicting disease status. PON1 shows very good adaptability in assay development with different substrates, PON1 substrate exhibit many degrees of freedom in docking simulations 3.1.13.4 poly(A)-specific ribonuclease diagnostics clinical significance of deadenylases PARN and NOC on the survival in SCC diagnosed patients 3.1.21.1 deoxyribonuclease I diagnostics decrease in DNase activity in blood correlates with chronic pancreatitis, stomach cancer and glomerulonephritis 3.1.21.1 deoxyribonuclease I diagnostics increase in DNase activity in blood was observed during development of breast cancer 3.1.21.1 deoxyribonuclease I diagnostics increased DNase I activity in patient serum could be used as diagnostic marker for the early detection of acute myocardial infarction 3.1.21.1 deoxyribonuclease I diagnostics cell-free DNA circulating in blood cannot be a reliable marker of increased cell death during pregnancy. Thus, assessment of the level of cell death during pregnancy should be done by simultaneous analysis of cell-free DNA level and DNase I activity 3.2.1.4 cellulase diagnostics labeled Trichoderma reesei cellulase is useful as a marker for Acanthamoeba cyst wall cellulose in infected tissues 3.2.1.18 exo-alpha-sialidase diagnostics a rapid separation of human liver and bone alkaline phosphatase is possible after treatment with the enzyme 3.2.1.20 alpha-glucosidase diagnostics the neutral alpha-glucosidase might be a good epididymal marker 3.2.1.23 beta-galactosidase diagnostics the enzyme is a reliable marker for the course of replicative cell senescence 3.2.1.24 alpha-mannosidase diagnostics detection of enzymatic changes might relate to the pathogenesis of leukemia disease but also represent a potential peripheral diagnostic marker 3.2.1.28 alpha,alpha-trehalase diagnostics a trehalase-based biosensor platform offers a versatile and convenient method for point-of-care applications as it does not require sample preparation or handling and can be integrated with existing glucometers or sensors 3.2.1.31 beta-glucuronidase diagnostics the enzyme is useful in analysis of phytoestrogens and related compounds in human biofluids, e.g. urine 3.2.1.31 beta-glucuronidase diagnostics beta-glucuronidase activity is a sensitive biomarker to assess low-level organophosphorus insecticide exposure, e.g. plasma BG activity for low-level organophosphorus-exposure compared to BChE activity, overview 3.2.1.31 beta-glucuronidase diagnostics a technique for MPS VII diagnosis is adapted for smaller amounts of sample and reagents. That will facilitate the use of smaller amounts of samples, which may be used for other techniques and to save material. Given the importance of early MPS VII diagnosis due to the severity of the disease, using reliable diagnostic techniques in dried blood spots is essential 3.2.1.35 hyaluronoglucosaminidase diagnostics increased concentration of HYAL1-type enzyme correlates with tumour progression and is a marker for grade (G) 2 or 3 bladder cancer 3.2.1.46 galactosylceramidase diagnostics an assay is developed that can measure small amounts of residual galactosylcerebrosidase activity in leukocytes with high accuracy and can contribute, along with genotyping, biomarker analysis, and neurological imaging, a better plan for post-newborn screening follow-up for Krabbe disease 3.2.1.49 alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase diagnostics the enzyme is used for blood group conversion together with alpha-galactosidase, best in glucose buffer 3.2.1.51 alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics serum alpha-L-fucosidase is a useful marker in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. The assay has high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is simple, rapid, convenient, and can be adapted to automated clinical analyzers for use in large scale screening for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 3.2.1.51 alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics alpha-L-fucosidase is a valuable diagnostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. An ultrasensitive plasmonic biosensor converts plasmonic absorption to electrical current in order to detect alpha-L-fucosidase and cardiac troponin I using whole human blood in a real-time and parallel fashion. The detection limit is calculated to be 0.016 U/L for alpha-L-fucosidase and 0.015 ng/mL for cardiac troponin I, respectively. The developed biosensor exhibits a promising application for the prediction of cancers and many other diseases 3.2.1.51 alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics combined detection of the three tumor markers, serum alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-fetoprotein and thymidine kinase 1 can play a complementary role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and can significantly improve the sensitivity for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 3.2.1.52 beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase diagnostics a spectrophotometric method for the determination of lysosomally derived N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase in synovial fluid on a microplate reader is optimized to improve its utility. The assay is sufficiently sensitive for small volumes of synovial fluid, and is useful for the clinical diagnosis of joint diseases 3.2.1.63 1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics the purified alpha1,2-fucosidase and L-fucose dehydrogenase have sufficiently high activities in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) at 37 °C, making it possible to develop a one-pot method for the quantitative determination of 2'-fucosyllactose in fermentation samples. The application of this method is more convenient for quantifying 2'-fucosyllactose in a variety of samples that may be obtained from different phases of the biotechnological production of this oligosaccharide. The method is useful for simple and rapid screening of active variants during the development of any industrially important microbial strain producing 2'-fucosyllactose 3.2.1.76 L-iduronidase diagnostics determining residual IDUA activity in fibroblasts of MPS I patients may be helpful to predict MPS I phenotype. Early recognition of the phenotype of MPS I patients is essential to timely initiate the most appropriate therapeutic strategy 3.2.1.80 fructan beta-fructosidase diagnostics expression of 1-FEH w3 may be a good indicator to identify potential grain yield in wheat exposed to water deficits during grain filling, when linked to osmotic potential and green leaf retention 3.2.1.85 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase diagnostics phospho-beta-galactosidase is a reliable genetic marker for biotypes of Lactococcus garvieae 3.2.1.113 mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase diagnostics MAN1C1 may be a useful prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, with the potential to lead to better outcomes for patients with these poor prognosis malignancies 3.2.1.117 amygdalin beta-glucosidase diagnostics evaluating intestinal absorption of amygdalin or prunasin, by estimating its transfer across the mucosal border as well as its uptake into the intestinal tissue, for judgement of toxication rusks, overview. Use of the enzyme in an in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 cell to estimate the human oral bioavailability of cyanogenic compounds from food or plants, overview 3.2.1.118 prunasin beta-glucosidase diagnostics evaluating intestinal absorption of amygdalin or prunasin, by estimating its transfer across the mucosal border as well as its uptake into the intestinal tissue, for judgement of toxication rusks, overview. Use of the enzyme in an in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 cell to estimate the human oral bioavailability of cyanogenic compounds from food or plants, overview 3.2.1.123 endoglycosylceramidase diagnostics the enzyme can be used for comprehensive profiling of glycosphingolipid glycans in a high-throughput workflow. The existing robotized N-glycan analysis platform is adapted for the quantitative high-throughput profiling of 2AB-fluorescent-labeled mammalian glycosphingolipid head groups using ultraperformance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UPLC-HILIC-FLD). An enabling component of the glycosphingolipid glycan workflow is the identification and characterization of the recombinant EGCase I enzyme from Rhodocococcus triatomea that exhibits a broad glycosphingolipid specificity, including the release of globo-series glycosphingolipids and Gal(beta1<->1)Cer, important classes of glycosphingolipids that are not efficiently released by known EGCases. The ability is demonstrated to characterize glycosphingolipid head groups from both mammalian cell surfaces and small volumes of blood serum. This analytical workflow will permit further exploration of the glycosphingolipid headgroup repertoire of glycosphingolipids from a broad range of biological sources and will enable studies aiming to identify cellular or serum glycosphingolipid-glycan biomarkers of disease 3.2.1.153 fructan beta-(2,1)-fructosidase diagnostics expression of 1-FEH w3 may be a good indicator to identify potential grain yield in wheat exposed to water deficits during grain filling, when linked to osmotic potential and green leaf retention 3.2.1.166 heparanase diagnostics upregulation of heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. Heparanase expressed by tumor cells, innate immune cells, activated endothelial cells as well as other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer and an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase diagnostics differentiation of castor bean toxins from other N-glycosidase toxins depending on the signal to background ratio of the substrate GdAAA to GdAGA, castor bean extract can be distinguished from jequirity seed extract (Abrus precatorius) 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase diagnostics differentiation of castor bean toxins from other N-glycosidase toxins depending on the signal to background ratio of the substrate GdAAA to