EC Number   |
Recommended Name |
Application |
|---|
    2.3.3.16 | citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) |
agriculture |
- |
| 3.2.1.55 | non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase |
agriculture |
- |
| 3.2.1.65 | levanase |
agriculture |
- |
| 3.5.99.7 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
agriculture |
- |
| 4.2.3.8 | casbene synthase |
agriculture |
- |
| 3.2.1.73 | licheninase |
agriculture |
1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase are widely used as a feed additive to help non-ruminant animals digest plant fibers, with potential in increasing nutrition turnover rate and reducing sanitary problems |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesises, its mRNA expression is induced by abiotic factors like wounding, treatment with abscisic acid, and CuCl2 |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, which is the major plant hormone regulating female sex expression, an additional copy of the Cs-ACS1 gene is linked to the female locus, this female-specific Cs-ACS1G originates from a gene duplication between the branched-chain amino acid transaminase gene and Cs-ACS1 gene |
| 3.2.1.78 | mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase |
agriculture |
10 U/mg enzyme can hydrolyze more than 90% of 10 mg/ml konjac flour at 50°C in 24 h |
| 2.4.1.238 | delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside 3'-O-glucosyltransferase |
agriculture |
3'GT cDNA is a useful molecular tool for modification of flower color using genetic engineering, production of blue anthocyanins |
| 1.13.11.27 | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |
agriculture |
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is one of the most promising target sites for herbicide discovery |
| 1.13.11.27 | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |
agriculture |
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modified at position 336 (HPPD W336) is expressed in MST-FGO72-2 soybean to confer tolerance to 4-benzoyl isoxazole and triketone type of herbicides. No relevant sequence homologies are found with known allergens or toxins, and the absence of hemolytic activity of HPPD W336 is demonstrated in vitro. HPPD W336 degrades rapidly in simulated gastric fluid. Expression of HPPD W336 does not change aromatic amino acid, homogentisate and tocochromanol levels in soybean seed |
| 2.3.1.47 | 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase |
agriculture |
8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase triazolyl phenyl disulfide inhibitors as potential herbicides, overview |
| 3.1.3.8 | 3-phytase |
agriculture |
a 20fold increase in total root phytase activity in transgenic lines expressing Aspergillus niger phytase results in improved phosphorus nutrition, such that the growth and phosphorus content of the plants is equivalent to control plants supplied with inorganic phosphate. Use of gene technology to improve the ability of plants to utilize accumulated forms of soil organic phosphorus |
| 3.1.3.26 | 4-phytase |
agriculture |
a 20fold increase in total root phytase activity in transgenic lines expressing Aspergillus niger phytase results in improved phosphorus nutrition, such that the growth and phosphorus content of the plants is equivalent to control plants supplied with inorganic phosphate. Use of gene technology to improve the ability of plants to utilize accumulated forms of soil organic phosphorus |
| 3.4.22.32 | Stem bromelain |
agriculture |
a concentration of 0.0003 mM of bromelain is sufficient for 90% growth inhibition of Fusarium verticillioides. Bromelain also inhibits the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Fuarium proliferatum. The enzyme shows a potential use as an effective agent for crop protection |
| 1.4.1.2 | glutamate dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
a high-copy number of the GDH2-encoded NADH-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene stimulates growth at 15°C, while overexpression of NADPH-specific GDH1 has detrimental effects. Total cellular NAD levels are a limiting factor for growth at low temperature in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing NADH oxidation by overexpression of GDH2 may help to avoid perturbations in the redox metabolism induced by a higher fermentative/oxidative balance at low temperature. Overexpression of GDH2 increases notably the cold growth in the wine yeast strain QA23 in both standard growth medium and synthetic grape must |
| 2.4.1.15 | alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) |
agriculture |
a new strategy to increase drought tolerance and yield in legumes by overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium etli is shown |
| 1.13.11.71 | carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase |
agriculture |
a nonsense mutation c.196C>T in the beta-carotene oxygenase 2 gene is found to strongly associate with the yellow fat phenotype in sheep. The existence of individuals lacking this mutation, but still demonstrating yellow fat, suggests that additional mutations may cause a similar phenotype in this population. Animals homozygous for the mutation are not reported to suffer from any negative health or development traits, pointing towards a minor role of BCO2 in vitamin A formation |
