2.5.1.16: spermidine synthase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about spermidine synthase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.5.1.16
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2.5.1.16
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polyamine
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spermine
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s-adenosylmethionine
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ornithine
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diamine
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samdc
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dicyclohexylamine
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alpha-difluoromethylornithine
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5'-methylthioadenosine
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cadaverine
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trypanothione
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adometdc
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agmatine
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4.1.1.50
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difluoromethylornithine
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medicine
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drug development
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methylthioadenosine
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thermospermine
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nutrition
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1,3-diaminopropane
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biotechnology
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norspermidine
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multisubstrate
- 2.5.1.16
- polyamine
- spermine
- s-adenosylmethionine
- ornithine
- diamine
- samdc
- dicyclohexylamine
- alpha-difluoromethylornithine
- 5'-methylthioadenosine
- cadaverine
- trypanothione
- adometdc
- agmatine
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4.1.1.50
- difluoromethylornithine
- medicine
- drug development
- methylthioadenosine
- thermospermine
- nutrition
- 1,3-diaminopropane
- biotechnology
- norspermidine
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multisubstrate
Reaction
Synonyms
aminopropyltransferase, aminopropyltransferase spermidine synthase, AtSPDS1, AtSPDS2, MdSPDS1, PAPT, PgSPD, putrescine aminopropyltransferase, Spd synthase, SPDS, SPDS2, SPDSYN, spe-sdh, spe3, SpeE, spermidine synthase, spermidine synthase 1, spermidine synthetase, Spm synthase, SpSyn, Synpcc7942_0628, synthase, spermidine
ECTree
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General Information
General Information on EC 2.5.1.16 - spermidine synthase
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malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
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microarray experiments with a spermidine synthase, spermine oxidase mutant (DELTAspe3DELTAfms1) strain are performed to investigate the responsiveness of yeast genes to supplementation with spermidine or spermine. Expression analysis identified genes responsive to the addition of either excess spermidine or spermine compared to a control culture. Results from global gene expression profiling demonstrate a more major role for spermidine in modulating gene expression in yeast than spermine
malfunction
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single spe-sdh mutants are isolated after sexual recombination in planta with a compatible wild-type strain. Mutants are auxotrophic for lysine and spermidine, but not for putrescine, and contain putrescine and spermidine, but not spermine. spe-sdh are were sensitive to stress, unable to carry out the yeast-to-mycelium dimorphic transition, and show attenuated virulence to maize. These phenotypic alterations are reverted by complementation with the wild-type gene
malfunction
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an enzyme-deficient strain is auxotrophic for polyamines, requires spermidine for growth in its insect vector form, and is adversely impacted in its ability to infect mice
malfunction
deletion of SpeE does not affect flagellar formation, but induces clockwise rotation bias
malfunction
maternal loss of spermidine synthase leads to lethality and defects in pancreas development
malfunction
the growth of the spds knockout DELTAspds is completely inhibited when cells are grown in the presence of 400 mM sorbitol
malfunction
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the growth of the spds knockout DELTAspds is completely inhibited when cells are grown in the presence of 400 mM sorbitol
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malfunction
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an enzyme-deficient strain is auxotrophic for polyamines, requires spermidine for growth in its insect vector form, and is adversely impacted in its ability to infect mice
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spermidine synthase is a key enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the production of the linear triamine, spermidine, from putrescine
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in vitro shoots of a transgenic European pear overexpressing apple spermidine synthase (MdSPDS1) and the wild-type are subjected to long-term stress for 0.03 mM AlCl3. SPDS expression level and spermidine titer of the transgenic line are substantially higher than those of wild-type when subjected to long-term Al stress. Transgenic line show showed higher tolerance to Al stress, and its ameliorated performance is closely correlated to polyamine accumulation, especially, to a higher spermidine titer chiefly via alleviating oxidative status as well as by affecting mineral element balance
physiological function
PgSPD expression is slightly induced by mannitol and CuSO4. Salt, chilling, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid trigger a significant induction of PgSPD expression within 12-24 h post-treatment, especially PgSPD is prominently induced by salt (41.5fold)