GdAGA, castor bean extract can be distinguished from jequirity seed extract, ricin equivalent activity for jequirity seed 200-fold higher than with immunoassay 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase diagnostics identification of highly toxic Escherichia coli variants in humans, animals, and food by using primer homologous to the elastase recognition site of Stx2dact or other variants 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase diagnostics identification of substrate and product of ricin toxin A-chain with 3 different DNA stem-loop probes with fluorophore and quencher linked to the 5'- and 3'-ends or vice versa hybridized to substrate or ricin, respectively, lower limit of detection 14 ng/ml of ricin toxin chain a 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase diagnostics identification of toxin with Vero-2dEGFP assay, threshold for toxin detection 10 picog/ml, and identification of toxin inhibitors, 10% glycerol enhances fluorescence signal 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase diagnostics ricin identification in food (milk, apple juice) or clinical samples (serum, saliva) with DNA substrate that mimics the natural RNA target combined with MALDI-TOF analysis of DNA to identify depurination (1-5 pmol ricin detectable), and tryptic digestion of ricin and analysis with LC-MS/MS 3.3.2.6 leukotriene-A4 hydrolase diagnostics LTA4H genes are risk factors for asthma in two different ethnic groups, individuals from Mexico and Puerto Rico 3.3.2.6 leukotriene-A4 hydrolase diagnostics LTB4 can serve as a biomarker for evaluating bestatin efficacy in colorectal cancer and the antitumor effects of bestatin through its targeting of LTA4H 3.4.11.1 leucyl aminopeptidase diagnostics the enzyme might be a good diagnostic marker 3.4.11.2 membrane alanyl aminopeptidase diagnostics aminopeptidase N is a diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma using canalicular immunostaining 3.4.11.2 membrane alanyl aminopeptidase diagnostics the enzyme in urine might a marker of chronic alcohol abuse 3.4.11.2 membrane alanyl aminopeptidase diagnostics the enzyme is used as a routine marker for myelomonocytic cells in hematopoietic malignant disorders 3.4.11.2 membrane alanyl aminopeptidase diagnostics the enzyme might be a valuable histological marker for prostate cancer 3.4.11.2 membrane alanyl aminopeptidase diagnostics determination of AlaAp content or its enzymatic activity in microvesicular and exosomal fractions of urine is an early and predictive biomarker of renal dysfunction in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin over tubular epithelia can be assessed independently of creatinine status or diuresis, overview. It might also be a very useful marker in pathologies where evaluation of early tubular damage takes relevance 3.4.11.3 cystinyl aminopeptidase diagnostics the increase in serum IRAP activity can be an indicator of a misregulation of vasopressin (AVP) function 3.4.11.7 glutamyl aminopeptidase diagnostics determination of GluAp content or its enzymatic activity in microvesicular and exosomal fractions of urine is an early and predictive biomarker of renal dysfunction in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin over tubular epithelia can be assessed independently of creatinine status or diuresis, overview. It might also be a very useful marker in pathologies where evaluation of early tubular damage takes relevance 3.4.13.9 Xaa-Pro dipeptidase diagnostics cord blood prolidase activity may be a good indicator of fetal maturation and gestational age 3.4.13.9 Xaa-Pro dipeptidase diagnostics prolidase might be a useful marker for the diagnosis of lymphoma 3.4.13.9 Xaa-Pro dipeptidase diagnostics prolidase activity may be a useful adjunctive tool in predicting liver fibrosis, especially in the absence of advanced fibrosis and other conditions, which may affect the interpretation of prolidase activity 3.4.13.9 Xaa-Pro dipeptidase diagnostics prolidase is a marker of collagen turnover 3.4.13.9 Xaa-Pro dipeptidase diagnostics prolidase is a potential biomarker for melanoma, and the enzyme is a target for drug development in cancer therapy 3.4.14.5 dipeptidyl-peptidase IV diagnostics the activity of DPPIV measured in the tear fluid might serve as an indicator of early corneal disorders, e.g.corneal vascularization related to contact lens wear 3.4.14.9 tripeptidyl-peptidase I diagnostics potential markers for Sjoegren's syndrome 3.4.14.9 tripeptidyl-peptidase I diagnostics saliva is a reliable and non-invasive source for the diagnosis of infantile (CLN1) and late infantile (CLN2) neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses 3.4.17.2 carboxypeptidase B diagnostics the enzyme is a serum marker for acute pancreatitis and pancreatic graft injection 3.4.17.10 carboxypeptidase E diagnostics CPE serves as a marker for pulmonary endocrine tumor cells in the lung, enzyme expression correlates with a good prognosis, while expression of gamma-glutamyl hydrolase is correlated with a poor prognosis, overview 3.4.17.10 carboxypeptidase E diagnostics carboxypeptidase E is a prediction marker for tumor recurrence in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma 3.4.17.10 carboxypeptidase E diagnostics N-terminal truncated carboxypeptidase E (CPEDELTAN) expression is associated with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. CPEDELTAN may present a molecular biomarker for predicting recurrence and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma 3.4.17.11 glutamate carboxypeptidase diagnostics the enzyme is used in targeted cancer strategies such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy 3.4.17.12 carboxypeptidase M diagnostics CPM, a gene that encodes carboxypeptidase M, is consistently amplified in liposarcomas but not in different subtypes of lipoma or normal fat, CPM could be used as an alternative and novel diagnostic tool for these tumors 3.4.17.12 carboxypeptidase M diagnostics expression is positively correlated with overall survival and negatively correlated with recurrence, lymph node invasion, and N stage in colorectal cancer 3.4.17.20 Carboxypeptidase U diagnostics the activation peptide of procarboxypeptidase B, set free during activation of procarboxypeptidase B, is a marker for acute pancreatitis 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics prostate-specific membrane antigen is a tumor marker 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics the enzyme, prostate-specific membrane antigen, is a good marker for prostate cancer 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics PSMA is a biomarker for prostate cancer 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics PSMA is a validated molecular marker for prostate cancer 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics PSMA is a well-known imaging biomarker for staging and monitoring therapy, assessment of an 18F-labeled phosphoramidate peptidomimetic as a PSMA-targeted imaging agent for prostate cancer 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics PSMA is an established enzyme-biomarker for prostate cancer 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics PSMA is used in cancer diagnosis 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics PSMA overexpression in prostate cancer patients is related to a worse prognosis 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics the enzyme is a prostate cancer marker 3.4.17.21 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II diagnostics the enzyme is an important diagnostic marker of prostate cancer progression 3.4.17.23 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 diagnostics ACE2 levels is a putative early biomarker of SARS-CoV-2 infection severity 3.4.18.1 cathepsin X diagnostics development of a highly sensitive and specific sandwich-type immunoassay for cathepsin X permitting both intra- and extracellular detection and quantification. Plasma and/or serum levels of (pro)cathepsin X may be a valuable diagnostic measure of certain disease states such as acute inflammation 3.4.18.1 cathepsin X diagnostics the enzyme is a molecular marker in bovine cumulus cells predictive of oocyte competence, functional and diagnostic relationship, overview 3.4.18.1 cathepsin X diagnostics Cathepsin X is an inflammatory marker 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 diagnostics ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is a biomarker in humans for severe traumatic brain injury 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 diagnostics UCH-L1 is a biomarker for ischemic and traumatic brain injury in rats 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 diagnostics UCH-L1 is a biomarker for lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 diagnostics UCHL1 is a potential cerebrospinal fluid biomarker of neuronal loss in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and presumably other CNS damage and disease states, overview 3.4.19.13 glutathione gamma-glutamate hydrolase diagnostics ultrasensitive detection of glutathione according to its hydrolysis by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and the as-prepared simple and robust LC-based sensing platform has potentials in the diagnosis of glutathione-related diseases, e.g. cancer, liver damage, and malignant neoplasms 3.4.21.5 thrombin diagnostics concentrations of active alpha-thrombin, tissue factor-factor VIIa-factor Xa ternary complex, and intrinsic tenase complex with factor X, at specific time windows, can be used to classify acute coronary syndromes to an accuracy of about 87.2%. Such a combination can be used to efficiently assay the coagulation system 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics enzyme KLK6 is significantly associated with other prognostic markers in gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma and Barrett esophagus, including depth of invasion, indicating its potential as independent biomarker 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics human tissue kallikrein 6 as a potential marker of laryngeal cancer based on the relevant secretory/releasing protein