| 4.1.1.101 | malolactic enzyme |
agriculture |
a Saccharomyces cerevisiae peptidic fraction with an apparent molecular masses of 5-10 kDa inhibits the enzyme in synthetic grape juices and in Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah wines. The peptidic fraction is gradually released during the alcoholic fermentation |
| 2.3.1.16 | acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase |
agriculture |
a single nucleotide substitution, a T to C transition located in the 3' untranslated region of the ACAA2 gene is significantly associated with total lactation production and milk protein percentage, with respective additive effects of 6.81 kg and -0.05%. A significant dominance effect of 0.46 kg is detected for milk fat yield. Homozygous TT and heterozygous CT animals exhibit higher milk yield compared with homozygous CC animals. mRNA expression of the ACAA2 gene from TT animals is 2.8- and 11.8fold higher in liver and mammary gland, respectively. The T allele is expressed at an average of 18% more compared with the C allele in the udder of randomly selected ewes |
| 3.5.99.7 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
agriculture |
ability of transgenic tomato plants expressing the enzyme under different promoters to grow in the presence of metal ions |
| 3.1.3.8 | 3-phytase |
agriculture |
about two-third of phosphorus of feedstuffs of plant origin is present as phytic acid in form of phytate. Under most dietary conditions, phytate phosphate is unavailable to poultry. Addition of phytase to feed can fully replace phosphorus supplementation. Phytase can increase the use of low-cost plant meals in the aquaculture industry and maintains acceptable phosphorus levels in the water |
| 3.1.3.26 | 4-phytase |
agriculture |
about two-third of phosphorus of feedstuffs of plant origin is present as phytic acid in form of phytate. Under most dietary conditions, phytate phosphate is unavailable to poultry. Addition of phytase to feed can fully replace phosphorus supplementation. Phytase can increase the use of low-cost plant meals in the aquaculture industry and maintains acceptable phosphorus levels in the water |
| 3.5.99.7 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
agriculture |
ACC deaminase containing rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus strain 5C-2 mitigates salt stress by improving water relations, ion homeostasis and photosynthesis of pea plants, and may provide an economic means of promoting growth of plants exposed to salt stress |
| 2.3.1.95 | trihydroxystilbene synthase |
agriculture |
accumulation of endogenous resveratrol and stilbene synthase mRNA occurrs rapidly and significantly in response to UV-C irradiation. Applying resveratrol before UV-C irradiation mitigates rusty spots and wilting of peanut leaves, and inhibition of resveratrol by applying 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid worsens UV-C damage |
| 2.4.1.99 | sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase |
agriculture |
acitivity is inhibited by water stress, and negatively correlates with the remobilization of carbon reserves |
| 2.4.1.21 | starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) |
agriculture |
activity of starch synthase in the grains follows single-peak curves with the peaks on 24-31 days after pollination. The accumulation rates of starch and its components reach their peaks on 25-32 days after pollination. There is significant positive correlation between adenosine diphosphoglucose diphosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch granule-bound synthase activities |
| 3.1.3.26 | 4-phytase |
agriculture |
actopic expressing of phytase during seed development offers an effective strategy for improving phosphorus availability in seeds. The ability to reduce the amount of phytate in seed will improve nutrient availability for animal feed |
| 7.1.2.1 | P-type H+-exporting transporter |
agriculture |
addition of magnesium to toxic aluminium treatment helps maintain the tissue magnesium content and the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. These changes enhance the aluminium-dependent efflux of vitrate which provides extra protection from aluminium stress |
| 3.1.1.88 | pyrethroid hydrolase |
agriculture |
