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EC Number	Recommended Name	Application	Commentary
1.14.19.1	stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase	pharmacology	enhancing SCD1-mediated desaturation of saturated fatty acids and subsequent formation of neutral lipid droplets may become a promising therapeutic target to reduce saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
1.14.19.1	stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase	pharmacology	targeting SCD1 in combination with sorafenib may be another therapeutic strategy against liver cancer. Clinically, SCD1 serves as a good predictive marker for patient responses to sorafenib treatment. Targeting SCD1 synergizes the effect of sorafenib both in vitro and in vivo
1.14.19.17	sphingolipid 4-desaturase	pharmacology	the cells capacity to biosynthesize dihydroceramides must be taken into account in proautophagic Des1 inhibitors-including therapies
1.14.19.58	tryptophan 5-halogenase	pharmacology	5-Br- and 5-Cl-tryptophan could presumably be applied as a pharmacologically attractive precursor of serotonin
1.14.19.64	(S)-stylopine synthase	pharmacology	a microbial system is established for producing a protoberberine-type alkaloid (stylopine) in Pichia cells
1.14.19.65	(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase	pharmacology	a microbial system is established for producing a protoberberine-type alkaloid (stylopine) in Pichia cells
1.14.19.70	mycocyclosin synthase	pharmacology	CYP121 is a potential target for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections
1.14.20.13	6beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase	pharmacology	tropane alkaloids including hyoscyamine, anisodamine, scopolamine and anisodine, are used medicinally as anticholinergic agents with increasing market demand, improvement of production by metabolic engineering introduction of genes encoding the branch-controlling enzyme tropinone reductase I and the downstream rate-limiting enzyme hyoscyamine-6beta-hydroxylase
1.17.3.2	xanthine oxidase	pharmacology	inhibition of xanthine oxidase is a potential therapeutic approach to diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy
1.17.3.2	xanthine oxidase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target in treatment of heart failure
1.17.4.1	ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase	pharmacology	inhibition of RNRs is a proven strategy for combating cancer and some viruses
1.21.3.1	isopenicillin-N synthase	pharmacology	model system for study of endogenous functions of beta-lactams in bacteria
2.1.1.1	nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	pharmacology	biomarkers for cardiovascular risk factors
2.1.1.1	nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	pharmacology	molecular targets for cancer therapy and diagnosis
2.1.1.1	nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	pharmacology	NNMT as potential biomarker and therapeutic target
2.1.1.1	nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme might be a good molecular target for lung cancer therapy
2.1.1.33	tRNA (guanine46-N7)-methyltransferase	pharmacology	enzymes NSUN2 and METTL1 are implicated in 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in HeLa cells. Interfering with methylation of tRNAs might provide a promising rationale to improve 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy of cancer
2.1.1.50	loganate O-methyltransferase	pharmacology	Catharanthus roseus is the sole commercial source for monoterpenoid indole alkaloids vindoline and catharanthine, components of the anticancer dimers vinblastine and vincristine
2.1.1.72	site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)	pharmacology	enzyme is a target for antibiotics and antbiotic development
2.1.1.B76	flavone/flavonol 7-O-methyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme reaction product rhmanetin, produced from quercetin, inhibits the formation of beta-amyloid. Rhamnetin holds great promise for use in therapeutic application in neurodegenerative disease, method evaluation, overview
2.1.1.100	protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target in anticancer therapy
2.1.1.101	macrocin O-methyltransferase	pharmacology	tylosin is used in veterinary medicine for treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma
2.1.1.101	macrocin O-methyltransferase	pharmacology	tylosin fermentation, antibiotic biosynthesis, enzyme catalyzes conversion of macrocin to tylosin in vivo
2.1.1.102	demethylmacrocin O-methyltransferase	pharmacology	tylosin fermentation, antibiotic biosynthesis
2.1.1.203	tRNA (cytosine34-C5)-methyltransferase	pharmacology	enzymes NSUN2 and METTL1 are implicated in 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in HeLa cells. Interfering with methylation of tRNAs might provide a promising rationale to improve 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy of cancer
2.1.1.244	protein N-terminal methyltransferase	pharmacology	NTMT1 inhibitors can be potential anticancer therapeutics
2.1.2.1	glycine hydroxymethyltransferase	pharmacology	L-serine is required for pharmaceutical purposes, availability of a sugar-based microbial process for its production is desirable, however, SHMT prevents overproduction of L-serine, control of the essential SHMT activity by a novel physiological approach
2.1.2.11	3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase	pharmacology	enzyme might be an attractive target for inhibitor design
2.1.2.11	3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase	pharmacology	enzyme could serve as target for anti-fungal drugs, since it is not present in mammals
2.2.1.1	transketolase	pharmacology	benfotiamine treatment activates glucose metabolism in INS-1 cells in high-glucose culture conditions and maximizes the cells' ability to synthesize insulin. Treatment activates glucokinase