database 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics kallikrein-related peptidases are biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of cancer. KLK6 gene expression may have clinical utility as a marker of unfavorable prognosis for intracranial tumors 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics stromal cell-associated expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 indicates poor prognosis of ovarian cancer patients 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics the enzyme might be used as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics KLK6 is present in biological fluids either as free form, or bound to alpha1-antitrypsin, and the bound form performs better than total KLK6 as a biomarker of ovarian carcinoma 3.4.21.B10 neurosin diagnostics prognostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients 3.4.21.B12 prostase diagnostics four-kallikrein panel is a prostate screening test. An important proportion number of men presenting for biopsy falls outside the diagnostic grey zone, having a positive digital rectal exam or prostate-specific antigen 10-25 ng/ml. The four kallikrein panel has good discrimination in these men, and use of the panel reduces biopsy rates in this group of men by over 20%. The use of the panel in men with positive digital rectal exam or prostate-specific antigen 10-25 is justified 3.4.21.B12 prostase diagnostics the enzyme is a biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer 3.4.21.B21 trepolisin diagnostics Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease is associated with human papillomavirus-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase diagnostics expression of the enzyme correlates with prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Overall survival is significantly prolonged in PACE4 negative group when compared with PACE4 positive group (5-year survival rates, 23.1% vs. 54.5%, log-rank test), as is disease-free survival (5-year survival rates, 23.4% vs. 55.4%). Positive expression of PACE4 is an independent factor for non-small cell lung cancer patients and it might serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with non-small cell lung cancer 3.4.21.B28 fibroblast activation protein alpha subunit diagnostics diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for various types of cancer. Development and validation of a combined kinetic fluorometric activity assay for fibroblast activation protein alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase in plasma 3.4.21.37 leukocyte elastase diagnostics the enzyme might be a useful indicator of the degree of surgical trauma in surgical procedures, in which occurs a massive release of PMN-elastase 3.4.21.37 leukocyte elastase diagnostics measurement of neutrophile elastase in the crevicular fluid can help to distinguish healthy from inflamed periimplant and periodontal tissue 3.4.21.37 leukocyte elastase diagnostics Plasma and urine leukocyte elastase-alpha1 protease inhibitor complex as a marker of of neutrophil degranulation and of early and long-term kidney graft function, evaluation, overview 3.4.21.B39 stratum corneum tryptic enzyme diagnostics KLK5 is a potential biomarker for breast cancer 3.4.21.B39 stratum corneum tryptic enzyme diagnostics KLK5 is a promising biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis 3.4.21.B39 stratum corneum tryptic enzyme diagnostics the expression level of human kallikrein 5 in tumor stromal cells is a promising biomarker for poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Patients with high histological grade are more prone to distal metastasis and aggressive tumor progression 3.4.21.B40 kallikrein 9 diagnostics the ELISAs for free and bound forms of KLK9 may be highly useful for the detection of KLK9 in a broad range of biological samples, thus enabling the clarification of KLK9 function and use as a potential disease biomarker 3.4.21.B41 kallikrein 10 diagnostics hypermethylated KLK10 is frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma and may be useful as marker for clinical application 3.4.21.B41 kallikrein 10 diagnostics KLK10 methylation can be used as a biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer 3.4.21.B41 kallikrein 10 diagnostics enzyme KLK10 is significantly associated with other prognostic markers in gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma and Barrett esophagus, including depth of invasion, indicating its potential as independent biomarker 3.4.21.B41 kallikrein 10 diagnostics KLK10 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer, being associated with liver metastases, decreased disease-free, and overall survival. Negative correlation between KLK10 expression and tumor grade, indicating that these two parameters. KLK10 expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, is an independent indicator of poor prognosis. Assessment of KLK10 can be incorporatedto a multi-molecular prognostic model to achieve better and more accurate assessment of disease prognosis are affected by independent mechanisms 3.4.21.B41 kallikrein 10 diagnostics elevated tumor tissue protein expression levels of kallikrein-related peptidases KLK10 and KLK11 are associated with a favorable prognosis in advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients 3.4.21.B41 kallikrein 10 diagnostics urinary KLK10 is a promising non-invasive biomarker for the inoperability and incurability of gastric cancer 3.4.21.B42 hippostasin diagnostics the measurement of kallikrein-related peptidase 11, KLK11, might be a useful diagnostic and prognostic test for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Patients with a high enzyme activity have a longer longer overall survival and progression free survival 3.4.21.B42 hippostasin diagnostics elevated tumor tissue protein expression levels of kallikrein-related peptidases KLK10 and KLK11 are associated with a favorable prognosis in advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients 3.4.21.B42 hippostasin diagnostics KLK11 splice variants represent potential cancer biomarkers 3.4.21.B43 kallikrein 12 diagnostics enzyme splice variant KLK12sv3 can be regarded as a marker of good prognosis in breast cancer 3.4.21.B43 kallikrein 12 diagnostics kallikrein 12 splice variants discriminate benign from cancerous breast tumors 3.4.21.B43 kallikrein 12 diagnostics KLK12 splice variants represent potential cancer biomarkers 3.4.21.B45 kallikrein 14 diagnostics mRNA overexpression of kallikrein 14 is an independent predictor of poor overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients 3.4.21.49 hypodermin C diagnostics use of antibodies to enzyme for serological diagnosis of hyperdermosis in reindeer. Diagnosis is complicated by persistence of antibodies, useful dates for first-time exposure 3.4.21.49 hypodermin C diagnostics Circulating HyC and HyC specific antibodies are determined by Elisa to diagnose hypodermosis in cattles in Spain. 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La diagnostics high levels of LONP1 are a poor prognosis marker in human colorectal cancer and melanoma 3.4.21.B59 granzyme H diagnostics oncological biomarker. Slightly (13%) increases after food intake 3.4.21.61 Kexin diagnostics plasma enzyme concentrations are predictive for 4-5 year major cardiovascular event rate, and enzyme serum concentrations correlate with cardiovascular risk 3.4.21.64 peptidase K diagnostics prion disease diagnosis relies on the relative resistance of sensitive prion protein Sc, PtPSc, to the non-specific protease proteinase K in brain samples to discriminate between resistant and senstive prions, PrPC and PrPSc, in combination with immunological detection of the main enzyme-resistant part of PrPSc (PrP27-30) 3.4.21.68 t-Plasminogen activator diagnostics alterations in tPA activity levels can be used as a biomarker for perturbations in brain homeostasis 3.4.21.69 Protein C (activated) diagnostics endogenous protein C levels positively correlate with a positive outcome in patients with severe sepsis 3.4.21.73 u-Plasminogen activator diagnostics expression level of uPA in prostate cancer tissue can be used as a predictor of biochemical recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, i.e. strong expression of uPA in addition to a Gleason score, positive surgical margin, and lymph node metastasis 3.4.21.73 u-Plasminogen activator diagnostics uPA is the strongest single indicator of poor prognosis in patients with metastatic breast cancer 3.4.21.73 u-Plasminogen activator diagnostics urokinase-type plasminogen activator is a marker of aggressive phenotype and an independent prognostic factor in mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer, overview 3.4.21.76 Myeloblastin diagnostics anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with proteinase 3 specificity are a useful laboratory biomarker for the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, i.e.Wegener's granulomatosis 3.4.21.77 semenogelase diagnostics concentration of enzyme in nonprostatic tissue represents less than 1% of the amount in normal prostate. Thus enzyme released from sources other than the prostate may add to the plasma pool, but it is unlikely that nonprostatic enzyme normally can interfere with the diagnosis of prostate cancer 3.4.21.77 semenogelase diagnostics the enzyme is the most useful prostate cancer marker 3.4.21.77 semenogelase diagnostics the ratio of phosphorylated/dephosphorylated galectin-3 might be used as a complementary value to that of prostate specific antigene for prognosis of prostate cancer and another therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer 3.4.21.77 semenogelase diagnostics the gama-SM/PSA, a protein member of the kallikrein family, is the most prominent biomarker for prostate cancer, PCa. Hsp70 can also be used as a co-biomarker for PCa with gama-SM 3.4.21.79 granzyme B diagnostics increased detection of the enzyme in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells are an immune signature for lymphocyte activation in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, irrespective of genetic