agricultural soils are often co-contaminated with different types of pesticides. For example, organophosphates and pyrethroids usually are applied together for pest control. So far, microorganisms with both OP- and pyrethroid-degrading activity have not been isolated from natural environments. Alternatively, construction of engineered microbes with broad-spectrum pesticide-degrading activity may be a promising strategy for bioremediation of mixed pesticides-contaminated soil. To construct multifunctional pesticide degrading microorganisms, the co-expression of multiple degrading enzymes in a host strain may be a feasible approach. Both MPH and PytH are coexpressed in a soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, resulting in an engineered strain with the capability to simultaneously degrade OPs and pyrethroids. Six pesticides (methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, fenopropathrin, cypermethrin) can be effectively degraded by the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Therefore, the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 could potentially be applied for in situ bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with organophosphates and pyrethroids |
| 3.1.8.1 | aryldialkylphosphatase |
agriculture |
agricultural soils are often co-contaminated with different types of pesticides. For example, organophosphates and pyrethroids usually are applied together for pest control. So far, microorganisms with both OP- and pyrethroid-degrading activity have not been isolated from natural environments. Alternatively, construction of engineered microbes with broad-spectrum pesticide-degrading activity may be a promising strategy for bioremediation of mixed pesticides-contaminated soil. To construct multifunctional pesticide degrading microorganisms, the co-expression of multiple degrading enzymes in a host strain may be a feasible approach. Both MPH and PytH are coexpressed in a soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, resulting in an engineered strain with the capability to simultaneously degrade OPs and pyrethroids. Six pesticides (methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, fenopropathrin, cypermethrin) can be effectively degraded by the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Therefore, the engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 could potentially be applied for in situ bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with organophosphates and pyrethroids |
| 1.14.14.154 | sterol 14alpha-demethylase |
agriculture |
all known functional sterols lack a 14alpha-methyl group, and therefore the 14alpha-demethylation reaction has received much attention from the pharmaceutical and agriculture-chemical industry as a possible means to specifically control and inhibit sterol biosynthesis in mammals, fungi, and plant |
| 1.11.1.6 | catalase |
agriculture |
amendment of sterilized soils with wild-type Pseudomonas putida restores the rate of degradation of peracetic acid to a higher level than observed in the soils amended with the catalase A-deficient mutant. The association of the bacteria with the plant roots results in protection of the wild-type as well as the catalyse-deficient mutant from killing by peracetic acid |
| 2.7.7.47 | streptomycin 3''-adenylyltransferase |
agriculture |
aminoglycoside 3''-adenylyltransferase confers resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin |
| 1.6.3.1 | NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) |
agriculture |
an approximately twofold increase in NADPH oxidase in radicles and epicotyls is observed with Cr(VI) treatment. Cr(VI) elicits H2O2 production in plants, which is suppressed by NaHS and also by an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX). These effects are correlated with relative changes in carbomyl and thiol groups |
| 2.7.1.23 | NAD+ kinase |
agriculture |
an excess of the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent isoforms could by a marker of stress or lethal conditions |
| 2.4.1.242 | NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase |
agriculture |
analysis of 352 Vietnamese rice cultivars reveals a wide range of variation in apparent amylose content and the expression level of granule-bound starch synthase I. Alleles can be classified into seven groups that reflect differences in apparent amylose content. The very low and low apparent amylose content levels are tightly associated with a G to T in the first intron whereas intermediate and high amylose is associated with a T genotype at a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 10. The correlation between the combination of T genotype at single-nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron, C in exon 6, or C in exon 10 is predominant among low amylose rice varieties. The low amylose properties of Vietnamese local rice germplasm are attributable to spontaneous mutations at exons, and not at the splicing donor site |
| 3.1.1.1 | carboxylesterase |
agriculture |
analysis of alpha- and beta-esterase polymorphisms in different cultivars. alpha-Carboxylesterase EST-3 is absent in 61.7% of vines |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
agriculture |
analysis of non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity can be used to analyze the phosphate status of the ambient environment |
| 1.13.11.27 | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |
agriculture |
analysis of two waterhemp populations resistant to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate-dioxygenase herbicides shows that the HPPD-resistance trait is polygenic. The number of genes involved with the herbicide resistance increase at higher herbicide rates, indicating at least one dominant allele at each major locus is required to confer HPPD herbicide resistance in waterhemp |
