1.1.1.307: D-xylose reductase [NAD(P)H]
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about D-xylose reductase [NAD(P)H], go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.1.1.307
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1.1.1.307
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synthesis
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l-arabinose
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stipitis
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kluyveromyces
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marxianus
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oxygen-limited
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nadph-linked
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reesei
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l-arabitol
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trichoderma
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passalidarum
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scheffersomyces
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spathaspora
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jecorina
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pachysolen
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pentitols
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bioethanol
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hypocrea
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tannophilus
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galactitol
- 1.1.1.307
- synthesis
- l-arabinose
- stipitis
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kluyveromyces
- marxianus
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oxygen-limited
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nadph-linked
- reesei
- l-arabitol
- trichoderma
- passalidarum
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scheffersomyces
- spathaspora
- jecorina
-
pachysolen
- pentitols
-
bioethanol
- hypocrea
- tannophilus
- galactitol
Reaction
Synonyms
AKR2B5, ALR2, CTHT_0056950, CtXR, dsXR, dual specific xylose reductase, KmXYL1, NAD(P)H-dependent D-xylose reductase, NAD(P)H-dependent D-xylose reductase-like protein, NAD(P)H-dependent XR, NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase, NAD(P)H-linked xylose reductase, NADH/NADPH-xylose reductase, NADP-dependent xylose reductase, PsXR, PsXYL1, SaXYL1, SpXYL1.1, SsXR, Texr, XR, XYL1, xylose reductase, XylR, XyrA
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General Information
General Information on EC 1.1.1.307 - D-xylose reductase [NAD(P)H]
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evolution
Meyerozyma caribbica and Calamus tenuis xylose reductase have close evolution relationship in Rossmann fold
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
overexpression of endogenous XR enhances xylitol productivity at 40°C by thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus, high-temperature xylose consumption and xylitol production rates of the mKmXYL1 gene-overexpressing strain are compared to those of the parental strain KCTC17555DELTAURA3
malfunction
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overexpression of endogenous XR enhances xylitol productivity at 40°C by thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus, high-temperature xylose consumption and xylitol production rates of the mKmXYL1 gene-overexpressing strain are compared to those of the parental strain KCTC17555DELTAURA3
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malfunction
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overexpression of endogenous XR enhances xylitol productivity at 40°C by thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus, high-temperature xylose consumption and xylitol production rates of the mKmXYL1 gene-overexpressing strain are compared to those of the parental strain KCTC17555DELTAURA3
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malfunction
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overexpression of endogenous XR enhances xylitol productivity at 40°C by thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus, high-temperature xylose consumption and xylitol production rates of the mKmXYL1 gene-overexpressing strain are compared to those of the parental strain KCTC17555DELTAURA3
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key enzymes for xylitol production in yeasts are xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.9, overview
metabolism
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xylose reductase is the first enzyme in D-xylose metabolism, catalyzing the reduction of D-xylose to xylitol
metabolism
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D-glucose-induced algal cells exhibit a remarkably increased D-xylose uptake rate. The uptake of D-xylose activates the related metabolic pathway, and the activities of a NAD(P)H-linked xylose reductase XR and NADP+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase XDH are detected in C. sorokiniana. Compared with the culture in the dark, the consumption of D-xylose increases 2fold under light but decreases to the same level with addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
metabolism
in anaerobic culture, NAD+ generated in the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase reaction is likely needed in the NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, whereas in aerobic culture, the NAD+ generated by oxidation of NADH in the mitochondria is required in the xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, analysis of the relationship between NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox balances and metabolisms of xylose or xylitol as carbon sources in aerobic and anaerobic batch cultures of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a complex medium containing 20 g/l xylose or 20 g/l xylitol at pH 5.0 and 30°C. Addition of acetaldehyde (an effective oxidizer of NADH) increases the xylitol consumption by the anaerobically cultured strain. Gal2 and Fps1 transport xylitol both inward and outward and play a role in xylitol consumption importing xylitol into the cytosol and exporting it from the cells
metabolism
one xylose-assimilating pathway consists of xylose reductase (XR, XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH, XYL2, EC 1.1.1.9) from Scheffersomyces stipitis. XR reduces xylose to xylitol by using NAD(P)H as cofactor and XDH further oxidizes xylitol to xylulose using NAD+. While the XR-XDH pathway can offer higher metabolic fluxes than the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway, it accumulates xylitol which is produced due to cofactor imbalance caused by different cofactor requirement between XR and XDH
metabolism
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derivatives of D-xylose and D-glucose, in which the hydroxy groups at C-5, and C-5 and C-6 are replaced by fluorine, hydrogen and azide are reduced with up to 3000fold increased catalytic efficiencies. Azide introduced at C-5 or C-6 destabilizes the transition state of reduction of the corresponding hydrogen-substituted aldoses by approx. 4 kJ/mol
metabolism
derivatives of D-xylose and D-glucose, in which the hydroxy groups at C-5, and C-5 and C-6 are replaced by fluorine, hydrogen and azide are reduced with up to 3000fold increased catalytic efficiencies. Azide introduced at C-5 or C-6 destabilizes the transition state of reduction of the corresponding hydrogen-substituted aldoses by approx. 4 kJ/mol
metabolism
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ordered mechanism in which coenzyme binds first and substrate second
metabolism
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D-glucose-induced algal cells exhibit a remarkably increased D-xylose uptake rate. The uptake of D-xylose activates the related metabolic pathway, and the activities of a NAD(P)H-linked xylose reductase XR and NADP+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase XDH are detected in C. sorokiniana. Compared with the culture in the dark, the consumption of D-xylose increases 2fold under light but decreases to the same level with addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