subtype, and may also be a useful measure of immune activation in other related conditions 3.4.21.104 mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 diagnostics MASP-2 may have potential as clinical biomarkers in colorectal cancer 3.4.21.109 matriptase diagnostics the enzyme is a useful marker for mast cells 3.4.21.109 matriptase diagnostics the enzyme might be a good biomarker in treatment of malignant breast tumors 3.4.21.117 stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme diagnostics the enzyme is a biomarker for advanced ovarian carcinoma using a novel in situ quantitative method of protein expression, overview 3.4.21.117 stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme diagnostics the enzyme is a potential biomarker of ovarian cancer 3.4.21.117 stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme diagnostics the enzyme is a prognostic biomarker for ovarian cancer, but cannot be used independent from other markers, overview 3.4.21.117 stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme diagnostics the enzyme might be a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer 3.4.21.117 stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme diagnostics human kallikrein 7 can potentially be used as a biomarker for the characterization of different stages of cervical disease 3.4.21.117 stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme diagnostics potential biomarkers for several carcinomas and other diseases, prognostic value of KLK7 mRNA expression in colorectal cancer tissue giving, upregulation of KLK7 expression gives a poor prognosis, overview 3.4.21.119 kallikrein 13 diagnostics gene KLK13 mRNA expression constitutes a biomarker for the prediction of overall survival in nonsmall cell lung cancer and that its quantitative assessment in tumor tissues can aid in treatment decision making. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses demonstrate that patients with KLK13-positive tumors survive significantly longer than those with KLK13-negative ones 3.4.21.119 kallikrein 13 diagnostics loss of the enzyme is a potential biomarker for early detection of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines 3.4.21.119 kallikrein 13 diagnostics the enzyme has clinical importance as a favorable prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer patients' survival 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics CATB is a potent and independent prognostic marker for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics cathepsin B is a biologic marker reflecting the clinical state of inflammatory disease 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics increased cathepsin-B expression is predictive of more aggressive tumour behaviour over time and can be regarded as an unfavourable and independent tumour marker for endometrial cancer patients with a long follow-up 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics the enzyme might be a useful marker for cancer development 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics cathepsin B activity can be a useful marker of oocyte quality 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics cathepsin B is a possible prognostic biomarker for the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer, overview 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B diagnostics cathepsin B is an important biomarker for the stratification of glioblastoma patients with respect to survival 3.4.22.15 cathepsin L diagnostics specificity and sensitivity of cathepsin L activity is a diagnostic biomarker for proteinuria 3.4.22.15 cathepsin L diagnostics the enzyme is a candidate antigen to diagnose porcine cysticercosis via ELISA immunoassay 3.4.22.27 cathepsin S diagnostics an increased serum level of cathepsin S may serve as a biomarker for atherosclerosis and diabetes 3.4.22.27 cathepsin S diagnostics cathepsin S is a biomarker for adiposity and has relevance to atherogenesis 3.4.22.B29 calpain 9 diagnostics low calpain-9 is associated with adverse disease-specific survival following endocrine therapy in breast cancer, but no associations are observed between calpain-9 expression and clinicopathological variables 3.4.22.34 Legumain diagnostics potential for serodiagnosis of human opisthorchiasisas immunodiagnostic antigen 3.4.22.37 gingipain R diagnostics the enzyme activity is used for detection of periodontitis at an early stage of the disease 3.4.22.38 cathepsin K diagnostics to assess better the biology of CatK activity in vivo, a novel near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe for imaging of CatK is developed 3.4.22.41 cathepsin F diagnostics paragonimiasis, caused by the lung fluke Paragonimus, is a major food-borne helminthic disease. Differential diagnosis of paragonimiasis from tuberculosis and other infectious granulomas in the lung is a prerequisite to proper management of patients. Diverse Cysteine proteases of Paragonimus westermani of the cathepsin F family participate in inducing specific antibody responses. Most Paragonimus westermani cathepsin F, except for PwCP2 (AAF21461),which shows negligible antibody responses, might be applicable for paragonimiasis serodiagnosis 3.4.22.41 cathepsin F diagnostics paragonimiasis, caused by the lung fluke Paragonimus, is a major food-borne helminthic disease. Differential diagnosis of paragonimiasis from tuberculosis and other infectious granulomas in the lung is a prerequisite to proper management of patients. Diverse Cysteine proteases of Paragonimus westermani of the cathepsin F family participate in inducing specific antibody responses. Most Paragonimus westermani cathepsin F, except for PwCP2 (Q9U0G8),which shows negligible antibody responses, might be applicable for paragonimiasis serodiagnosis 3.4.22.43 cathepsin V diagnostics the enzyme is a potential marker for certain colon tumors and breast cancer 3.4.22.49 separase diagnostics measurement of separase proteolytic activity in single living cells by a fluorogenic flow cytometry assay. The assay is used to quantify Separase proteolytic activity in leukemic cell lines and peripheral blood samples from leukemia patients 3.4.22.B49 cathepsin L1 diagnostics a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against recombinant Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1H (rFgCatL1H) is produced by hybridoma technique using spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant proFgCatL1H (rproFgCatL1H). This MoAb is an immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 with kappa light chain isotype. The MoAb reacts specifically with rproFgCatL1H, the native FgCatL1H at a molecular weight (MW) 38-48 kDa in the extract of whole body (WB) of metacercariae and newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) and cross-reacted with rFgCatL1 and native FgCatLs at MW 25 to 28 kDa in WB of 2- and 4-week-old juveniles, adult, and adult excretory-secretory (ES) fractions by immunoblotting and indirect ELISA. It does not cross-react with antigens in WB fractions from other parasites. FgCatL1H and its MoAb may be used for immunodiagnosis of both early and late fasciolosis in ruminants and humans 3.4.22.B49 cathepsin L1 diagnostics analysis of the diagnostic values of the three different clades of cathepsin Ls, FhCL1, FhCL2, and FhCL5, from adult flukes in an ELISA, test of sera from sheep and cattle naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica, of cross-reactive antibodies, overview. For sheep sera, the sensitivity is 100% for the three rFhpCLs, while for cattle sera, the highest sensitivity is obtained using rFhpCL2 (97%), being equal for both rFhpCL1 and rFhpCL5 (87.9%), after adjusting cut-offs for maximum specificity 3.4.22.B49 cathepsin L1 diagnostics design and synthesis of a new peptide derived from Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1 with potential application in serodiagnosis of fascioliasis via ELISA, overview. Cathepsin L1 as antigen for serodiagnosis of animal fasciolosis 3.4.22.B49 cathepsin L1 diagnostics recombinant proFgCatL1H protein expressed from Pichia pastoris is mixed with Freund's adjuvants and used to subcutaneously immunize mice, the mice are then challenged with metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The percentage of worm protection in the rproFgCatL1H-vaccinated mice compared to the non-immunized and adjuvant control mice are approximately 62.7% and 66.1%, respectively. Anti-rproFgCatL1H antisera collected from vaccinated mice react specifically with rproFgCatL1H and other cathepsin L isoforms of Fasciola gigantica, but the antibodies do not crossreact with antigens from other trematode and nematode parasites, including Eurytrema pancreaticum, Opisthorchis viverrini, Fischoederius cobboldi, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Paramphistomum cervi, and Setarialabiato papillosa 3.4.22.55 caspase-2 diagnostics high level of inactive, non-processed caspase-2 together with caspase-3 is used as a predictor of survival and complete remission in adults with acute myeloblastic or lymphoblastic leukemias 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics a simple biochemical assay of caspase-3 activity in blood, may be useful for predicting the disposition of drugs that undergo extensive conjugation and biliary elimination like silymarin in patients with liver disease, caspase-3 activity correlates with the amount of silymarin conjugates, e.g. silychristin and silybin A and B, and is 5fold higher in the HCV cirrhosis cohort, overview 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics active caspase-3 immunostaining is considered as a highly reliable and specific morphological marker of early apoptosis 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics caspase-3 activity is a marker for apoptosis in gut epithelium, leading to impairment of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, that contributes to progression of HIV infection, immunohistochemical staining of cleaved caspase-3, overview 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics caspase-3 activity is a marker for cell death, e.g. in