| 2.1.1.104 | caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase |
agriculture |
antisense repression of the enzyme ia an efficient means for genetic engineering of trees with low lignin content |
| 3.2.2.22 | rRNA N-glycosylase |
agriculture |
antiviral activity toward plant viruses |
| 1.14.18.1 | tyrosinase |
agriculture |
application of boron at high concentrations (10 and 20 mM) to maize seeds or even application very near to the seeds is not advisable |
| 1.14.11.13 | gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase |
agriculture |
applications of the SBI(SV14) allele in rice breeding are an efficient strategy to develop elite rice varieties with improved lodging resistance and increased yield |
| 2.5.1.32 | 15-cis-phytoene synthase |
agriculture |
Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing Salicornia europea phytoene synthase gene show higher tolerance to salt stress than wild-type by increased photosynthesis efficiency and antioxidative capacity |
| 2.5.1.19 | 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase |
agriculture |
Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants expressing mutant E145G/N163H/N267S/P318R/M377V/M425T/P438L grow well in presence of 0.75 mM glyphosate, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing wild-type enzyme grow only in presence of 0.25 mM glyphosate |
| 3.2.1.55 | non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase |
agriculture |
arabinose metabolism during fruit ripening |
| 3.2.1.55 | non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase |
agriculture |
arabinoxylans are important animal feed components |
| 3.2.1.151 | xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase |
agriculture |
arbuscular and saprobe fungi increase the enzyme production in root, which results in increase of root and shoot dry weight |
| 4.2.3.1 | threonine synthase |
agriculture |
as one of the few enzymes that are cross-activated by the product of another pathway, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, it has a potential application as a target for herbicides |
| 2.7.7.4 | sulfate adenylyltransferase |
agriculture |
ATPS may potentially be used as an enzymatic marker for biological sulfate reduction in sulfate-rich wastewaters and natural environments consisting of anaerobic systems such as soils and sediments found in freshwater and marine systems |
| 3.8.1.8 | atrazine chlorohydrolase |
agriculture |
atrazine metabolites, i.e. alkylamines, are toxic in higher concentrations for the bacteria without buffered milieu due to low pH |
| 3.5.99.7 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
agriculture |
Azospirillum lipoferum strain AZm5 containing ACC deaminase activity improves the growth and physiology of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants under a deficiency of and medium doses of nitrogenous fertilizers |
| 3.5.1.28 | N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase |
agriculture |
Bacillus thuringiensis strains targeting cwlC have the potential to become more effective biological control agents in agricultural applications since the crystal inclusion remains encapsulated in the mother cell at the end of sporulation |
| 3.5.99.7 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
agriculture |
bacterial strains that contain ACC deaminase confer salt tolerance to plants by lowering salt induced ethylene synthesis |
| 1.14.11.9 | flavanone 3-dioxygenase |
agriculture |
basis for further research on the control of berry skin color and wine quality |
| 1.14.20.4 | anthocyanidin synthase |
agriculture |
basis work for molecular directional breeding of sweet potato |
| 4.2.3.46 | alpha-farnesene synthase |
agriculture |
Because diphenylamine treatment leaves unwanted chemical residues on the fruit, restricts export markets, and creates environmental concerns, a long-range molecular genetic strategy for control of scald by reduction of (E,E)-alpha-farnesene synthesis in scald-susceptible apples is searched. The success of this strategy will rely on our ability to identify, clone, and characterize key genes involved in alpha-farnesene biosynthesis and its regulation by ethylene. |
| 3.2.1.39 | glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase |
agriculture |
BglS27 is a good candidate for utilization in biotechnological applications such as plant protection, feed, and food preservation |
| 1.16.1.7 | ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) |
agriculture |
bicarbonate induced deficiency in iron may cause more severe oxidative stress in the rootstocks, than the absence of iron. Additionally to inhibition of iron-chelate reductase, growth in presence of bicarbonate may lead to decreased activities of peroxidase and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, depending on the subspecies of plant |
| 3.8.1.5 | haloalkane dehalogenase |
agriculture |
biocatalyzation and bioremediation of haloalkanes |
