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Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
Paraprionospio pinnata
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
beta-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + 2-ketobutyrate + NADH + H+
2-[(carboxymethyl)amino]butanoic acid + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 8.9% activity compared to Gly + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
Gly + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
Gly + 2-oxopentanoate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 19.6% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + glyoxylate + NADH
?
Gly + glyoxylate + NADH + H+
[(carboxymethyl)amino]propanedioic acid + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 3.9% activity compared to Gly + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
Gly + hydroxypyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 29.5% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + oxaloacetate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 106% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
N-carboxymethylglycine + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 39.1% activity compared to Gly + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Gly + pyruvate + NADH + H+
D-strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 94.6% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADPH
D-strombine + NADP+ + H2O
Substrates: less than 0.5% activity compared to Gly + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
glycine + pyruvate + NADH
D-strombine + NAD+ + H2O
glycine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: the reduction reaction is preferred
Products: -
r
L-2-Aminobutanoate + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-2-Aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-Ala + 2-ketobutyrate + NADH + H+
2-[[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]amino]butanoic acid + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 8.9% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
L-Ala + glyoxylate + NADH + H+
N-(carboxymethyl)-L-Ala + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 4.0% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
L-Ala + oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
[[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]amino]propanedioic acid + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 40.0% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: Gly and Ala are preferred substrates
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-Alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH + H+
meso-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 100% activity
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADPH
meso-alanopine + NADP+ + H2O
Substrates: less than 0.5% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 19.9% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH + H+
N-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-Cys + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 1.7% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
L-Met + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 3.7% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH + H+
N-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-Ser + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 14.2% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-Val + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 11.2% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Val + pyruvate + NADH + H+
N-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-Val + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: 0.9% activity compared to L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH with isozyme St/AlDH1
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme functions as the terminal dehydrogenase of glycolysis and has a role in maintaining energy production under the stresses of environmental or functional anoxia
Products: -
?
Gly + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: at 24.8% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 30% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + glyoxylate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 23.6% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + glyoxylate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 20% of the activity with pyruvate
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Balanus cariosus
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: r
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Scolelepis fuliginosa
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
D-Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: the enzyme is highly specific to glycine. No enzyme activity is observed when other amino acids (alanine and taurine) are used as substrates in the experiment
Products: -
?
glycine + pyruvate + NADH
D-strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: Gly and Ala are preferred substrates
Products: -
?
glycine + pyruvate + NADH
D-strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Substrates: enzyme is specific for glycine
Products: -
?
L-2-Aminobutanoate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 68.3% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-2-Aminobutanoate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: at 48% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-Alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: 101% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-Alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: at 76% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-Alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: r
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-Alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: 94% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
meso-Alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
Substrates: in the reverse reaction: 81% of the activity with meso-alanopine compared to strombine
Products: -
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 88.5% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: at 82% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 31% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 9.3% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
Substrates: 3.7% of the activity with Gly
Products: -
?
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11.71 - 12.77
2-Ketobutyrate
2.46 - 3.55
2-oxobutanoate
196
beta-Ala
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
9.17
D-strombine
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 1 mM NAD+, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 9.1), at 30°C
34.2
glycine
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
44 - 457
L-2-aminobutanoate
45.9
L-2-aminobutyrate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
9.07
meso-Alanopine
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 1 mM NAD+, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 9.1), at 30°C
11.71
2-Ketobutyrate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
12.77
2-Ketobutyrate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
2.46
2-oxobutanoate
-
-
36.5
Gly
-
-
40.1
Gly
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 5 mM pyruvate, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
42.4
Gly
Scolelepis fuliginosa
-
-
4.18
glyoxylate
-
-
44
L-2-aminobutanoate
-
-
457
L-2-aminobutanoate
-
-
39.2
L-Ala
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
39.8
L-Ala
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 5 mM pyruvate, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
163
L-Ser
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
382.1
L-Ser
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 5 mM pyruvate, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
48
L-Thr
-
-
0.85
NAD+
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 20 mM D-strombine, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
0.87
NAD+
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 20 mM meso-alanopine, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