physiological function
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to verify whether spermidine synthase can confer long-term multi-heavy metal tolerance, in vitro shoots of a transgenic European pear overexpressing apple SPDS are subjected to stress using either CdCl2, PbCl2, ZnCl2, or a combination thereof. The results suggest that spermidine-levels are implicated in enhanced heavy metal tolerance, possibly by exerting an antioxidant activity as well as by the properties of spermidine per se including metal chelator
physiological function
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transgenic plants expressing the cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) effector protein 10A06 exhibit elevated SPDS2 mRNA abundance, significantly higher spermidine content, and increased polyamine oxidase activity. The SPDS2 promoter is strongly activated in the nematode-induced syncytia, and transgenic plants overexpressing SPDS2 show enhanced plant susceptibility to Heterodera schachtii. These data lend strong support to a model in which the cyst nematode effector 10A06 exerts its function through the interaction with SPDS2, thereby increasing spermidine content and subsequently polyamine oxidase activity
physiological function
spermidine synthase catalyses the formation of spermidine, which is an essential polyamine, spermidine is also a precursor to further polyamines, such as spermine and thermospermine, most of which contribute to tolerance against drought and salinity in plants. Thermospermine is indispensible for vascular tissue growth
physiological function
spermidine synthase is an important enzyme in the synthetic pathway of polyamines in the parasite, is an essential element for the survival of this protozoan
physiological function
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spermidine synthase is required for virulence of Leishmania donovani
physiological function
spermidine synthase plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and differentiation
physiological function
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spermidine synthhase is responsible for spermdine synthesis from putrescine, the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are cationic molecules that are found in all eukaryotic cells and are clearly essential to growth and development
physiological function
the parasite resists ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors by overexpression of spermidine synthase mRNA
physiological function
in zebrafish spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for early development, organogenesis and colour pattern formation
physiological function
the Aspergillus flavus spermidine synthase gene, is required for normal development, aflatoxin production, and pathogenesis during infection of maize kernels
physiological function
the enzyme is required for growth of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 under osmotic stress
physiological function
the enzyme is required for normal motor function. It interacts with flagellar switch protein FliM and regulates motility in Helicobacter pylori
physiological function
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spermidine synthase catalyses the formation of spermidine, which is an essential polyamine, spermidine is also a precursor to further polyamines, such as spermine and thermospermine, most of which contribute to tolerance against drought and salinity in plants. Thermospermine is indispensible for vascular tissue growth
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physiological function
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the enzyme is required for growth of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 under osmotic stress
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physiological function
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spermidine synthase is required for virulence of Leishmania donovani
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homozygous overexpressing transgenic tomato plant lines show a high level of Md-SPDS1 mRNA expression and a 1.5 to 2fold increase in the levels of free spermidine in fruits compared to the wild-type plants. Analysis of pericarp-columella and metabolites in placenta tissues reveal distinct metabolic profiles between the wild-type and transgenic lines, particularly at the late ripening stages, phenotypes, overview. The transgenic tomato fruits also show an increase in carotenoid accumulation, especially in lycopene, and increased ethylene production compared to wild-type fruits. Genes responsible for lycopene biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, are significantly up-regulated in ripe transgenic fruits, whereas genes involved in lycopene degradation, including lycopene-epsilon cyclase and lycopene beta cyclase, are downregulated in the transgenic fruits compared to the wild-type
additional information
ligand docking modeling using the tertiary structure model, overview
additional information
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ligand docking modeling using the tertiary structure model, overview
additional information
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overexpression of yeast spermidine synthase impacts ripening, senescence and decay symptoms in tomato. Constitutive expression of ySpdSyn enhances intracellular levels of Spd in the leaf, and transiently during fruit development, whereas E8-ySpdSyn expression leads to Spd accumulation early and transiently during fruit ripening. The ySpdSyn transgenic fruits have a longer shelf life, reduced shriveling and delayed decay symptom development in comparison with the wild-type fruits, crop maturity is delayed in a CaMV35S-ySpdSyn genotype, with fruits accumulating higher levels of the antioxidant lycopene. Notably, whole-plant senescence in the transgenic plants is also delayed compared with wild-type plants, phenotypes, overview