| 3.2.1.55 | non-reducing end alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase |
agriculture |
bioconversion of lignocellulose material for the improvement of animal feedstock digestibility |
| 3.8.1.5 | haloalkane dehalogenase |
agriculture |
biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane and 2-chloropropane via modified enzyme |
| 3.8.1.5 | haloalkane dehalogenase |
agriculture |
biodegradation of pollutant insecticide gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) |
| 1.21.99.5 | tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase |
agriculture |
bioremediation of chloroethylenes, multiple chlorinated aliphatic molecules, in contaminated sites and water, anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of toxic xenobiotic |
| 1.6.3.1 | NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) |
agriculture |
both genes coding for NAD(P)H oxidases, Nox1 and Nox2, are independently required for pathogenicity of Magnaporthe grisea. Mutants lacking either nox1 or nox2 are incapable of causing plant disease because of unability to bring about appresorium-mediated cuticle penetration |
| 2.1.1.280 | selenocysteine Se-methyltransferase |
agriculture |
Brassica juncea SMT demonstrates its potential applications in crop MeSeCys biofortification and phytoremediation of Se pollution |
| 1.14.11.13 | gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase |
agriculture |
breeding plants with reduced height, increased root biomass, normal flowering and seed production by overexpression of C20 gibberellin 2-oxidases: first overexpression of GA2ox9ACT mutant generates semidwarf rice with only slightly reduced grain weight and fertility, increased tiller number (by 22%) compared to wild-type, second overexpression of C20 GA2oxs with defective motif III, such as GA2ox5delta335-341ACT mutant, generates a semidwarf rice variety with reduced grain weight (by 16%) and fertility (by 12%) and twofold increased tiller number, third overexpression of a selected C20 GA2ox gene, such as GA2ox6 with less effect on plant growth under the control of a weak promoter could be beneficial without sacrificing seed production |
| 3.5.99.7 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
agriculture |
Burkholderia phytofirmans sp. nov. isolated from surface-sterilized onion roots, shows high enzyme activity and is able to establish rhizosphere and endophytic populations associated with various plants |
| 1.2.1.12 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) |
agriculture |
cadmium-induced stress in seedlings roots induces nitric oxide accumulation, cytosolic oxidation, activation of the GAPC1 promoter, GAPC1 protein accumulation in enzymatically inactive form, and strong relocalization of GAPC1 to the nucleus. All the effects are detected in the same zone of the root tip. In vitro, GAPC1 is inactivated by either nitric oxide donors or hydrogen peroxide, but no inhibition is directly provided by cadmium |
| 1.21.99.5 | tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase |
agriculture |
can play important role in breakdown of perchloroethene and other chlorinated aliphatic compounds in sites contaminated with mixtures of halogenated substances |
| 2.3.1.95 | trihydroxystilbene synthase |
agriculture |
Carica papaya is transformed with Vitis vinifera stilbene synthase construct pVst1, containing the Vst1 gene and its pathogen-inducible promoter. RNA transcripts of stilbene synthase and resveratrol glycoside are induced in plant lines transformed with the grapevine pVst1 construct shortly after pathogen inoculation, and the transformed papaya lines exhibit increased resistance to Phytophthora palmivora |
| 4.4.1.9 | L-3-cyanoalanine synthase |
agriculture |
CAS seems to be useful for screening possible novel plant activators for plant protection against pathogens |
| 4.4.1.9 | L-3-cyanoalanine synthase |
agriculture |
CAS1 and CAS2 encode Fuji apple beta-CAS homologs, overall nucleotide sequence identity is 89%, whereas coding regions are 93% identical at the nucleotide level and 94% identical at the amino acid level, CAS may play a role in cyanide detoxification in ripening apple fruits |
| 3.2.1.26 | beta-fructofuranosidase |
agriculture |
cell wall isozyme CIN2 and the abscisic acid antagonism is a potential intervention point for breeding exsertion during or after drought stress at heading |
| 1.1.1.82 | malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
changes in malate concentration and activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase are the effect of Botrytis cinerea infection of C3 or CAM-performing Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants. Biotic stress applied on C3 plants leads to increase in malate concentration during the night and in consequence lead to increase in malate day/night fluctuations in infected leaves on the 2nd day post infection. It corresponds with induction of an additional isoform of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, NADP-ME3. On the contrary, CAM-performing plants exhibit a decrease in malate concentration and a decay in its diurnal fluctuations as a reaction to Botrytis cinerea infection. This correlates with significant decrease in activities of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase isoforms |
