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Literature summary extracted from

  • Ma, X.; Wang, W.; Bittner, F.; Schmidt, N.; Berkey, R.; Zhang, L.; King, H.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, J.; Wen, Y.; Tan, L.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Deng, Z.; Xiong, X.; Xiao, S.
    Dual and opposing roles of xanthine dehydrogenase in defense-associated reactive oxygen species metabolism in Arabidopsis (2016), Plant Cell, 28, 1108-1126 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.17.1.4 gene xdh1, genotyping, map-based cloning of drf mutants, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Pichia pastoris Arabidopsis thaliana

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.17.1.4 G48D naturally occuring mutation, drf mutant, missense mutation G143A, i.e. drf1-1 or xdh1-3 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.4 G48D/R941Q/T1061I naturally occuring mutation, identification of 15 potential drf mutants, drf1 mutants contain missense mutations in XDH1, the mutant phenotypes cosegregate with a single missense mutation G143A. Targeted sequencing of XDH1 revealed missense mutations G2822A (resulting in R941Q) and C3182T (resulting in T1061I) in the remaining two mutants, respectively. Identification of a knockout mutant GK-049D04, i.e. xdh1-2, and of knockdown allele in SALK_148364 where a T-DNA is inserted in the 11th intron of XDH1, i.e. xdh1-1. Defense phenotypes of drf mutants, general phenotypes, overview. The loss-of-function single and double mutant lines for atrobhD and atrbohF and the eds1-2 null allele in the Col-0 background are crossed with xdh1-2 to make xdh1 rbohD and xdh1 rbohF, xdh1 eds1 double, and xdh1 rbohD rbohF triple mutant lines Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.4 R941Q naturally occuring mutation, drf mutant, missense mutation G2822A, i.e. drf1-2 or xdh1-4 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.4 T1061I naturally occuring mutation, drf mutant, missense mutation C3182T, i.e. drf1-3 or xdh1-5 Arabidopsis thaliana

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
1.17.1.4 allopurinol
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
1.17.1.4 chloroplast
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana 9507
-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.17.1.4 xanthine + NAD+ + H2O Arabidopsis thaliana
-
 urate + NADH + H+
-
 ?
1.17.1.4 xanthine + NAD+ + H2O Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0
-
 urate + NADH + H+
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.17.1.4 Arabidopsis thaliana Q8GUQ8
-
-
1.17.1.4 Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 Q8GUQ8
-
-

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
1.17.1.4 epidermal cell XDH1 is expressed in epidermal cells albeit at relatively lower levels compared with mesophyll cells Arabidopsis thaliana
-
1.17.1.4 leaf
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana
-
1.17.1.4 mesophyll cell
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.17.1.4 hypoxanthine + NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana urate + NADH + H+
-
 ?
1.17.1.4 hypoxanthine + NAD+ + 2 H2O
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 urate + NADH + H+
-
 ?
1.17.1.4 xanthine + NAD+ + H2O
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana urate + NADH + H+
-
 ?
1.17.1.4 xanthine + NAD+ + H2O
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 urate + NADH + H+
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.17.1.4 XDH1
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.17.1.4 NAD+
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.17.1.4 malfunction RNAi silencing of XDH1 in ecotype Col-0 results in autofluorescent object formation and infiltration of allopurinol, an inhibitor of XDH. drf1 Mutants contain missense mutations in XDH1, whole-cell and haustorial complex-confined H2O2 is significantly reduced in the mutants compared with the parental line Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.4 metabolism dual and opposing roles of XDH1 in reactive oxygen species metabolism, detailed overview Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.4 physiological function in leaf mesophyll cells, XDH1 carries out xanthine dehydrogenase activity to produce uric acid in local and systemic tissues to scavenge H2O2 from stressed chloroplasts, thereby protecting plants from stress-induced oxidative damage. XDH1-derived uric acid is essential for removing H2O2 from stressed chloroplasts in leaf mesophyll cells. XDH1 plays spatially specified dual and opposing roles in modulation of ROS metabolism during defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana as xanthine dehydrogenase and as xanthine oxidase, EC 1.17.3.2. XDH1 is required for scavenging age-dependent and pathogen-induced H2O2 in chloroplasts. XDH1 plays opposing roles in H2O2 metabolism in Golovinomyces cichoracearum GcUCSC1 haustorium-affected epidermal and mesophyll cells. XDH1-derived H2O2 is also required for RPW8-dependent and -independent basal resistance Arabidopsis thaliana