microglia, overview 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics caspase-3 can act as apoptosis marker 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics caspase-3 is a helpful indicator of apoptosis induction, e.g. in mammary carcinomas 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics caspase-3 is a marker for apoptosis, e.g. useful in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract, overview 3.4.22.56 caspase-3 diagnostics caspase-3 is a marker of apoptotic cell death in embryonic fibroblasts, NIH-3T3 and WST-1 cells 3.4.22.59 caspase-6 diagnostics excessive activation of caspase-6 is an early marker of neuronal dysfunction and implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington disease, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of cognitive impairment 3.4.22.B60 cathepsin L2 diagnostics analysis of the diagnostic values of the three different clades of cathepsin Ls, FhCL1, FhCL2, and FhCL5, from adult flukes in an ELISA, test of sera from sheep and cattle naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica, assessment of cross-reactive antibodies, overview. For sheep sera, the sensitivity is 100% for the three rFhpCLs, while for cattle sera, the highest sensitivity is obtained using rFhpCL2 (97%), being equal for both rFhpCL1 and rFhpCL5 (87.9%), after adjusting cut-offs for maximum specificity 3.4.22.B61 cathepsin L5 diagnostics analysis of the diagnostic values of the three different clades of cathepsin Ls, FhCL1, FhCL2, and FhCL5, from adult flukes in an ELISA, test of sera from sheep and cattle naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica, of cross-reactive antibodies, overview. For sheep sera, the sensitivity is 100% for the three rFhpCLs, while for cattle sera, the highest sensitivity is obtained using rFhpCL2 (97%), being equal for both rFhpCL1 and rFhpCL5 (87.9%), after adjusting cut-offs for maximum specificity 3.4.22.65 peptidase 1 (mite) diagnostics maturation systems using Pro-Der p 1 without the prodomain glycosylation are useful for the efficient preparation of a recombinant mature allergen 3.4.22.65 peptidase 1 (mite) diagnostics suspension-cultured BY-2 tobacco cells represent a low cost and environmentally safe expression system suitable to produce recombinant allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus under a form appropriate for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes 3.4.22.65 peptidase 1 (mite) diagnostics possible development of diagnostic allergy tests based on in planta produced allergens using Der 1 p as prototype 3.4.22.65 peptidase 1 (mite) diagnostics production of recombinant enzymatically and immunologically enzyme for diagnostic testing 3.4.22.B70 SENP1 peptidase diagnostics enzyme SENP1 is an important cancer metastasis-related molecule and may be a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for metastasis in prostate cancer patients 3.4.22.B70 SENP1 peptidase diagnostics SENP1 may serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 3.4.23.B1 napsin diagnostics napsin A is a reliable marker for pulmonary adenocarcinoma and is expressed in a subset of ovarian clear cell carcinomas (O-CCCs), endometrial (EM) CCCs, and endometrioid carcinomas (EC). Napsin A levels in O-CCC and EM-CCC are analyzed and compared with levels in other nonmucinous ovarian carcinomas and EM-EC, respectively. But for diagnostics of napsin A expression in Arias-Stella reactions, napsin A expression is frequently present in foci of Arias-Stella reaction, a feature that they share with clear cell carcinomas. Therefore, Napsin A, in and of itself, is of minimal utility in this specific differential diagnostic scenario 3.4.23.B1 napsin diagnostics napsin A is an intracellular aspartic protease and biomarker of various malignancies like lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian clear cell carcinoma 3.4.23.B1 napsin diagnostics napsin A is another sensitive and specific marker for distinguishing ovarian clear cell tumors (especially adenocarcinomas) from other ovarian tumor 3.4.23.B1 napsin diagnostics napsin A is useful as a biomarker. Napsin A is as sensitive as calcitonin for C-cell neoplasms, but is less sensitive than thyroglobulin for follicular neoplasms. The tested markers are sensitive and, except for renal cell carcinoma (for Pax8, napsin A) and pulmonary adenocarcinoma (for napsin A), they are specific thyroid tumour markers 3.4.23.B1 napsin diagnostics napsin A, is useful as a marker of ovarian clear cell carcinoma, immunohistochemical study with 279 ovarian tumour samples, overview. Napsin A detection is specific but of intermediate sensitivity as a biomarker 3.4.23.15 renin diagnostics comparison of active renin concentration and plasma renin activity for the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism in patients with an adrenal mass, the ratio of plasma renin activity to plasma aldosterone concentration is a screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism 3.4.23.15 renin diagnostics the plasma aldosterone-to-renin ratio measuring plasma renin activity, PRA, is used for screening of primary aldosteronism 3.4.23.15 renin diagnostics the ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity is used for screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertension, development of a test method, overview 3.4.24.B3 matrix metalloproteinase-11 diagnostics matrix metalloproteinase 11 is a marker for advanced gastric cancer 3.4.24.B3 matrix metalloproteinase-11 diagnostics MMP-11 is a probable prognostic marker whose expression reflects the stages of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer, overview 3.4.24.B3 matrix metalloproteinase-11 diagnostics MMP11 expression is a poor prognosis factor in human carcinomas 3.4.24.B3 matrix metalloproteinase-11 diagnostics association between the clinicopathological characteristics and MMP-11 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, expression of MMP-11 is associated with higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and worse grade of tumor differentiation, overview. The MMP-11 expression in OSCC samples can predict the progression, especially lymph node metastasis, and the survival of OSCC patients in Taiwan 3.4.24.B3 matrix metalloproteinase-11 diagnostics MMP-11 is a biomarker for metastatic breast cancer by immunohistochemical-assisted imaging mass spectrometry 3.4.24.B3 matrix metalloproteinase-11 diagnostics MMP-11 may work as a significant tumor biomarker for early detection of cancer, tumor staging, prognostic analysis, monitoring recurrence during follow-up and also a potential target for immunotherapy against cancer. Prognostic significance of MMP-11 expression in gastric carcinoma. The 5-year survival rates of patients with high expression of both MMP-11 and IGF-1 is significantly lower compared to the patients with low expression levels of both MMP-11 and IGF-1. Expression of MMP-11 and VEGF-C in colorectal adenocarcinoma is believed to be an important index for predicting distant metastases and clinical stages. MMP-11 is not only correlated with advanced-stage and high-grade tumors, but significantly associated with metastasis, especially for lymph node metastasis rather than peritoneal seeding and distant organ metastasis. The expression levels of MMP-11 can be used to identify patients at greater risk for cancer recurrence in breast carcinoma, pancreatic tumors, and colon cancer 3.4.24.B4 matrix metalloproteinase-13 diagnostics MMP-13 is a predictive markers for cisplatin resistance in head and neck squamous cell cancer 3.4.24.B5 matrix metalloproteinase-15 diagnostics potential role of MMP15 in the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MMP7 and MMP15 expression is associated with various clinicopathological characteristics in AML, but MMP7 or MMP15 expression signature are not independent prognostic factors in AML as compared with risk stratifications 3.4.24.7 interstitial collagenase diagnostics MMP-1 is an inflammation and senescent cell marker 3.4.24.7 interstitial collagenase diagnostics MMP1 is a potential oral cancer marker in gingiva, but not in neck tissue 3.4.24.B7 matrix metalloproteinase-26 diagnostics MMP-26 is a putative early biomarker for human carcinomas 3.4.24.17 stromelysin 1 diagnostics the enzyme, together with gelolin, is a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease 3.4.24.22 stromelysin 2 diagnostics circulating MMP-10 may be useful to identify subclinical atherosclerosis in subjects free from cardiovascular disease 3.4.24.22 stromelysin 2 diagnostics MMP10 is a potential oral cancer marker in neck tissue and gingiva 3.4.24.22 stromelysin 2 diagnostics MMP10 expression in tumor tissues is a potential independent prognostic factor for early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients 3.4.24.22 stromelysin 2 diagnostics diagnostic value of MMP-10 in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics associated expression of metalloproteinase-1, metalloproteinase-7 and VEGF in colorectal adenocarcinoma is related to the incidence of disease recurrence 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics clinical utility of circulating MMP-7, CC chemokine ligand 18, and CC chemokine ligand 11 as markers for diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer, detection method validation, overview 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics elevated MMP-7 levels correlate with lymph node invasion and can be predictive for a shorter survival of cancer patients of 2-5 years, elevations of MMP-7 serum levels in the Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer patients can serve as potential biomarker to correlate with poor survival 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics endometase is putative early biomarker for human carcinomas 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics high MMP-7 expression is associated with a worse overall survival of patients with acinic cell carcinoma, while low MMP-7 expression is associated with worse disease-specific survival of patients with acinic cell carcinoma 