| 1.1.1.22 | UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
changes in the mRNA level during peach fruit development correspond to changes in the amount of cell wall material and the cell wall uronic acid content. These are greater in the fruits of the commercial cultivars compared with the Japanese native peach cultivars, and the expression of enzyme is higher in the fruits of the commercial cultivars |
| 3.1.4.4 | phospholipase D |
agriculture |
chilling injury of fruit assessed as chilling injury index and electrolyte leakage occurrs initially in the top area near calyx of fruits, and develops toward the bottom near stalk. This spatial development is in parallel with the gradients of phospholipase and lipoxygenase activities and phospholipase mRNA levels. Alleviation of chilling injury by pre-warming treatment is related with increased content of membrane-associated Ca2+, suppressed expression of phospholipase mRNA, and reduced activities of PLD and lipoxygenase |
| 3.2.1.14 | chitinase |
agriculture |
chitin and chitinolytic bacteria addition can reduce the population of fungal plant pathogens in soil and enhance the growth of plants. In this biocontrol and environmental bioremediation, communities of soil bacteria and the addition of chitinous materials play an important role |
| 3.4.21.1 | chymotrypsin |
agriculture |
chymotrypsin and potentially other serine proteases could be attractive candidates for the development of biocatalyst for the control of residual pesticides in the environment and on agricultural products |
| 2.3.3.16 | citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) |
agriculture |
citrate synthase deletion mutant is highly attenuated in virulence. The mutant has lost all its enzymic activity and shows a 10fold reduction in vir gene expression. The mutation results in only a minor reduction in growth rate in a glucose-salts medium, and the reduced growth rate is not responsible for the attenuated virulence |
| 3.5.2.15 | cyanuric acid amidohydrolase |
agriculture |
cleavage of the s-triazine ring is an important step in the mineralization of s-triazine compounds, extensive used as herbicides or pesticides in agriculture worldwide, and hence in their complete removal from environment |
| 2.7.7.38 | 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase |
agriculture |
CMP-KDO synthetase inhibitors attract great interest owing to their potential as selective bactericides |
| 3.5.4.1 | cytosine deaminase |
agriculture |
CodA can be used as a negative selection marker in Glycine max. Wild-type seedlings are not affected by inclusion of 5-fluorcytosine in growth media, whiule transgenic Glycine max plants expressing CodA and grown in the presence of more than 200 microg/ml 5-fluorocytosine exhibit reductions in hypocotyl and tap-root lengths, and severe suppression of lateral root development |
| 1.21.3.6 | aureusidin synthase |
agriculture |
coexpression of enzyme and chalcone 4-O-glucosyltransferase is sufficient for accumulation of aureusidin 6-O-glucoside in transgenic flowers. Additional down-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by RNAi results in yellow flowers |
| 1.8.99.2 | adenylyl-sulfate reductase |
agriculture |
coexpression of Escherichia coli aspartate kinase AKIII and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adenylylsulfate reductase in Medicago sativa. Compared to the wild-type alfalfa, the content of cysteine increases by 30% and that of methionine increases by 60%. A substantial increase in the abundance of essential amino acids, such as aspartate and lysine, is found. The total amino acid content and the forage biomass tested show no significant changes in the transgenic plants |
| 1.14.13.235 | indole-3-acetate monooxygenase |
agriculture |
coinoculation of roots with strain 1290 and 1 mM of indole-3-acetic acid has a positive effect on root development. In coinoculation experiments on radish roots, strain 1290 is partially able to alleviate the inhibitory effect of bacteria that in culture overproduce indole-3-acetic acid |
| 4.1.1.101 | malolactic enzyme |
agriculture |
comparison of genomes of 10 indigenous Oenococcus oeni strains isolated from Negroamaro wine. All strains possess 10 genes encoding enzymes such as malolactic enzyme (mleA), esterase (estA), citrate lyase (citD, citE and citF), citrate transporter (maeP), a-acetolactate decarboxylase (alsD), aacetolactate synthase (alsS), S-adenosylmethionine synthase (metK) and cystathionine beta-lyase (metC) and result negative in the detection of genes encoding cystathionine gamma-lyase (metB), ornithine transcarbamylase (arcB) and carbamate kinase (arcC) |
| 6.3.2.2 | glutamate-cysteine ligase |
agriculture |