2.2.1.6	acetolactate synthase	pharmacology	AHAS might be a target protein for the development of anti-tuberculosis therapeutics
2.3.1.5	arylamine N-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	arylamine N-acetyltransferases have a key role in the detoxication and metabolic activation of numerous xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs and carcinogens
2.3.1.5	arylamine N-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	NATs play an important role in the detoxication and, or bioactivation of numerous drugs and xenobiotics
2.3.1.6	choline O-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced dementia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity
2.3.1.21	carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase	pharmacology	CPT I, model enzyme for studies of fatty acid-induced apoptosis in cancer therapy
2.3.1.21	carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase	pharmacology	the data represent proof in principle that a pharmacological agent that stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation, perhaps acting on carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, could provide a novel approach to treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
2.3.1.22	2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase	pharmacology	[acyl CoA]monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is of interest as a target for therapeutic treatment of diabetes, obesity and other diseases which together constitute the metabolic syndrome
2.3.1.23	1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a potential therapeutic targets for the regulation of immune and inflammatory disorders
2.3.1.26	sterol O-acyltransferase	pharmacology	ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 selective inhibitors may prove to have clinical benefit to reduce atherosclerosis via directly reducing the size of the lipid-rich core in the atherosclerotic plaques or the absorption of cholesterol in intestine, respectively
2.3.1.26	sterol O-acyltransferase	pharmacology	K-604, a potent and selective inhibitor of ACAT-1, suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in an animal model without affecting plasma cholesterol levels, providing direct evidence that pharmacological inhibition of ACAT-1 in the arterial walls leads to suppression of atherosclerosis
2.3.1.26	sterol O-acyltransferase	pharmacology	the data suggest that antiatherosclerotic activity of licorice in hypercholesterolemic patients might be related with its ACAT inhibitory effects
2.3.1.26	sterol O-acyltransferase	pharmacology	the results strongly support the idea that CS-505 could be promising as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis
2.3.1.28	chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	method development for a sensitive model system for analyzing the rapid delivery of active enzymes into various regions of the brain of Rattus norvegicus with therapeutic bioavailability, intranasal delivery of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli, a relatively large enzyme, in its active form into different regions of the brain, overview
2.3.1.32	lysine N-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding binding protein and p300 are lysine acetyltransferases responsible for the regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor providing therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension
2.3.1.37	5-aminolevulinate synthase	pharmacology	enzyme is a target for drug development because of its immunological and inhibitor specificity
2.3.1.41	beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I	pharmacology	synthase III is a target for drug development against multi-drug resistant strains
2.3.1.41	beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I	pharmacology	target for the development of drugs for the treatment of cancer and tuberculosis, involved in biosynthesis of precursors of pharmacological agents
2.3.1.48	histone acetyltransferase	pharmacology	the GCN5-NF-kB pathway is a potentialmolecular target for stem cell mediated regenerative medicine and the treatment of metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis
2.3.1.57	diamine N-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	compounds capable of potently inducing SSAT and having favorable pharmacological properties in animals are potential anticancer agents
2.3.1.95	trihydroxystilbene synthase	pharmacology	expression of the stilbene synthase gene from Vitis vinifera in transgenic Populus alba results in high accumulation of the antioxidant resveratrol glucosides
2.3.1.147	glycerophospholipid arachidonoyl-transferase (CoA-independent)	pharmacology	the enzyme may be a new therapeutic target to regulate inflammatory mediators
2.3.1.163	10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	use in synthesis of taxol for anticnacer treatment
2.3.1.167	10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	use in synthesis of taxol for anticnacer treatment
2.3.1.167	10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the anticancer drug paclitaxel, which catalyses the formation of baccatin III from 10-deacetylbaccatin III
2.3.1.167	10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase	pharmacology	paclitaxel is a type of broad-spectrum anticancer drug in short supply. The price of acetyl-CoA, which is the acetyl group donor for the enzymatic synthesis of the intermediate, baccatin III, is the bottleneck of the mass production of paclitaxel. The study reports that N-acetyl-D-glucosamineas an acetyl group donor can substantially reduce the cost of production
2.3.1.176	propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase	pharmacology	although SCP-2 was established as a protein that transfers cholesterol and phospholipids decades ago, recent findings with lipid rafts/caveolae and SCP-2 suggest that they may provide a conceptual link to metabolic processes that might be regulated through the respective signaling pathways