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics MMP-7 immunohistochemistry may be a valuable aid for identification of the cell proliferation center in oral carcinoma in situ and dysplasia 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics MMP-7 is a potential biomarker of intrinsic cisplatin sensitivity, ICS, which cisplatin treatment outcome in cancer therapy for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, overview 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics MMP-7 overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in gastric cancer 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics preoperative circulating MMP-7 levels in serum samples of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer have prognostic value, elevated serum matrix metalloproteinase 7 levels predict poor prognosis after radical prostatectomy, overview 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics the serum MMP-7 can be a diagnostic marker for cholangiocarcinoma, since its level is significantly higher in the patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared to benign biliary tract disease patients. The detection of the serum MMP-7 level is reasonably accurate in differentiating cholangiocarcinoma from benign biliary tract disease patients 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics usefulness of the combination of fecal cyclooxygenase 2, COX-2, mRNA and MMP-7 mRNA assays as a marker of colorectal cancer, evaluation of the feces screening method, overview 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics matrix metalloproteinase 7 is a useful marker for 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II and stage III colorectal cancer patients 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics the enzyme is a potential marker for diagnosis of colorectal cancer 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics the enzyme MMP-7 may be a prognostic factor for disease-free survival in men with rectal cancer without distant metastasis 3.4.24.23 matrilysin diagnostics matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is an early and valuable biomarker for predicting severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and poor outcomes in patients after cardiac surgery 3.4.24.24 gelatinase A diagnostics assessment of enzyme for monitoring and screening patients with prostate cancer. Significant correlation of densitometric analysis of enzyme activity and indirect hemagglutination titer, and prostate-specific antigen parameters 3.4.24.24 gelatinase A diagnostics the MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio may be of value in evaluating the prognosis in canine oronasal cavity tumors 3.4.24.26 pseudolysin diagnostics specific protease activity of the enzyme as indicator for the degree of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in chronic infected wounds 3.4.24.27 thermolysin diagnostics thermolysin is used in the diagnosis of prion diseases ovine scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, with similar sensitivity compared to proteinase K digestion, use of a protease to distinguish PrPC from PrPSc, overview 3.4.24.34 neutrophil collagenase diagnostics correlation of salivary levels of MMP-8 and periodontal parameters of chronic periodontitis establish MMP-8 as a noninvasive marker for the early diagnosis of chronic periodontitis 3.4.24.35 gelatinase B diagnostics in patients with clinical signs of meningitis, but without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, enzyme and MMP-8, MMP-13 are highly sensitive markers for intrathecal inflammation 3.4.24.35 gelatinase B diagnostics circulating concentrations of MMP-9 may be a marker helping in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases 3.4.24.35 gelatinase B diagnostics gelatinase B expression as a prognostic factor in patients with stage II/III rectal carcinoma treated by postoperative adjuvant therapy, overview 3.4.24.35 gelatinase B diagnostics MMP-9 expression is an independent and significant factor for prediction of a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer 3.4.24.35 gelatinase B diagnostics MMP-9 levels are useful in endometriosis diagnostics 3.4.24.35 gelatinase B diagnostics matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in glioma is an independent prognostic factor of patients, which might be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target of astrocytic glioma 3.4.24.65 macrophage elastase diagnostics MMP12 is a no effect level oral cancer marker in neck tissue and gingiva 3.4.24.65 macrophage elastase diagnostics overexpression of HME is strongly correlated with the reduced angiogenesis and vascular invasion of gastric carcinoma, and may serve as a useful predictive indicator in patients with this disease 3.4.24.75 lysostaphin diagnostics detection of Staphylococcus aureus 3.4.24.79 pappalysin-1 diagnostics increased pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is a marker for peripheral atherosclerosis, Linz Peripheral Arterial Disease Study 3.4.24.79 pappalysin-1 diagnostics PAPP-A is a circulating biomarker for acute coronary syndrome 3.4.24.79 pappalysin-1 diagnostics the enzyme is a highly specific marker for coronary heart disease 3.4.24.80 membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 diagnostics MMP-14 can be a biomarker in early development of mesothelioma tumours, overview 3.4.24.83 anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase diagnostics the anthrax lethal toxin neutralization assay (TNA) measures the ability of antibodies to neutralize the cytotoxicity of anthrax lethal toxin rather than quantifying total antibody through a conjugated species-specific secondary antibody. TNA may provide a more relevant immunological measure, as it quantitates functional antibodies only rather than total protective antigen-binding antibodies. In this study, TNA data are generated in several different laboratories to measure the immune responses in rabbits, nonhuman primates, and humans. A collaborative study is conducted in which 108 samples from the three species are analyzed in seven independent laboratories. This study demonstrates that the TNA is a panspecies assay that can be performed in several different laboratories with a high degree of quantitative agreement and precision 3.4.24.83 anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase diagnostics the development, performance characteristics and validation using human serum of a robust and rugged format of the LTx neutralization activity (TNA) assay is reported and its application in evaluating immune serum from humans, Rhesus macaques and rabbits. This format uses standardized and characterized reagents in conjunction with customized interpretive software and a novel mathematical algorithm to calculate and extrapolate multiple reportable values, in addition to ED50, with high specificity, analytical sensitivity, accuracy and precision. This LTx neutralization activity (TNA) assay format is proposed as a unifying platform technology 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics ADAMTS-13 may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Patients with a low activity of ADAMTS-13 have a poor survival rate compared to patients with a high activity of ADAMTS-13 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics Potential role of ADAMTS13 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. ADAMTS13 and the activity of von Willebrand factor are also a marker for development of multiple organ dysfucntion in infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics role for clinical testing of plasma ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitors in care of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients, overview 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics role of ADAMTS 13 assays in diagnosis and prognosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, TTP, overview 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics value of ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitor in the postmortem diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, overview 3.5.1.1 asparaginase diagnostics the enzyme is a marker of chemotherapy dose modification during the induction phase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, overview 3.5.1.12 biotinidase diagnostics BTD is a biomarker for the hepatic glycogen storage disease, overview 3.5.1.12 biotinidase diagnostics BTD is a potential serological biomarker for the detection of breast cancer to use with plasma 3.5.1.12 biotinidase diagnostics loss of overall biotinidase expression is a marker for papillary thyroid cancer aggressiveness acting as a predictor of disease progression and prognosis 3.5.1.13 aryl-acylamidase diagnostics relative ratios of aryl acylamidase activity to butyrylcholinesterase activity on butyrylchlolinesterase protein could serve as a diagnostic marker in comparison to aspartate aminotransferases and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities, in patients with liver disorders 3.5.1.14 N-acyl-aliphatic-L-amino acid amidohydrolase diagnostics the enzyme is an important biomarker with potential prognostic utility in patients with delayed graft function following renal transplantation. The possibility of using 4-[(E)-2-[7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]ethenyl]phenyl prop-2-enoate for quantification of aminoacylase-1 in blood serum samples is explored. Nontoxic nature and cell membrane permeability are key features of this probe and are ideally suited for imaging intracellular Cys in normal and cancerous cell lines .CA can be used for selective detection of Cys in the presence of the competing biothiols, cations, and anions of biological relevance. This reagent is successfully utilized for monitoring the hydrolysis of an important commercial drug molecule N-acetyl-L-cysteine by an industrially and biologically important endogenous enzyme, aminoacylase-1 3.5.1.B15 pyrazinamidase diagnostics the pyrazinamidase activity in pyrazinamide (PZA)-resistant isolates is an important parameter to determine the susceptibility