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Literature summary extracted from

  • Itoh, K.; Akimoto, Y.; Kondo, S.; Ichimiya, T.; Aoki, K.; Tiemeyer, M.; Nishihara, S.
    Glucuronylated core 1 glycans are required for precise localization of neuromuscular junctions and normal formation of basement membranes on Drosophila muscles (2018), Dev. Biol., 436, 108-124 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Activating Compound

EC Number Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
2.4.1.122 additional information Cosmc (also known as C1GALT1C1), an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, is essential for the precise folding and activity of C1GalT1 in mammals. In contrast to mammalian orthologues, Drosophila dC1GalT1 does not require a chaperone such as Cosmc Drosophila melanogaster

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.4.1.122 genetic interaction between dGlcAT-P and dC1GalT1 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 genetic interaction between dGlcAT-P and dC1GalT1, recombinant expression of dGlcAT-I, dGlcAT-P-II, and dGlcAT-S-I in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 insect cells Drosophila melanogaster

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
2.4.1.122 additional information generation of dC1GalT12.1/+:dGlcAT-PSK6/+ double heterozygous mutants, phenotypes, overview Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 additional information creation of dGlcAT-P null mutants, mutant larvae show lower expression of glucuronylated T antigen on the muscles and at NMJs. Mislocalization of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) boutons and a partial loss of the basement membrane components collagen IV (Col IV) and nidogen (Ndg) at the muscle 6/7 boundary are observed. Those two phenotypes are correlated and identical to previously described phenotypes in dC1GalT1 mutant larvae. In addition, dGlcAT-P null mutants exhibit fewer NMJ branches on muscles 6/7. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that basement membranes that lacks Col IV and Ndg are significantly deformed. The loss of dGlcAT-P expression causes ultrastructural defects in NMJ boutons Drosophila melanogaster

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
2.4.1.122 basement membrane a specialized extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelium and surrounds other tissues, including muscles, fat, and nerve fibers Drosophila melanogaster 5604
-
2.4.1.122 neuromuscular junction NMJ Drosophila melanogaster 31594
-
2.4.1.135 basement membrane a specialized extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelium and surrounds other tissues, including muscles, fat, and nerve fibers Drosophila melanogaster 5604
-
2.4.1.135 additional information immunohistochemic analysis Drosophila melanogaster
-
-
2.4.1.135 neuromuscular junction NMJ Drosophila melanogaster 31594
-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.4.1.122 UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R Drosophila melanogaster
-
 UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R
-
 ?
2.4.1.135 UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate + [protein]-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl)-L-serine Drosophila melanogaster
-
 UDP + [protein]-3-O-(beta-D-GlcA-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Xyl)-L-serine
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.4.1.122 Drosophila melanogaster Q7K237
-
-
2.4.1.135 Drosophila melanogaster M9NE76
-
-

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
2.4.1.122 central nervous system
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.122 hemocyte
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.122 larva
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.122 lymph node
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.122 additional information T antigen produced by Drosophila C1GalT1 (dC1GalT1) is expressed in various tissues Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.122 muscle fibre
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 embryo
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 hemocyte
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 larva
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 additional information immunohistochemic analysis Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 muscle fibre
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 S2 cell
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
-
2.4.1.135 wing disc larval Drosophila melanogaster
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.4.1.122 additional information analysis of glycan structure by mass spectrometry Drosophila melanogaster ?
-
-
2.4.1.122 UDP-alpha-D-galactose + Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha1-4-nitrophenol
-
 Drosophila melanogaster ?
-
 ?
2.4.1.122 UDP-alpha-D-galactose + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R
-
 Drosophila melanogaster UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R
-
 ?
2.4.1.135 additional information analysis of glycan structure by mass spectrometry. Activity analysis of enzyme splicing variants, overview Drosophila melanogaster ?
-
-
2.4.1.135 UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate + [protein]-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl)-L-serine
-
 Drosophila melanogaster UDP + [protein]-3-O-(beta-D-GlcA-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Xyl)-L-serine
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.4.1.122 C1GALT1
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 C1GalTA
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltrasferase 1
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 dC1GalT1
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 UniProt Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 T-synthase
-
 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase UniProt Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 GlcAT-P
-
 Drosophila melanogaster