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metabolism
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in anaerobic culture, NAD+ generated in the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase reaction is likely needed in the NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, whereas in aerobic culture, the NAD+ generated by oxidation of NADH in the mitochondria is required in the xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, analysis of the relationship between NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox balances and metabolisms of xylose or xylitol as carbon sources in aerobic and anaerobic batch cultures of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a complex medium containing 20 g/l xylose or 20 g/l xylitol at pH 5.0 and 30°C. Addition of acetaldehyde (an effective oxidizer of NADH) increases the xylitol consumption by the anaerobically cultured strain. Gal2 and Fps1 transport xylitol both inward and outward and play a role in xylitol consumption importing xylitol into the cytosol and exporting it from the cells
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metabolism
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one xylose-assimilating pathway consists of xylose reductase (XR, XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH, XYL2, EC 1.1.1.9) from Scheffersomyces stipitis. XR reduces xylose to xylitol by using NAD(P)H as cofactor and XDH further oxidizes xylitol to xylulose using NAD+. While the XR-XDH pathway can offer higher metabolic fluxes than the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway, it accumulates xylitol which is produced due to cofactor imbalance caused by different cofactor requirement between XR and XDH
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metabolism
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in anaerobic culture, NAD+ generated in the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase reaction is likely needed in the NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, whereas in aerobic culture, the NAD+ generated by oxidation of NADH in the mitochondria is required in the xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, analysis of the relationship between NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox balances and metabolisms of xylose or xylitol as carbon sources in aerobic and anaerobic batch cultures of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a complex medium containing 20 g/l xylose or 20 g/l xylitol at pH 5.0 and 30°C. Addition of acetaldehyde (an effective oxidizer of NADH) increases the xylitol consumption by the anaerobically cultured strain. Gal2 and Fps1 transport xylitol both inward and outward and play a role in xylitol consumption importing xylitol into the cytosol and exporting it from the cells
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metabolism
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one xylose-assimilating pathway consists of xylose reductase (XR, XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH, XYL2, EC 1.1.1.9) from Scheffersomyces stipitis. XR reduces xylose to xylitol by using NAD(P)H as cofactor and XDH further oxidizes xylitol to xylulose using NAD+. While the XR-XDH pathway can offer higher metabolic fluxes than the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway, it accumulates xylitol which is produced due to cofactor imbalance caused by different cofactor requirement between XR and XDH
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metabolism
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in anaerobic culture, NAD+ generated in the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase reaction is likely needed in the NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, whereas in aerobic culture, the NAD+ generated by oxidation of NADH in the mitochondria is required in the xylitol dehydrogenase reaction, analysis of the relationship between NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox balances and metabolisms of xylose or xylitol as carbon sources in aerobic and anaerobic batch cultures of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a complex medium containing 20 g/l xylose or 20 g/l xylitol at pH 5.0 and 30°C. Addition of acetaldehyde (an effective oxidizer of NADH) increases the xylitol consumption by the anaerobically cultured strain. Gal2 and Fps1 transport xylitol both inward and outward and play a role in xylitol consumption importing xylitol into the cytosol and exporting it from the cells
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metabolism
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one xylose-assimilating pathway consists of xylose reductase (XR, XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH, XYL2, EC 1.1.1.9) from Scheffersomyces stipitis. XR reduces xylose to xylitol by using NAD(P)H as cofactor and XDH further oxidizes xylitol to xylulose using NAD+. While the XR-XDH pathway can offer higher metabolic fluxes than the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway, it accumulates xylitol which is produced due to cofactor imbalance caused by different cofactor requirement between XR and XDH
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metabolism
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xylose reductase is the first enzyme in D-xylose metabolism, catalyzing the reduction of D-xylose to xylitol
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physiological function
Candida intermedia produces two different isoforms. Isoform I is strictly specific for NADPH, isoform II shows similar specificity constants for NADPH and NADH
physiological function
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isoform ALR1 is strictly specific for NADPH, EC 1.1.1.431, whereas isoform ALR2 utilises NADH and NADPH with similar specificity constants, EC 1.1.1.307
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the transportation of D-xylose across the cell membrane of Chlorella sorokiniana is realized by an inducible hexose symporter. The uptake of D-xylose subsequently activates the expression of key catalytic enzymes that enables D-xylose entering central metabolism
additional information
Thermochaetoides thermophila
structure homology modeling based on a XR structure from Candida sp. (CaXR) as template (PDB ID 1SM9), analysis of the architecture of the cofactor binding site. Notable CaXR-to-CtXR replacements include N276T, L277R, R280I and Q283S
additional information
Thermochaetoides thermophila IMI 039719
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structure homology modeling based on a XR structure from Candida sp. (CaXR) as template (PDB ID 1SM9), analysis of the architecture of the cofactor binding site. Notable CaXR-to-CtXR replacements include N276T, L277R, R280I and Q283S
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additional information
Thermochaetoides thermophila DSM 1495
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structure homology modeling based on a XR structure from Candida sp. (CaXR) as template (PDB ID 1SM9), analysis of the architecture of the cofactor binding site. Notable CaXR-to-CtXR replacements include N276T, L277R, R280I and Q283S
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additional information
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the transportation of D-xylose across the cell membrane of Chlorella sorokiniana is realized by an inducible hexose symporter. The uptake of D-xylose subsequently activates the expression of key catalytic enzymes that enables D-xylose entering central metabolism
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additional information
Thermochaetoides thermophila CBS 144.50
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structure homology modeling based on a XR structure from Candida sp. (CaXR) as template (PDB ID 1SM9), analysis of the architecture of the cofactor binding site. Notable CaXR-to-CtXR replacements include N276T, L277R, R280I and Q283S
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