to pyrazinoic acid (PZA) because PZase converts PZA into pyrazinoic acid, which is protonated and becomes active against the mycobacterium. A nonfunctional PZase allows the mycobacterium to survive in the presence of PZA 3.5.1.25 N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase diagnostics the enzyme has potential as a diagnostic marker for Streptococcus pneumoniae because of its high immunogenicity and immunospecificity 3.5.1.26 N4-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase diagnostics elevation of plasma aspartylglucosaminidase is a useful marker for the congenital disorders of glycosylation type I, CDG I 3.5.1.26 N4-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase diagnostics marker for the diagnosis of glycosylation type I (CDG-I) 3.5.1.28 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase diagnostics detection of Vibrio anguillarum, a fish pathogen via PCR-detection of the gene for N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 3.5.1.92 pantetheine hydrolase diagnostics usefulness of urinary vanin-1 with other biomarkers for the detection of renal complications in rats with experimental colitis 3.5.1.92 pantetheine hydrolase diagnostics vanin-1 is a biomarker of nephrotoxicant-induced kidney injury, increase in urinary vanin-1 is detected before the elevations of serum creatinine or urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, kidney injury molecule-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, in models of drug-induced acute kidney injury, overview 3.5.1.92 pantetheine hydrolase diagnostics enzyme Vnn1 is a valid biomarker for aggressive soft tissue sarcomas (STS) prognosis 3.5.1.92 pantetheine hydrolase diagnostics potential use of vanin-1 as a marker of severity and therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis (SSc) 3.5.1.105 chitin disaccharide deacetylase diagnostics the overall survival is high in lung cancer patients having low expression level of YDJC, while progression free survival is decreased in patients having high expression level of YDJC 3.5.1.124 protein deglycase diagnostics secreted DJ-1 levels in serum and DJ-1-binding compounds will be a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative diseases 3.5.2.5 allantoinase diagnostics the enzyme is useful for determination of allantoin in several human biological fluids, such as serum, urine, and saliva. Allantoin is a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in human physiology and pathology 3.5.2.6 beta-lactamase diagnostics diagnostic utility of the combination of Syn 2190 and cefotetan in a disk test for the detection of clinical isolates of Klebsiella sp. producing plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases. The sensitivity of this test is 91%, the specificity is 100%, and the reproducibility is 100% 3.5.2.10 creatininase diagnostics the immobilized enzyme can be used in a biosensor for determining creatinine in human serum 3.5.3.3 creatinase diagnostics creatininase is used as clinical enzyme to measure creatinine. Spores co-expressing creatininase and creatinase mediate a two-step reaction from creatinine to urea (and sarcosine). An advantage of spore-encapsulated enzymes is that immobilized and stress-tolerant enzymes can be produced without purification 3.5.3.3 creatinase diagnostics important medical enzyme, used for clinical diagnosis of renal function because of its high substrate specificity 3.5.3.3 creatinase diagnostics recombinant production of creatinase for using in clinical measurement of serum or urine creatinine 3.5.3.3 creatinase diagnostics yeast spore-based encapsulation technique is applied to the diagnostic enzyme creatinase. A secretory form of Pseudomonas putida creatinase can be entrapped in the spore wall, and such spores are used as creatinase capsules. The activity of the encapsulated creatinase is largely improved by mild spore wall defective mutations, such as DIT1 or OSW2 deletions. The encapsulated and freeze-dried creatinase is produced without preparing the purified enzyme, and it exhibits resistance to environmental stresses, such as high temperature and SDS treatments. Thus, yeast spores can be applied to establish quick and easy clinical diagnostic methods 3.5.4.1 cytosine deaminase diagnostics the enzyme, expressed by Clostridium sp., can be used for detection of Clostridia-containing tumors in humans using clostridial directed 5-fluorouracil prodrug therapy 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics the enzym elevle is a useful biochemical parameter for assessing the functional status of liver of sheep with chronicle fascioliasis 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase activity in pleural effusions due to Legionnaires’ disease may be as high as that in pleural effusions due to tuberculosis. In countries where the prevalence of tuberculosis is high and pleural fluid adenosine deaminase activities are frequently measured, Legionnaires’ disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of an exudative pleural effusion with a high ADA activity 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase analysis is a sensitive marker of tuberculous pleuritis even in HIV patients with very low CD4 counts in a high tuberculosis endemic region. The adenosine deaminase assay is inexpensive, rapid, and simple to perform and is of great value for the immediate diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis while waiting for culture result and this has a positive impact on patient outcome 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase is a very useful biochemical parameter in diagnostic analysis tuberculous pleural effusion. When combined with cytologic examination the results are even better 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase may be used as a supportive marker to differentiate familial mediterranean fever attacks from attack-free periods 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics increased serum adenosine deaminase activity in tropical theileriosis may reflect the involvement of the cellular immune responses 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics serum tADA and ADA2 may serve as useful indicators for diagnosis of CGD, LADs, IgA deficiency, SCID, HIM and WAS patients as a supplementary laboratory test in combination with clinical, immunological, and other laboratory findings 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase activity is significantly higher in patients with renal cell carcinoma than in controls. The marker adenosine deaminase might be potentially important as an additional biochemical tool for diagnosing renal cell carcinoma 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics analysis of adenosine deaminase in saliva could be used as a simple, rapid, economic and non-invasive diagnostic tool in porcine production in field conditions 3.5.4.5 cytidine deaminase diagnostics evaluation of CDA genotype may be helpful in screening patients before treatment, in order to identify subjects with slower CDA-mediated gemcitabine metabolism 3.6.1.2 trimetaphosphatase diagnostics the enzyme is a cytochemical marker for lysosomes 3.6.1.23 dUTP diphosphatase diagnostics the enzyme can be a biomarker for exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine exposure since the compound leads to release of the enzyme, besides other proteins, to the extracellular compartment from amnion epithelial cells, overview 3.6.4.B7 RadA recombinase diagnostics the RadA protein proves to be useful in allelic discrimination assay of HADHA gene associated with long-chain 3-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency that in infancy may lead to hypotonia, serious heart and liver problems and even sudden death 3.10.1.1 N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase diagnostics a fluorimetric SGSH activity assay is commonly used to examine cells of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA patients for N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase activity, modification of the method for brain homogenates and definition of the parameters for assay linearity, overview 4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase diagnostics GAD-involving latent autoimmune type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 diabetes by detection of anti-GAD antibodies, oerview 4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase diagnostics GAD65 is a predictive marker for the insulin depletion in diabetes mellitus 4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase diagnostics the enzyme is a potential important marker for the prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes 4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase diagnostics the enzyme is useful in diagnostics of type I diabetes mellitus, detection of autoantibodies by RSR-ELISA with Ca2+-free plasma samples, method development, overview 4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase diagnostics type 1 diabetes, T1D, patients and Stiff Person Syndrome, SPS, patients show a specific lack of anti-Ids to disease-associated GAD65Ab epitopes, autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase 65 are a major characteristic for type 1 diabetes and and Stiff PersonSyndrome patients 4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase diagnostics glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme for GABA synthesis and used as a reliable marker for inhibitory interneurons. There are differences in the distribution of inhibitory neurons according to the layer in the hippocampus. GAD67 immunoreactive neurons in the dog CA1 region are markedly decreased in the strata pyramidale and radiatum in aged dogs 4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase diagnostics a single nucleotide polymorphism in intron 1 of the ODC gene serves as genetic marker for colon cancer 4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase diagnostics ODC can be useful in gene diagnosis and gene therapy of cancers, since some chemotherapeutic agents aim at reducing ODC expression and show inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth 4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase diagnostics ODC may be used as a good biomarker in the screening and diagnosis of precancerous lesions 4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase diagnostics the naturally occuring ODC G316A genotype is prognostic for colorectal adenoma recurrence and predicts efficacy of aspirin chemoprevention 4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase diagnostics ODC1 expression is associated with worse overall survival and increased recurrence in three endometrial cancer gene expression datasets 4.1.1.22 histidine decarboxylase diagnostics HDC can be used as an immunohistochemical marker for the detection of immature neoplastic mast cells in patients with mast cell-proliferative disorders 4.1.1.37 uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase diagnostics uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity has a high diagnostic accuracy for differentiating the 2 Porphyria cutanea tarda types, the sporadic (sPCT) and familial (fPCT) forms, which are generally clinically indistinguishable, a model that takes into account both clinical information and laboratory test results can be used to predict fPCT 4.1.2.13 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase diagnostics for patients with colorectal cancer mRNA expression is a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival and for overall survival 4.1.2.13 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase diagnostics fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is an immunogenic surface target useful for the detection of Listeria genus. Listeria monocytogenes is a major public health concern and a potential economic burden regarding food industry 4.2.1.1 carbonic anhydrase diagnostics activity of carbonic anhydrase is significantly lower in patients with renal cell carcinoma than in controls. The marker carbonic anhydrase might be potentially important as an additional biochemical tool for diagnosing renal cell carcinoma 4.2.1.22 cystathionine beta-synthase diagnostics the mutations present in each country differ from each other depending on the demographic profile. Therefore, specific mutations scanning must be performed in each population for diagnosis and prognosis purposes 4.2.1.22 cystathionine beta-synthase diagnostics evaluation of plasma cystathionine beta-synthase activity in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient patients for utilization of the assay in diagnosis and study of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency 4.2.1.24 porphobilinogen synthase diagnostics the DELTA-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase test of blood is valid and representative for low-level as well as long-term exposure to lead. The test might be applicable to diagnostic purposes and screening of the population having been exposed to low-level lead over a long-term period 4.2.1.24 porphobilinogen synthase diagnostics the enzyme activity is a diagnostic marker for the clinical diagnosis of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase-deficient porphyria, a rare enzymatic deficiency of the heme biosynthetic pathway 4.2.1.123 tetrahymanol synthase diagnostics tetrahymanol is a polycyclic triterpenoid lipid in the Tetrahymena ciliates. The diagenetic product, gammacerane, is often used as a biomarker for water column stratification in ancient ecosystems 4.2.99.18 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase diagnostics APE1/Ref-1 expression levels together with subcellular dysregulation may be predictive markers to indicate the tumor sensitivity toward radiotherapy or chemotherapy 4.3.1.4 formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase diagnostics putative biomarker, FTCD is useful to distinguish early hepatocellular carcinoma from benign tumors such as regenerative nodule or focal nodular hyperplasia 4.3.2.1 argininosuccinate lyase diagnostics the enzyme may be used as a candidate marker for serodiagnosis of brucellosis 4.3.2.1 argininosuccinate lyase diagnostics the urea cycle metabolite argininosuccinate is a common metabolic biomarker of FH deficiency 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase diagnostics CT and GA polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of the GC-A gene might be useful as susceptibility marker for hypertension 4.6.1.18 pancreatic ribonuclease diagnostics increased N-glycosylation of Asn88 in serum pancreatic ribonuclease 1 is a diagnostic marker for pancreatic cancer. Development of an assay to specifically detect unglycosylated Asn88 in denatured RNase1, overview 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase diagnostics mutations in the ferrochelatase gene are not responsible for palmoplantar skin phenotype observed in erythrokeratolysis hiemalis et estivalis of three unrelated Dutch Caucasian patients 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase diagnostics partial defiency of the last enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway (namely ferrochelatase) in humans is responsible for erythropoietic protoporphyria 5.1.1.10 amino-acid racemase diagnostics broad-specificity amino acid racemase is a non-antibiotic selectable marker for transgenic plants and can be used in the development of genetically modified plants without using antibiotic resistance marker genes. Selection with different amino acid enantiomers using Bsar, Bsar-R174A and Bsar-R174K gene as selectable markers, overview 5.1.3.17 heparosan-N-sulfate-glucuronate 5-epimerase diagnostics GLCE upregulation plus expression pattern of a panel of six genes, discriminating morphologically different prostate cancer cell subtypes, is a potential marker of aggressive prostate cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme can be used as a marker in the differential diagnosis of metanephric adenoma and as a molecular marker for prostate carcinoma 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a biomarker overexpressed in prostate carcinomas and is associated with prostate cancer progression 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a marker for prostate and renal cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a tool in the diagnosis of morphologically difficult prostatic carcinoma and is used in combination with the basal cell markers p63 and 34betaE12, the enzyme might also be useful in diagnostics of extramammary Paget disease, EMPD 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is useful for detection of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics AMACR is established as a valuable diagnostic marker for prostate cancer and has shown to be useful in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics biomarker for cancer in prostate, breast, colon, renal and other cancer cells 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics combined AMACR/p53 analysis to identify dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR applied as double sequential immunostains for diagnostic assessment of problematic prostate specimens 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the elevated expression of the P504S gene and its enzyme product can serve as a molecular marker for prostate cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is used to detect prostatic adenocarcinoma and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and also as a marker for other neoplasms, including those of the genitourinary system, breast, upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and their precursor lesions 5.3.1.1 triose-phosphate isomerase diagnostics triosephosphate isomerase is a serum marker for human lung squamous cell carcinoma 5.3.4.1 protein disulfide-isomerase diagnostics the absence of PDIp expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma may serve as an additional biomarker for pancreatic cancer 5.3.4.1 protein disulfide-isomerase diagnostics lung cancer patients with high Srx levels have significantly shorter survival and those with high TXNDC5 levels have longer survival. Cellular levels of Srx and TXNDC5 may be useful as biomarkers to predict the survival of individuals with lung cancer 5.6.1.2 dynein ATPase diagnostics the straightforward dynein-ATPase assay can be used to obtain data of functional interest in clinical or experimental settings, to test the effect of new drugs that could inhibit dynein-ATPase actitivty and therefor sperm motility 5.6.2.1 DNA topoisomerase diagnostics the enzyme hTopI is a biomarker for camptothecin-based therapy at direct determination of the drug response level 5.6.2.2 DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) diagnostics topoisomerase IIbeta acts as an additional biomarker in DNA repair and aging in cerebellar granule neurons, overview 5.6.2.3 DNA 5'-3' helicase diagnostics DNA helicase HELQ is a marker for ovarian cancer 6.1.1.3 threonine-tRNA ligase diagnostics enzyme TARS is a regulator of the tumor microenvironment and possible target for diagnosis and/or treatment in ovarian cancer. The enzyme has a potential value as an ovarian cancer diagnostic 6.1.1.6 lysine-tRNA ligase diagnostics LysRS s207 phosphorylation plays a role as a prognostic factor in lung cancer after primary surgery 6.3.1.2 glutamine synthetase diagnostics glutamine synthetase is a useful marker in tumour liver pathology, including hepatocellular adenomas and nodules in cirrhosis. Enzyme overexpression in focal nodular hyperplasia can be used as easy diagnostic tool in surgical pathology 6.3.4.6 urea carboxylase diagnostics enzymatic assay for measurement of serum urea nitrogen using urea amidolyase 6.3.4.10 biotin-[propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)] ligase diagnostics the HCS assay using rat liver apopropionyl-CoA carboxylase as substrate is useful for enzymatic diagnosis of HCS deficiency 6.3.4.15 biotin-[biotin carboxyl-carrier protein] ligase diagnostics BirA can be useful for specific in vivo labeling of proteins in cell cultures by biotinylation 7.6.2.2 ABC-type xenobiotic transporter diagnostics in patients with neuroblastoma, increased MRP4 expression has prognostic value