comparison of three transgenic poplar lines over-expressing the Escherichia coli gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The three lines differ in their expression levels of the transgene and in the accumulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione in leaves, roots and phloem exudates. The lowest transgene expression level is observed in line Lggs6 which shows an increased growth, an enhanced rate of photosynthesis and a decreased excitation pressure. Line Lggs12 shows the highest transgene expression level, highest gamma-glutamylcysteine accumulation in leaves and highest glutathione enrichment in phloem exudates and roots. This line also exhibits a reduced growth, and after a prolonged growth of 4.5 months, symptoms of leaf injury |
| 1.15.1.1 | superoxide dismutase |
agriculture |
concomitant expression of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in potato chloroplast results in enhanced tolerance of plants to 0.25 mM methyl viologen, and visible damage in transgenic plants is one-fourth that of control. In addition, transgenic plants are more resistant to elevated temperatures |
| 2.1.1.295 | 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone methyltransferase |
agriculture |
constitutive expression in Zea mays leads to transgenic kernels containing up to 3-times as much gamma-tocopherol as their wild type counterparts whereas other tocopherol isomers remain undetectable |
| 2.6.1.2 | alanine transaminase |
agriculture |
constitutive expression of the enzyme translates to elevation in wheat grain yield under field conditions |
| 3.5.4.1 | cytosine deaminase |
agriculture |
construction of a fusion protein of fluorocytosine deaminase FCY with the bacterial uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPP) gene. The recombinant protein converts the precursor 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracyl, used in the treatment of a range of cancers. The FCY-UPP gene construct acts in a cell-autonomous manner and can inactivate slow developmental processes like lateral root formation by targeting pericycle cells. The 5-fluorouracil precursor acts systemically the tissular inactivation is reversible, and can be used to synchronize plant responses or to determine cell type-specific functions during different developmental stages |
| 4.2.3.142 | 7-epizingiberene synthase [(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing] |
agriculture |
construction of an interspecific cross between Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites PI127826 leads to production of 7-epizingiberene in a range of concentrations up to PI127826 levels in the F2 plants. Plants also accumulate monoterpenes and/or other sesquiterpenes at high concentrations. Data show a correlation between the concentration of 7-epizingiberene on the leaf surface and the defense against whiteflies. Stable expression of short chain cis-prenyltransferase zFPS and 7-epizingiberene synthase in Solanum lycopersicum results in accumulation of 7-epizingiberene. The production of 7-epizingiberene has no repellent effect on spider mites in a choice assay, but has a strong effect on their fecundity. Mites placed on leaf disks of transgenic plants exhibit a 40% higher mortality and, after 4 d, an 81% reduction in the number of eggs |
| 2.3.3.16 | citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) |
agriculture |
construction of mutants with reduced enzymic activity by localized random PCR mutagenesis. In symbiosis with alfalfa, alfalfa plants form fully effective nodules when infected with Sinorhizobium meliloti mutants having as low as 7% of citrate synthase activity. Mutants with about 3% of wild-type citrate synthase activity form nodules with lower nitrogenase activity and a mutant with 0.5% of wild-type activity forms Fix-nodules |
| 2.1.1.41 | sterol 24-C-methyltransferase |
agriculture |
construction of transgenic plants with modified sterol profile via recombinant sterol 24-C-methyltransferase shall protect crops against damage by insect infestation |
| 4.2.3.144 | geranyllinalool synthase |
agriculture |
contrary to wild-type, transgenic Lotus japonicus plants expressing isoform TPS2 produce (E,E)-geranyllinalool and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum expressing isoform TPS2 produces (E,E)-geranyllinalool but not (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. In olfactory assays, the generalist predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus but not the specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis is attracted to uninfested, transgenic Lotus japonicus plants expressing TPS2 over wild-type plants. The specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis is more strongly attracted by the transgenic plants infested with spider mites than by infested wild-type plants |
| 4.1.1.2 | oxalate decarboxylase |
agriculture |
control of fungal plant pathogen |
| 1.14.14.99 | (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase |
agriculture |
cosuppression of limonene-3-hydroxylase in peppermint promotes accumulation of limonene in the essential oil. Pathway engineering can be employed to significantly alter essential oil composition without adverse metabolic consequences |