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
2.4.1.122 25
-
 assay at Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 25
-
 assay at Drosophila melanogaster

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
2.4.1.122 6.5
-
 assay at Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 6.5
-
 assay at Drosophila melanogaster

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
2.4.1.122 malfunction dC1GalT1 loss in larvae leads to various defects, including a decreased number of circulating hemocytes, hyperdifferentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in lymph glands, malformation of the central nervous system, mislocalization of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) boutons, and ultrastructural abnormalities in NMJs and muscle cells. Mutant larvae show lower expression of glucuronylated T antigen on the muscles and at NMJs. Mislocalization of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) boutons and a partial loss of the basement membrane components collagen IV (Col IV) and nidogen (Ndg) at the muscle 6/7 boundary are observed. Those two phenotypes are correlated and identical to previously described phenotypes in dC1GalT1 mutant larvae Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 metabolism dGlcAT-P (EC 2.4.1.135) genetically interactes with dC1GalT1, and glucuronylated T antigen, rather than unmodified T antigen, contributes to precise localization of NMJ boutons and normal formation of basement membranes on muscles 6/7 Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.122 physiological function the major components of basement membrane are proteins modified by glycans. T antigen (Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) is an evolutionary-conserved mucin-type core 1 glycan structure in animals synthesized by core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltrasferase 1 (C1GalT1). T antigen produced by Drosophila C1GalT1 (dC1GalT1) is expressed in various tissues. T antigen formation occurs mainly due to the activity of Drosophila C1GalT1 orthologue Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 malfunction dGlcAT-P null mutants larvae show lower expression of glucuronylated T antigen on the muscles and at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Mislocalization of NMJ boutons and a partial loss of the basement membrane components collagen IV (Col IV) and nidogen (Ndg) at the muscle 6/7 boundary are observed. The phenotypes correlate to previously described phenotypes in dC1GalT1 mutant larvae. dGlcAT-P null mutants exhibit fewer NMJ branches on muscles 6/7 compared to wild-type. Basement membranes that lack Col IV and Ndg are significantly deformed. The loss of dGlcAT-P expression causes ultrastructural defects in NMJ boutons. Genetic interaction between dGlcAT-P and dC1GalT1 is determined. Phenotypes of dGlcAT-P mutants, detailed overview Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 metabolism genetic interaction between dGlcAT-P and dC1GalT1 (EC 2.4.1.122), and glucuronylated T antigen, rather than unmodified T antigen, contributes to precise localization of NMJ boutons and normal formation of basement membranes on muscles 6/7. Glucuronylated core 1 glycans synthesized by dGlcAT-P are key modulators of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) bouton localization, basement membrane formation, and NMJ arborization on larval muscles. In Drosophila, three major mucin-type O-glycan structures, i.e. Tn antigen (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr), unmodified T antigen (core 1 or Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr), and glucuronylated T antigen (glucuronylated core 1 or GlcAbeta1-3Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr), have been reported. And three Drosophila beta1,3-glucuronyltransferases (dGlcATs), dGlcAT-I (DmGlcAT-I), dGlcAT-S (DmGlcAT-BSI), and dGlcAT-P (DmGlcAT-BSII), have been reported in Drosophila. Both dGlcAT-P and dGlcAT-S can transfer GlcA to T antigen in vitro, whereas only dGlcAT-P modifies T antigen in S2 cells Drosophila melanogaster
2.4.1.135 physiological function the major components of basement membrane are proteins modified by glycans. In Drosophila, glucuronylation of T antigen is predominantly carried out by Drosophila beta1,3-glucuronyltransferase-P (dGlcAT-P). T antigen formation occurs mainly due to the activity of Drosophila C1GalT1 orthologue Drosophila melanogaster