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Information on EC 1.1.1.26 - glyoxylate reductase
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EC Tree
1.1.1.26 glyoxylate reductaseIUBMB Comments
Reduces glyoxylate to glycolate or hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate.
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Word Map
- 1.1.1.26
- hyperoxalurias
- oxalate
- ph2
- stone
- nephrolithiasis
- nephrocalcinosis
- l-glycerate
-
photorespiratory
-
alanine:glyoxylate
-
urolithiasis
- 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate
- glyrs
- diagnostics
- medicine
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
Synonyms
grhpr, glyoxylate reductase, glyr1, glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase, glyr2, glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase, nadh-dependent glyoxylate reductase, nadh-glyoxylate reductase, glyoxylic acid reductase, succinic semialdehyde/glyoxylate reductase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
GHPR
glycolate oxidase
-
-
-
-
glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase
glyoxylic acid reductase
-
-
-
-
GLYR1
GxrA
NADH-dependent glyoxylate reductase
NADH-glyoxylate reductase
-
-
-
-
reductase, glyoxylate
-
-
-
-
SSO3187
GxrA
-
a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exhibiting glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase activity
GxrA
-
a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exhibiting glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase activity
-
NADH-dependent glyoxylate reductase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
glycolate + NAD+ = glyoxylate + NADH + H+
reduces glyoxylate to glycolate or hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
glycolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Reduces glyoxylate to glycolate or hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9028-32-4
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
glyoxylate + NADPH
glycolate + NADP+
-
a recombinant gamma hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.61, exhibits high glyoxylate reductase activity with a 250fold higher preference for glyoxylate than with succinic semialdehyde, via an essentially irreversible, NADPH-based mechanism, overview
-
-
ir
hydroxypyruvate + NADPH + H+
D-glycerate + NADP+
reaction of EC 1.1.1.29, NADPH is a poor cofactor for wild-type
-
-
?
succinic semialdehyde + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxybutyrate + NADP+
-
succinic semialdehyde-dependent GLYR activity potentially occurs in planta, despite the fact that glyoxylate is the preferred substrate in vitro
-
-
ir
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
a E141N/Q313E mutant formate dehydrogenase shows glyoxylate reductase activity improved through enhancement of the hydrogen transfer step in the catalytic process, overview
-
-
?
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH
glycolate + NAD+
-
equilibrium is very far in direction of glycolate formation
-
-
r
glyoxylate + NADH + H+
glycolate + NAD+
NADPH exhibits 7.5% of the activity compared to NADH
-
-
?
glyoxylate + NADH + H+
glycolate + NAD+
NADPH exhibits 7.5% of the activity compared to NADH
-
-
?
hydroxypyruvate + NADH
D-glycerate + NAD+
-
located exclusively in the peroxisomes, prefers NAD+/NADH
-
-
r
hydroxypyruvate + NADH
D-glycerate + NAD+
-
located exclusively in the peroxisomes, prefers NAD+/NADH
-
-
r
hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+
D-glycerate + NAD+
reaction of EC 1.1.1.29
-
-
?
hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+
D-glycerate + NAD+
the relative activity for hydroxypyruvate is one-quarter that of glyoxylate in the presence of NADH as an electron donor
-
-
?
hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+
D-glycerate + NAD+
the relative activity for hydroxypyruvate is one-quarter that of glyoxylate in the presence of NADH as an electron donor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme prefers succinic semialdehyde 100fold to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, phenylglyoxal, and phenylglyoxylate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
both cytosolic GLYR1 and plastidial GLYR2 catalyse the essentially irreversible, NADPH-based conversion of glyoxylate into glycolate, and can be regulated by the NADPH/NADP ratio
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the recombinant AtHPR1 prefers prefers NADH over NADPH and hydroxypyruvate over glyoxylate. Isozyme AtHPR1 also converts glyoxylate to glycolate, albeit with much lower catalytic efficiency than for hydroxypyruvate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in the endosymbiont, a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exhibits glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase activity, substrate specificity, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity of GxrA with 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxo-D-gluconate, and indole in the reductive direction, as well as with glycolate, D-phenyllactate, and D-gluconate in the oxidative direction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in the endosymbiont, a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exhibits glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase activity, substrate specificity, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity of GxrA with 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxo-D-gluconate, and indole in the reductive direction, as well as with glycolate, D-phenyllactate, and D-gluconate in the oxidative direction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with: pyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate, acetaldehyde, oxaloacetate, 2-oxoglutarate
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
succinic semialdehyde + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxybutyrate + NADP+
-
succinic semialdehyde-dependent GLYR activity potentially occurs in planta, despite the fact that glyoxylate is the preferred substrate in vitro
-
-
ir
hydroxypyruvate + NADH
D-glycerate + NAD+
-
located exclusively in the peroxisomes, prefers NAD+/NADH
-
-
r
hydroxypyruvate + NADH
D-glycerate + NAD+
-
located exclusively in the peroxisomes, prefers NAD+/NADH
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
-
both cytosolic GLYR1 and plastidial GLYR2 catalyse the essentially irreversible, NADPH-based conversion of glyoxylate into glycolate, and can be regulated by the NADPH/NADP ratio
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the recombinant AtHPR1 prefers prefers NADH over NADPH and hydroxypyruvate over glyoxylate. Isozyme AtHPR1 also converts glyoxylate to glycolate, albeit with much lower catalytic efficiency than for hydroxypyruvate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in the endosymbiont, a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exhibits glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase activity, substrate specificity, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in the endosymbiont, a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase exhibits glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase activity, substrate specificity, overview
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
NAD+
-
enzyme of peroxisomes and chloroplasts prefer NAD+, enzymes of the cytosol prefer NADP+
NADH
-
enzyme of peroxisomes and chloroplasts prefer NADH, enzymes of the cytosol prefer NADPH
NADH
NADPH exhibits rather low activity as an electron donor compared with NADH
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Acetohydroxamate
-
inhibits only the cytosolic enzyme type with preference for glyoxylate as substrate
Acetohydroxamate
-
inhibits only the cytosolic enzyme type with preference for glyoxylate as substrate
oxalate
-
inhibits only the cytosolic enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate as substrate
oxalate
-
inhibits only the cytosolic enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate as substrate
Tartronate
-
inhibits only the cytosolic enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate as substrate
Tartronate
-
inhibits only the cytosolic enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate as substrate
additional information
a significant effect on the activity is not observed with 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM iodoacetate and 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol
-
additional information
-
a significant effect on the activity is not observed with 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM iodoacetate and 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Glyoxylate Reductase/Hydroxypyruvate Reductase: A Novel Prognostic Marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients after Curative Resection.
Colitis
Up regulation of glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) is associated with intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in TNBS-induced experimental colitis.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Correction to: Downregulation of GLYR1 contributes to microsatellite instability colorectal cancer by targeting p21 via the p38MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Downregulation of GLYR1 contributes to microsatellite instability colorectal cancer by targeting p21 via the p38MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways.
Crohn Disease
Up regulation of glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) is associated with intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in TNBS-induced experimental colitis.
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
A mutation creating an out-of-frame alternative translation initiation site in the GRHPR 5'UTR causing primary hyperoxaluria type II.
glyoxylate reductase deficiency
Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2: A Case Report.
glyoxylate reductase deficiency
Glyoxylate reductase activity in blood mononuclear cells and the diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
glyoxylate reductase deficiency
Recurrent primary hyperoxaluria type 2 leads to early post-transplant renal function loss: A case report.
glyoxylate reductase deficiency
Severe child form of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 - a case report revealing consequence of GRHPR deficiency on metabolism.
glyoxylate reductase deficiency
[Primary hiperoxaluria: a new mutation in gen AGXT (R197Q) cause of neonatal convulsions]
Hyperoxaluria
Failure of isolated kidney transplantation in a pediatric patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in an Infant with Primary Hyperoxaluria Type II: An Unreported Clinical Association.
Hyperoxaluria
Phenotypic and functional analysis of human SLC26A6 variants in patients with familial hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
Hyperoxaluria
[Primary hiperoxaluria: a new mutation in gen AGXT (R197Q) cause of neonatal convulsions]
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase inactivity in primary hyperoxaluria type 3 and glyoxylate reductase inhibition.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A mutation creating an out-of-frame alternative translation initiation site in the GRHPR 5'UTR causing primary hyperoxaluria type II.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A novel mutation in the GRHPR gene in a Japanese patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Biochemical and genetic diagnosis of the primary hyperoxalurias: a review.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2: A Case Report.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Enzymological characterization of a feline analogue of primary hyperoxaluria type 2: a model for the human disease.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Ethnic differences in GRHPR mutations in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Etiological Profile of Nephrocalcinosis in Children from Southern India.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Evaluation of mutation screening as a first line test for the diagnosis of the primary hyperoxalurias.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Glyoxylate reductase activity in blood mononuclear cells and the diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in an Infant with Primary Hyperoxaluria Type II: An Unreported Clinical Association.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Identification of missense, nonsense, and deletion mutations in the GRHPR gene in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type II (PH2).