0.07
NADH
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 5 mM pyruvate and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
0.07
NADH
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 5 mM pyruvate and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
1.7
oxaloacetate
-
-
10.2
oxaloacetate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
10.2
oxaloacetate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
0.32
pyruvate
-
-
0.34
pyruvate
pH 7.0, 30°C
0.34
pyruvate
determined using constant cosubstrate concentrations (100 mM glycine and 0.3 mM NADH, pH 7.0)
0.5
pyruvate
Scolelepis fuliginosa
-
-
0.96
pyruvate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
0.97
pyruvate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
1.39
pyruvate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
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21.77 - 23.2
2-Ketobutyrate
4.99
D-strombine
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 1 mM NAD+, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 9.1), at 30°C
50.08
Gly
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 5 mM pyruvate, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
51.7
L-Ala
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 5 mM pyruvate, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
23.64
L-Ser
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 5 mM pyruvate, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
5.12
meso-Alanopine
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 1 mM NAD+, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 9.1), at 30°C
42.66 - 44.25
oxaloacetate
21.77
2-Ketobutyrate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
23.2
2-Ketobutyrate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
3.86
NAD+
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 20 mM D-strombine, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
3.96
NAD+
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 20 mM meso-alanopine, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
43.58
NADH
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 5 mM pyruvate and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
44.7
NADH
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 5 mM pyruvate and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
42.66
oxaloacetate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
44.25
oxaloacetate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
47.33
pyruvate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM Gly, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
47.78
pyruvate
apparent value, isozyme St/AlDH1, with 0.3 mM NADH and 100 mM L-Ala, in 0.1 M PIPES-NaOH (pH 7.2), at 30°C
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physiological function
-
enzyme SDH acts as one of the primary and anaerobic metabolic responses pathways during hypoxia. Montipora capitata increasingly relies upon alanopine dehydrogenase, ADH, and strombine dehydrogenase, SDH, for anaerobic catabolism under low-oxygen conditions
metabolism
-
bivalves have evolved diverse and highly specialised strategies for surviving in hypoxic episodes including pathways that are efficient both in terms of ATP production, and in minimising H+ and toxic end product accumulation. Under these circumstances, glycogen is metabolized to pyruvate and the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ redox ratio is balanced by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. Alternatively, NAD+ can be recycled more efficiently by coupling an amino acid to pyruvate, with formation of opines such as alanopine, tauropine, octopine, and strombine. Specimens utilizing the octopine rather than the alanopine pathway will increase energy flow rapidly, developing a major ability to counteract environmental variations. The high ratio between malate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase is due to the ability of Pinna nobilis to turn on anaerobic metabolism as a consequence of environmental or anthropogenic stresses. Anaerobic pathways are not all equivalent in terms of energy production based upon maximum rates for ATP output (lactate > octopine > alanopine = strombine)
metabolism
-
the enzyme activities of opine dehydrogenases, including strombine dehydrogenase, are increased during anaerobic metabolism in corals under prolonged oxygen deprivation, due to invasive algal overgrowth and oxygen deprivation of wide-spread distributed Montipora capitata in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii
additional information
-
comparisons of opine dehydrogenases activities (octopine dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase, strombine dehydrogenase, and tauropine dehydrogenase) in the adductor muscle, overview. The ODH activity in adductor muscle increases following the marine-brackish gradient, while the one of ADH, SDH and TDH decreases following the same gradient
additional information
-
enzyme SDH activity varies significantly with respect to hypoxia treatment type, treatment duration, and interaction between treatment duration and type. Importantly, control and tank samples display no significant differences over 3 h, 6 h, 1 day, and 3 day times sets, indicating that bubbling within small chambers has no effect on target enzyme activity
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Sato, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Kanno, N.; Nagahisa, E.; Sato, Y.
Distribution of opine dehydrogenases and lactate dehydrogenase activities in marine animals
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
106
955-960
1993
Anadara broughtonii, Anthopleura japonica, Anthopleura nigrescens, Asterias amurensis, Azumapecten farreri nipponensis, Balanus cariosus, Buccinum isaotakii, Chlorostoma lischkei, Crassostrea gigas, Fusitriton oregonensis, Halichondria japonica, Haliotis discus hannai, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Littorina brevicula, Meretrix lusoria, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, Mytilus edulis, Neptunea arthritica, no activity in Aplysia juliana, no activity in Aplysia kurodai, no activity in Aurelia aurita, no activity in Cellana grata, no activity in Halocynthia roretzi, no activity in Hexagrammos otakii, no activity in Liolophura japonica, no activity in Loligo bleekeri, no activity in Octopus membranaceus, no activity in Oncorhynchus keta, no activity in Pollicipes mitella, no activity in Pugettia quadridens, no activity in Solaster paxillatus, no activity in Stichopus japonicus, no activity in Strongylocentrotus nudus, no activity in Todarodes pacificus, Octopus vulgaris, Pagurus samuelis, Patiria pectinifera, Perinereis nuntia, Pseudocardium sachalinense, Pseudopotamilla occelata, Reishia clavigera, Ruditapes philippinarum, Scelidotoma gigas
-
brenda
Blackstock, J.; Burdass, M.C.
Pyruvate oxidoreductase in some sublittoral polychaetes
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
15
383-384
1987
Capitella capitata, Glycera alba, Scolelepis fuliginosa
-
brenda
Fields, J.H.A.; Storey, K.B.
Tissue-specific alanopine dehydrogenase from the gill and strombine dehydrogenase from the foot muscle of the cherrystone clam Mercenaria mercenaria
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
105
175-185
1987
Mercenaria mercenaria
-
brenda
Dando, P.R.
Strombine [N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine]dehydrogenase and alanopine [meso-N-(1-carboxyethyl)-alanine]dehydrogenase from the mussel Mytilus edulis L.
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
9
297-298
1981
Mytilus edulis
-
brenda
Storey, K.B.
Tissue-specific alanopine dehydrogenase and strombine dehydrogenase from the sea mouse, Aphrodite aculeata (polychaeta)
J. Exp. Zool.
225
369-378
1983
Aphrodita aculeata
-
brenda
Endo, N.; Kan-No, N.; Nagahisa, E.
Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of opine dehydrogenases from the polychaete rockworm Marphysa sanguinea
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
147B
293-307
2007
Marphysa sanguinea (A0A9I9)
-
brenda
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