2.3.1.180	beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target for design and development of antibacterial drugs against pathogenic bacteria
2.3.1.180	beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target for development of antibiotics
2.3.1.180	beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target for development of inhibitors for treatment of the multi-drug resistant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus
2.3.1.275	acyl phosphate:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase	pharmacology	the PlsX/Y pathway defines the most widely distributed pathway for the initiation of phospholipid formation in bacteria and represents a target for the development of antibacterial therapeutics
2.3.2.2	gamma-glutamyltransferase	pharmacology	bile extracts from diclofenac-dosed rats at 200 mg/kg, show the presence of the gamma-GT-mediated diclofenac-S-acyl-glutathione degradation product diclofenac-N-acyl-cysteinylglycine, where a total of 8 microg is excreted 6 h postadministration. When diclofenac-S-acyl-glutathione is incubated with gamma-GT, the GSH adduct is degraded in a linear time-dependent fashion
2.3.2.2	gamma-glutamyltransferase	pharmacology	cisplatin administration significantly elevates blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in male rats day 5 post-treatment. Inhibition of gamma glutamyltranspeptidase prevents cisplatin nephrotoxicity, but not cellular toxicity in rat proximal tubular cultures
2.3.2.2	gamma-glutamyltransferase	pharmacology	cisplatin administration significantly elevates blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in mice day 4 post-treatment. Inhibition of gamma glutamyltranspeptidase prevents cisplatin nephrotoxicity
2.3.2.2	gamma-glutamyltransferase	pharmacology	the administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of potassium dichromate decreases the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase. Utility of gamma-GT and AAP activities as biomarkers in the evaluation of the Cr-induced nephrotoxicity
2.3.2.5	glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase	pharmacology	Abeta38, Abeta40 and angiogenesis mediators Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, CAM-1 and ICAM-1 are potential pharmacodynamic markers of glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibition, because their levels closely correlate with QC activity in Alzheimer's disease patients. The addition of QC activity to core diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers may be of specific interest in clinical cases with discordant imaging and biochemical biomarker results. Core CSF diagnostic biomarkers (Abeta42, tau and p-tau) are not part of the diagnostic workup
2.3.2.5	glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase	pharmacology	glutaminyl cyclase is a drug target to diminish pE-Abeta formation
2.3.2.5	glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase	pharmacology	the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase-like protein (QPCTL) is a target to interfere with the CD47 pathway and thereby augment antibody therapy of cancer
2.4.1.5	dextransucrase	pharmacology	synthesis of chlorogenic acid-4'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which is a functional component that may be used in the food or pharmaceutical industry. It displays greater physical properties, anti-lipid peroxidation effect, and growth inhibition of colon cancer cell than those of chlorogenic acid
2.4.1.17	glucuronosyltransferase	pharmacology	based on the in vitro determination of a 25.3 min half-life for 2',4,4'-trihydroxychalcone when incubated with human liver microsomes, the intrinsic clearance of isoliquiritigenin was estimated to be 36.4 ml/min/kg
2.4.1.17	glucuronosyltransferase	pharmacology	isoform UGT1A8173Ala/277Tyr variant exhibits no detectable glucuronidation activity against the trans isomers of either 4-hydroxytamoxifen or endoxifen. Little or no difference in tamoxifen glucuronidating activity is observed for the UGT1A8173Gly/277Cys or UGT1A10139Lys variants compared with their wild-type counterparts. For active hepatic UGTs, the UGT2B7268Tyr variant exhibits significant 2- and 5fold decreases in activity against the trans isomers of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen, respectively, compared with wild-type UGT2B7268His. Functional polymorphisms in tamoxifen-metabolizing UGTs, including UGT2B7 and potentially UGT1A8, may be important in interindividual variability in tamoxifen metabolism and response to tamoxifen therapy
2.4.1.19	cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase	pharmacology	important enzyme in pharmaceutical industry
2.4.1.38	beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase	pharmacology	beta 1,4GalT V inhibitors enhance the therapeutic effect of As2O3 for malignant glioma
2.4.1.80	ceramide glucosyltransferase	pharmacology	enzyme might be an attractive target for malarial chemotherapy
2.4.1.132	GDP-Man:Man1GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase	pharmacology	target for antifungal drug discovery
2.4.1.132	GDP-Man:Man1GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase	pharmacology	sreening for alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase inhibitors and anti-fungal therapeutics
2.4.1.142	chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase	pharmacology	the WD repeat domain 3 (WDR3) and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase (ALG1) genes are target candidates for schizophrenia-related molecules, whose mRNAs are upregulated in the adult (postnatal week seven), but not in the infant (postnatal week one) rats by an indirect dopamine agonist, and phencyclidine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor
2.4.1.150	N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	pharmacology	targeting mucin biosynthesis through GCNT3 may improve drug responsiveness
2.4.1.155	alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	pharmacology	the work is a step toward intriguing innovative therapeutic strategies for trials currently in consider with glycosyltransferase in neurodegenerative disorders
2.4.1.214	glycoprotein 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target for rational inhibitor design for medication in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
2.4.2.1	purine-nucleoside phosphorylase	pharmacology	substrate 6-mercaptopurine-2'-deoxyriboside is of special interest, because, in contrast to a nucleoside, its parent purine is highly cytotoxic and is known as one of the first compounds applied as anti-cancer drugs
2.4.2.8	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	pharmacology	enzyme is a potential drug target in the treatment of parasite caused disease
2.4.2.8	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target for mechanism-based design of specific inhibitors
2.4.2.8	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase	pharmacology	inhibitors of EcHPRT may fill a specific niche for the treatment of uropathogenic Escherichia coli infections
2.4.2.9	uracil phosphoribosyltransferase	pharmacology	potential target for the development of new antibiotics
2.4.2.12	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	pharmacology	enzyme is a potential target for development of anticancer drugs
2.4.2.12	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	pharmacology	NAMPT inhibition might have therapeutic efficacy in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases through impact on inflammatory cytokine secretion by leukocytes
2.4.2.30	NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase	pharmacology	the enzyme inhibition is a possible tool in cancer therapy both in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, e.g. by targeting BRCA2 tumors with PARP inhibitors, overview
2.5.1.9	riboflavin synthase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a target for development of antiinfective drugs
2.5.1.26	alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase	pharmacology	alkylglycerone phosphate synthase is an oncogene and can be considered as an antitumor drug target. The study designs novel nitrogenous heterocyclic compound improving targetability by computer-aided drug design technology targeting alkylglycerone phosphate synthase. A total of 12 nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds are designed and predicted the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion parameters/toxicity. Their activity in terms of proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction as then measured using an MTS assay and a high-content screening system in U251 cells. The results show that anti-glioma activity is present in several compounds, which is in accordance with the computer prediction. These compounds may be suitable for the development of a glioma therapeutic drug
2.5.1.26	alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase	pharmacology	the enzyme reduces ether lipid levels in tumor cells and thus decreases cancer pathogenicity. It is considered to be a target of antitumor drugs, with specific inhibitors expected to have marked advantages over traditional chemotherapy methods
2.5.1.29	geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase	pharmacology	geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesized by Ginkgo biloba geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is an importent key precu´rsor for ginkgolides with pharmaceutical interest
2.5.1.29	geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase	pharmacology	geranylgeranyl diphosphate is a key precursor for taxol, one of the most potent antitumor drugs
2.5.1.29	geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase	pharmacology	geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) inhibitors are of potential therapeutic interest as a consequence of their activity against the bone marrow cancer multiple myeloma
2.5.1.29	geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase	pharmacology	the enzyme is a valuable therapeutic target in oncology and more specifically for the treatment of multiple myeloma
2.5.1.29	geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase	pharmacology	the enzyme is an antimalarial drug target. Current bisphosphonate drugs that inhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase enzymes by acting as a diphosphate substrate analog show poor bioavailability and selectivity for the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Plasmodium falciparum. The non-bisphosphonate compound, MMV019313, which is highly selective for the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase shows no activity against human farnesyl diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase enzymes
2.5.1.30	heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase	pharmacology	the enzyme is an anti-infective drug target
2.5.1.31	ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific]	pharmacology	target for the development of antibacterials
2.5.1.31	ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific]	pharmacology	the enzyme generate undecaprenyl pyrophosphate. The latter serves as a lipid carrier for peptidoglycan synthesis, thus representing an important target in the antibacterial drug design
2.5.1.31	ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific]	pharmacology	the enzyme is an antibacterial target
2.5.1.31	ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific]	pharmacology	the enzyme is an attractive drug target since it is not used by humans

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