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Kinetic analysis and tissue distribution of human D-glycerate dehydrogenase/glyoxylate reductase and its relevance to the diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Late diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 in the adult: effect of a novel mutation in GRHPR gene on enzymatic activity and molecular modeling.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Metabolism of Oxalate in Humans: A Potential Role Kynurenine Aminotransferase/Glutamine Transaminase/Cysteine Conjugate Beta-lyase Plays in Hyperoxaluria.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Modification of primers for GRHPR genotyping: avoiding allele dropout by single nucleotide polymorphisms and homology sequence.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Molecular analysis of the glyoxylate reductase (GRHPR) gene and description of mutations underlying primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Novel mutation in the GRHPR gene in a Chinese patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 2 requiring renal transplantation from a living related donor.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Phenotypic and functional analysis of human SLC26A6 variants in patients with familial hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells derived from individuals with primary hyperoxaluria.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Promoter rearrangements cause species-specific hepatic regulation of the glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase gene by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Recent developments in our understanding of primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Recurrent primary hyperoxaluria type 2 leads to early post-transplant renal function loss: A case report.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Severe child form of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 - a case report revealing consequence of GRHPR deficiency on metabolism.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Tissue differences in the expression of mutations and polymorphisms in the GRHPR gene and implications for diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
Up regulation of glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) is associated with intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in TNBS-induced experimental colitis.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
[Genetic aspects of primary hyperoxaluria: epidemiology, ethiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of the disorder].
Kidney Calculi
Late diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 in the adult: effect of a novel mutation in GRHPR gene on enzymatic activity and molecular modeling.
Kidney Calculi
Promoter rearrangements cause species-specific hepatic regulation of the glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase gene by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.
Kidney Failure, Chronic
Failure of isolated kidney transplantation in a pediatric patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 2.
Metabolic Diseases
Restrictive cardiomyopathy in a patient with primary hyperoxaluria type II.
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Severe child form of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 - a case report revealing consequence of GRHPR deficiency on metabolism.
Neoplasms
Downregulation of GLYR1 contributes to microsatellite instability colorectal cancer by targeting p21 via the p38MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways.
Neoplasms
Glyoxylate Reductase/Hydroxypyruvate Reductase: A Novel Prognostic Marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients after Curative Resection.
Neoplasms
Up regulation of glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) is associated with intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in TNBS-induced experimental colitis.
Nephrocalcinosis
Late diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 in the adult: effect of a novel mutation in GRHPR gene on enzymatic activity and molecular modeling.
Nephrocalcinosis
Recurrent primary hyperoxaluria type 2 leads to early post-transplant renal function loss: A case report.
Nephrolithiasis
Recurrent primary hyperoxaluria type 2 leads to early post-transplant renal function loss: A case report.
Obesity
Differential representation of liver proteins in obese human subjects suggests novel biomarkers and promising targets for drug development in obesity.
Renal Insufficiency
Late diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 2 in the adult: effect of a novel mutation in GRHPR gene on enzymatic activity and molecular modeling.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1.1
glyoxylate
-
NADPH, cytosolic enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate as substrate
5
glyoxylate
pH 7.5, 70°C, recombinant enzyme and native enzyme from xylose-grown cell extract
7.4
glyoxylate
-
pH 7.0, 30°C, recombinant E141N/Q313E mutant formate dehydrogenase
10 - 25
glyoxylate
-
NADH, peroxisomal enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate and NADH as substrates
0.07 - 0.12
Hydroxypyruvate
-
NADH, peroxisomal enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate and NADH as substrates
0.8
Hydroxypyruvate
-
NADPH, cytosolic enzyme type with preference for hydroxypyruvate and NADPH as substrates
0.1
NADH
pH 7.5, 70°C, recombinant enzyme and native enzyme from xylose-grown cell extract
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE