2.4.1.21: starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring)
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring), go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.4.1.21
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2.4.1.21
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amylose
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grain
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amylopectin
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endosperm
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pyrophosphorylase
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maize
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wheat
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potato
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waxy
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glucans
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japonica
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debranching
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amyloplasts
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triticum
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aestivum
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indica
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agpase
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kernel
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chain-length
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isoamylase
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adpglucose
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sbeiib
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starch-branching
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homoeologous
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starch-binding
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alpha-glucans
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2.7.7.27
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diphosphate-glucose
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pullulanase
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high-amylose
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hexaploid
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adp-glc
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amylose-free
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spikelet
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grain-filling
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biofuel production
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food industry
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nutrition
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agriculture
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chalky
- 2.4.1.21
- amylose
- grain
- amylopectin
- endosperm
-
pyrophosphorylase
- maize
- wheat
- potato
-
waxy
- glucans
- japonica
-
debranching
- amyloplasts
- triticum
- aestivum
- indica
- agpase
- kernel
-
chain-length
- isoamylase
- adpglucose
- sbeiib
-
starch-branching
-
homoeologous
-
starch-binding
- alpha-glucans
-
2.7.7.27
-
diphosphate-glucose
- pullulanase
-
high-amylose
-
hexaploid
- adp-glc
-
amylose-free
-
spikelet
-
grain-filling
- biofuel production
- food industry
- nutrition
- agriculture
-
chalky
Reaction
Synonyms
adenosine diphosphate glucose-starch glucosyltransferase, adenosine diphosphoglucose-starch glucosyltransferase, ADP-glucose starch synthase, ADP-glucose synthase, ADP-glucose transglucosylase, ADP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase, ADP-glucose:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, ADPG starch synthetase, ADPG-starch glucosyltransferase, AtSS2, AtSSII, AtSSIII, CkGBSS, dull1, GBSS, GBSSI, glgA, glucosyltransferase, adenosine diphosphoglucose-starch, glycogen synthase, glycogen/starch synthase, granule bound starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase I, GSase, OsGBSSII, OsSSIII-1, OsSSIII-2, OsSSIV-1, OsSSIV-2, PvSSI, PvSSII-1, SBD123, SS1, SS4, SSI, SSII, SSII(a), SSIIa, SSIIc, SSIII, SSIII(a), SSIII-1, SSIII-B, SSIII-C, SSIIIa, SSIIIb, SSIV, SSS, SSSI, SSV, starch synthase, starch synthase 1, starch synthase 4, starch synthase I, starch synthase II, starch synthase IIa, starch synthase III, starch synthase III-1, starch synthase III-2, starch synthase III-B, starch synthase IIIa, starch synthase IV, starch synthase IV-1, starch synthase IV-2, starch synthetase, starch-synthase III, starch/glycogen synthase, TaSSIVb, TVAG_258220
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2.4.1.21 starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring)Advanced search results
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results (Natural Substrates Products
Natural Substrates Products on EC 2.4.1.21 - starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring)
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE 
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
-
?
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
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the activity of SSII is required in Arabidopsis for production of the normal frequency of amylopectin chains of DP12 to DP25. None of the other SS classes can completely compensate for loss of SSII, however, SSIII is able to partially function in production of DP12 to DP25 chains
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
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SSIII is able to partially function in production of DP12 to DP25 chains. SSIII is not required for the normal population of these chains
-
-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
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granule-bound starch synthase I is responsible for biosynthesis of extra-long unit chains of amylopectin in rice
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
granule-bound starch synthase I is responsible for biosynthesis of extra-long unit chains of amylopectin in rice
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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function of SSI is mainly involved in the synthesis of small outer chains during amylopectin cluster synthesis
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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SSII is a starch synthase for the synthesis of both transit and storage starch
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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amylopectin chains are synthesized by the coordinated actions of SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa isoforms
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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SSI regulates the population of short chains. Low activity of SSI gives rise to the decrease of short chains in amylopectin of indica rice varieties, suggesting that SSI effects the differences in physicochemical properties between the varieties
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
low CO2 level up-regulates GBSS biosynthesis at the transcriptional level
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
low CO2 level up-regulates GBSS biosynthesis at the transcriptional level
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-
?
ADP-glucose + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
ADP + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
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two insertion mutations at the AtSS3 gene locus, termed Atss3-1 and Atss3-2, condition complete loss of SSIII activity and prevent normal gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Total SS activity is increased in both Atss3 mutants and a specific SS activity appears to be upregulated. In addition to its expected direct role in starch assembly, SSIII also has a negative regulatory function in the biosynthesis of transient starch in Arabidopsis
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-
?
ADP-glucose + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
ADP + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
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involved in starch biosynthesis
-
?
ADP-glucose + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
ADP + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
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granule-bound starch synthase I synthesizes the amylose component of starch
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?
ADP-glucose + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
ADP + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
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involved in amylose synthesis in the pericarp
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?
ADP-glucose + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
ADP + alpha-1,4-polyglucan
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involved in starch biosynthesis
-
?
ADP-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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glycogen synthase exhibits specificity in the use of ADP-glucose to elongate alpha-1,4-glucan chains in the polysaccharide
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-
?
ADP-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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glycogen synthase exhibits specificity in the use of ADP-glucose to elongate alpha-1,4-glucan chains in the polysaccharide
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-
?
additional information
?
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amylose-free transgenic sweet potato plants are produced by inhibiting sweet potato GBSSI gene expression through RNA interference
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-
?
additional information
?
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a defect in starch synthase IIa causes that short A-chains can not reach a sufficient length for branching enzymes to act on them to produce B1-chains
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
amylose in rice leaves is synthesized by OsGBSSII. Two independent pathways may be involved in OsGBSSII expression: sugar-regulating pathway, which is glycolysis-dependent, and an endogenous circadian rhythm-regulated pathway. N-starvation-induced OsGBSSII expression may depend on the sugar-regulating pathway
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
the activity of starch synthase IIa determines the type of amylopectin structure of rice starch to be either the typical indica-type or japonica-type, by playing a specific role in the synthesis of the long B1 chains by elongating short A and B1 chains, notwithstanding the presence of functional two additional SSII genes, a single SSI gene, two SSIII genes, and two SSIV genes in the rice plants. Val737 and Leu781 are essential not only for the optimal SSII1 activity, but also for the capacity to synthesize indica-type amylopectin
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-
?
additional information
?
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the starch synthase isoenzymes PvSSI and PvSSII-1 are responsible for synthesis of transistory starch and for the synthesis of storage starch in early developing seeds
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-
?
